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Linguistic Approaches to the Dating of the Lúnyŭ: Methodological Notes and Future Prospects

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Linguistic Approaches to the Dating of the Lúnyŭ: Methodological Notes and Future Prospects The Analects: A Western Han Text? 1 Linguistic approaches to the dating of the Lúnyŭ: methodological notes and future prospects Wolfgang Behr (University of Zurich) Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 2 0. Basic bibliography: Zhāng Zhōngtáng 張忠堂, “Jìn bǎinián lái «Lúnyù» yŭyán yánjiū shùpíng” 近百年 來《論語》研究述評, Shānxī Shīdà Xuébào 山西師大學報 36 (5), 2009, 137-140. • lists 225 titles (lexicon: 149, word formation: 11, syntax: 38, others: 27) • but: none primarily interested in dating the text! Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 3 1. A set of innovations characterizing late CQ / early WS language, best reflected by Eastern Zhōu BI, the Wēnxiàn 溫縣 (497 B.C.) and Hóumǎ 侯馬 (either 497-389) co- venant texts méngshū 盟書 (Chén Yǒngzhèng, GWZYJ 21.2000) • 而 (*nə) used as a conjunction between VPs, linking complex clauses (repla- cing BI 則 (*tsˤək), 眔 (*m-rˤəp)), including conditionals, hypotheticals, ad- versatives etc.; 而 sometimes in disyllabic conjunction collocations (而況) • 者 (*ta-ʔ) appears as nominalizer, sometimes after very complex VPs (> 40 characters) • 所 (*s-Qʰra-ʔ) appears as pronominalization of object NPs • 所 (*s-Qʰra-ʔ) used as sentence-initial hypothetical conjunction ! (esp. in oaths; type: 「所不與舅氏同心者，有如白水」“If I fail to be of one heart with you, uncle, may it be as [in the case of] White Water!”; Zuo, Xi 24) • 與 (*C.ɢaʔ) appears as a conjunction between coordinated NPs, and as a co- mitative preposition • 焉 (*-(ʔ)an) marks reduplicated ADJ/ADV Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 4 2. The rise of reduplication in BI (66 exx., cf. Shěn Băochūn 2003, Wáng Xiùlì 2009) CHAR PINYIN MC OC PERIOD 子子 zĭ= < tsiX= < *tsə-q EWZ 孫孫 sūn= < swon= < *sˁun= EWZ 顯顯 xiăn= < xenQ= < *qˁʰen-q= EWZ 刺刺 cì= < tshjeH= < *tshek-s= MWZ 劈劈 bó < phak= < *p-hˁlak= MWZ 桽桽 p[péng=] < [phjuwng=] < *phr[u,o]ŋ= MWZ 龵龵 huán= < hwan = < *ɢʷˁa[r]= MWZ 倉倉 cāng= < tshang= < *s-hrˁaŋ= LWZ Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 5 它它 tuō= < da= < *lˁaj= LWZ 憲憲 xiàn= < xjonH= < *hŋar-s= LWZ 摣摣 cè= < tsrhεk= < *tsʰˁek= LWZ 洍洍 yí= < yi= < *lə LWZ 異異 yì= < yiH= < *lək-s LWZ 穆穆 mù= < mjuwk= < *mˁ(r)iʷk= LWZ 鏓鏓 cōng= < tshuwng= < *s-hlˁoŋ LWZ 阤阤 tuó= < da= < *lˁaj= LWZ 雍雍 yōng= < 'jowng= < *ʔoŋ LWZ 龮龮 chēng= < tsrhæng < *s-hˁraŋ= LWZ Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 6 龯龯 yōng= < 'jowng= < *ʔoŋ LWZ 龲龲 pdū= < tu= < *tˁa= LWZ 哀哀 āi= < ‘oj= < *ʔˁəj= ECQ 喬喬 qiāo= < gjew < *N-k(r)aw ECQ 妒妒 sū= < swat= < *s-kot ECQ 机机 pkŏu = < khuwQ= < *kʰˁ(r)o-ʔ= ECQ 沱沱 tuō= < da= < *lˁaj= ECQ 滂滂 pāng= < phang= < *pʰˁaŋ= ECQ 熙熙 xī= < xi= < *q-hlə= ECQ 甬甬 yŏng= < yowngQ= < *loŋ-q ECQ Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 7 皇皇 huáng= < hwang= < *ɢʷˁaŋ= ECQ 肅肅 sù= < sjuwk= < *siʷk= ECQ 芶芶 gōu= < kuw= < *kˁ(r)o= ECQ 虩虩 xì= < srrεk < *s-C-rˁek= ECQ 趩趩 chì= < trhik= < *hrək= ECQ 遊遊 yóu= < yuw= < *lˁu ECQ 闌闌 lán= < lan= < *(Cə.)rˁan= ECQ 龳龳 pdū= < tu= < *tˁa= ECQ 妔妔 yuān= < 'wen < *ʔʷˁin MCQ 油油 yóu= < yuw= < *lˁu MCQ Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 8 漾漾 yàng= < yangH= < *laŋ-s MCQ 祗祗 zhī= < tsyij= < *təj MCQ 隺隺 hè= < hawk= < *gˁaʷk= MCQ 央央 yāng= < 'jang= < *q-laŋ LCQ 雝雝 yōng= < 'jowng= < *ʔoŋ LCQ 乢乢 phuáng= < hwang= < *ɢʷˁaŋ= CQ 亹亹 wěi= < mjijQ= < *məj-q= CQ 咀咀 dié= < det= < *dˁit= CQ 日日 rì= < nyit= < *nit= CQ 曎曎 yōu= < yuw= < *lˁu CQ Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 9 永永 yŏng= < hjwængX= < *wraŋ-q CQ 赢赢 yíng= < yeng= < *leŋ CQ 龢龢 hé= < hwa= < *gˁoj= CQ 龱龱 pyīn= < 'im= < *ʔrəm CQ 龴龴 huì= < hwejH < *ɢʷˁet-s= CQ 酓酓 yĭn= < ʔimX= < *q-ləm-ʔ EZG 屖屖 xī= < sej= < *sˁəj= MZG 柬柬 jiăn < kænQ < *kˁran-q MZG 獸獸 shòu= < syuwH= < *hlu[k]-s= MZG 龶龶 shì= < syejH= < *hlap-s MZG Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 10 庸 [yōng] < yowng < *loŋ MZG 惮惮 dàn= < tanH= < *tˁar-s= MZG 汸汸 pāng= < phang= < *pʰˁaŋ= MZG 濟濟 jì= < tsejH= < *tsəj-s= MZG 翼翼 yì= < yik= < *lək= MZG 霖霖 lín= < lim= < *(Cə.)ləm= MZG 龰龰 yè= < ngjæp= < *ŋ(r)ap MZG 昷昷 wēn= < 'won= < *ʔˁon= LZG Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 11 2.1 Distribution of reduplicatives across vessel types and inscription periods Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 12 2.2.1 Reduplication in the Lúnyŭ (cf. Lǐ Dān 2007, Liáo Guódòng 2008) • 34 reduplicated words, 6 reduplicated phrases, 6 reduplicated sentences (cf. Shījīng 647 in 196 stanzas; 359 adjectival function) • already great versatility of forms: AA, AA+ 4 suffixes (如 *na, 然 *na-n，乎 *ɢˁa; DZ: 若 *na-k), AABB, BAA • occuring in 4 different syntactic slots → system much more mature than that of late CQ-BI: later! Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 13 2.2.2 move towards suffixed version between Dìngzhōu and transmitted version(s)?: DZ 188 「君子靼蕩，小人長戚。」 7.37 「君子坦蕩蕩，小人長戚戚。」 “The Master said: "The superior man is satisfied and composed; the mean man is always full of distress."” DZ244 「 顏色，怠若也。歿趨， 若也。復其位， 若也。」 10.3 「出降一等，逞顏色，怡怡如也。沒階趨進，翼如也；复其位，踧踖如也。」 “When he came out, having descended one step, he wore a more relaxed expression and seemed relieved. When he reached the bottom of the steps he hastened forward and seemed to glide as if on wings, and when he returned to his position he looked respectful.” Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 14 3. Prosody: the rise of tetrasyllabicity in poetry: Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 15 3.1 Line length preference in the Lúnyŭ (Wàn Jǐufù 2001) 4 syllables: 27 %, 3 syllables: 12% → moraic foot structure in Old Chinese also existed in ritual and argumentative prose (cf. Feng Shengli 2011) Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 16 3.2 Rhyme: Jiāng Yǒugào 江有誥, Qúnjīng yùndòu 群經韻讀 (Jiāngshì yīnxué shí shū 江氏音學十書, II: 67a-b=146-7). 7 passages Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 17 2.18 子張學干祿。子曰： “zi-Zhāng studied [in search for] official emolument. The master said: 多聞闕疑 *t-lˤaj mun kʷʰ at ŋə A 慎言其餘 *Cə.lin-s ŋan gə la B 則寡尤 *tsˤ ək C.kʷˤ ra- ʔ ɢʷə A 多見闕殆 *t-lˤaj kˤ en-s kʷʰ at lˤə-ʔ a 慎行其餘 *Cə.lin-s Cə.gˤ raŋ gə la B 則寡悔 *tsˤ ək m̥ˤə-ʔ a 言寡尤 *ŋan C.kʷˤ ra- ʔ ɢʷə A 行寡悔 *Cə.gˤ raŋ C.kʷˤ ra- ʔ m̥ˤə-ʔ a 祿在其中矣 *rˤok *dzˤə-ʔ gə truŋ Qə-ʔ A Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 18 ‘Learn much and leave out what is doubtful, speak cautiously about what remains (without doubt), then you will diminish mistakes. Observe much and leave out what is precarious, practice cautiously what remains (without precariousness), then you will diminish remorse. Diminishing mistakes in speaking and diminishing remorse in acting – in this [behavior] emolument will surely be found.’ Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 19 3.8 子夏問曰： Zǐxià asked: 巧笑倩兮 *kʰˤru-ʔ s-law-s tsʰˁren-s gˤe A 美目盼兮 *mrəj-ʔ C.muk pʰˁrən-s gˤe a 素以為絢兮 *sˤak-s lə-ʔ ɢʷaj sqʰʷˁ[e,i]n-s gˤe a The artful smile, so lovely, the beautiful eyes: so hopeful, [=《碩人》, Maoshi 57] unadorned to be adorned. 何謂也？” What does this mean?" 子曰：“繪事後素。 The Master said: "The work of drawing comes after the plain surface." Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 20 3.13 王孫賈問曰： Wángsūn Jiǎ asked, saying: 與其媚於奧 *C.ɢa-ʔ gə mrəjʔ-s ʔa ʔuk A 寧媚於竈 *nˤeŋ mrəjʔ-s ʔa *tsˤuk-s A ‘Rather then compete for the favor of the household shrine, it is better to compete for the favor of the kitchen god.’ “何謂也？”子曰：“不然，獲罪於天，無所禱也。” What does that mean?’ The master said: ‘That is not the case, if one falls foul of Heaven, there is nowhere one can turn to in a prayer.’ Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 21 9.31 唐棣之華 *r̥ˤaŋ N.rˤəp-s tə qʷʰˤra X 偏其反而 *pʰen gə bˤran-ʔ nə BA 豈不爾思 *C.qʰˤəj-ʔ pə nˁe-ʔ sə A 室是遠而 *s.tit de-ʔ C.ɢʷan-ʔ nə BA The flowers of the wild cherry tree / they swing to one side, and then they swing back. How could I fail to think about you? / It is your home that is so far away. 子曰：“未之思也，夫何遠之有？” The Master said: "He was not really yearning for the her. Otherwise: what considering her distant could there be?! Princeton, 4-5.XI.2011 <[email protected]> The Analects: A Western Han Text? 22 • but cf.
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