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Chinese Hereditary Mathematician Families of the Astronomical Bureau, 1620-1850

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Chinese Hereditary Mathematician Families of the Astronomical Bureau, 1620-1850 City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2015 Chinese Hereditary Mathematician Families of the Astronomical Bureau, 1620-1850 Ping-Ying Chang Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/538 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] CHINESE HEREDITARY MATHEMATICIAN FAMILIES OF THE ASTRONOMICAL BUREAU, 1620–1850 by PING-YING CHANG A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2015 ii © 2015 PING-YING CHANG All Rights Reserved iii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in History in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Professor Joseph W. Dauben ________________________ _______________________________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee Professor Helena Rosenblatt ________________________ _______________________________________________ Date Executive Officer Professor Richard Lufrano Professor David Gordon Professor Wann-Sheng Horng Supervisory Committee THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iv Abstract CHINESE HEREDITARY MATHEMATICIAN FAMILIES OF THE ASTRONOMICAL BUREAU, 1620–1850 by Ping-Ying Chang Adviser: Professor Joseph W. Dauben This dissertation presents a research that relied on the online Archive of the Grand Secretariat at the Institute of History of Philology of the Academia Sinica in Taiwan and many digitized archival materials to reconstruct the hereditary mathematician families of the Astronomical Bureau in Qing China. The research found several patterns and strategies that these hereditary mathematician families exhibited during their long careers at the Astronomical Bureau. It found that family networks remained the most important channel that the Astronomical Bureau used to recruit new members until the last days of the Qing dynasty. Moreover, professional mathematicians at the Astronomical Bureau were willing to learn new knowledge—including switching from the Chinese traditional Great Concordance system of calendar making to the New Western Method introduced by European Jesuit mathematicians— and continue sending their descendants to work for the Astronomical Bureau as long as their families were properly rewarded. This dissertation chooses the family of He Guozong, one of the most famous mathematicians of the early Qing period, as its representative case, because of the richness of the records related to the He family and the roles it played in several important junctures of the v history of the Astronomical Bureau. Familial connection became a cause of the stagnation of the Astronomical Bureau in the late eighteen century. However, the dissertation uses the case study of superintendent Jingzheng and the hereditary mathematician families in the first half of the nineteenth century to show that a capable administrator and a strictly implemented periodical examination system had effectively stimulated competition among mathematician families and ousted the old and incompetent ones, such as the He family. vi Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincerest thanks and gratitude to Professor Joseph Dauben, who had taught me not just the methods but also the joy of historical research. Without his patience and encouragement, my journey to earning a PhD would not come to a happy conclusion. I also wish to express my appreciation to the other members of my dissertation committee, Professors Richard Lufrano, David Gordon, and Wann-Sheng Horng. Thanks for reading my dissertation and giving me invaluable advices. To all my friends: Jessie, Cj Chiang, SC Wang, Maylin, TzuChen, Vickie, Huailo and many others, thank you for keeping my spirits high and giving me so many helps to my life. vii DEDICATED TO MY PARENTS, TSANG-LANG CHANG and EMMY CHOU CHANG viii CONTENTS ABSTRACT . iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . vi LIST OF TABLES . xi LIST OF FIGURES . xii REIGN TITLES OF THE QING EMPERORS (1644–1911) . xiii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION . 1 The Research Question The Sources The Plan of This Dissertation 2. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE QING ASTRONOMICAL BUREAU . 19 The Bureau The Sections The Posts Superintendents and the Directorate 3. FROM THE ANCIENT METHOD TO THE NEW METHOD . 39 Hereditary Mathematician Families in the Ming Dynasty Imperial Regent and Jesuit Missionary New and Old Mathematician Families in the Shunzhi Reign 4. KANGXI CALENDAR DISPUTE . 74 A Failed Attempt to Return to the Great Concordance System ix Ethnically Based Reorganization Early Generations of the He Family 5. EMPERORS AND THE HE BROTHERS . 107 Imperial Empowerment A Promising Start for the He Brothers The He Brothers under the Yongzheng Emperor’s Rule The Yongzheng Emperor’s Administration Policy of the Astronomical Bureau 6. THE SOLAR ECLIPSE OF 1730 . 142 Challenges from Heaven The Joseon Astronomical Bureau and the He Family The Yongzheng Emperor’s Political Performance 7. KNOWLEDGE REPRODUCTION . 164 Amending the Timely Modeling System Short-Lived Yongzheng Mathemaics Program College of Mathematics 8. MAINTAINING A FAMILIAL CAREER . 185 Specialty Remaining in the Astronomical Bureau The Social Status of Mathematics Students Families in Decline and Criminal Charges 9. IMPERIAL AGENCY JINGZHENG . 214 The Departure of European Missionaries Stagnation of the Imperial Mathematical Institutions x Attending to Details and Efficiency The Downfall of the He Family and the Rejuvenation of the Astronomical Bureau 10. CONCLUSION . 237 Appendix A. QING OFFICIAL RÉSUMÉS . 243 He Guochen’s Résumé, 1729 Bao Qinhui’s Résumé, 1734 Chen Jian’s Résumé, 1750 He Guodong’s Résumé, 1767 B. OFFICIAL ROSTERS . .. 247 Minli Puzhu Jiehuo 民曆鋪註解惑 Shunzhi Yuping Jingguan Mingce 順治御屏京官職名冊 Qinding Yixiang Kaocheng Xubian 欽定儀象考成續編 C. MATHEMATICIAN FAMILIES IN THE MING-QING ASTRONOMICAL BUREAU . 252 Partial Reconstruction of the Ge 戈 Family Tree Partial Reconstruction of the Bao 鮑 Family Tree The He 何 Family The Si 司 Family GLOSSARY . 258 A. Units Used in the Qing Era B. Chinese-English Terminology in Translation BIBLIOGRAPHY . 261 xi LIST OF TABLES 1. Titles and civil service ranks of the Astronomical Bureau officials in the mid-Kangxi reign . 34 2. Organization of the Astronomical Bureau in the late Ming period . 44 3. Schall’s disciples in the Ming Calendar Department and Astronomical Bureau, 1644 . 60 4. Partial list of the Ming Astronomical Bureau officials, 1644 . 61 5. Endorsers of Schall’s Response to Concerns about the Notes on Civil Calendar 66 6. Purged officials of the Astronomical Bureau during the Kangxi Calendar Dispute 77 7. Posts, ethnic quota, and civil service ranks . 93 8. Officials’ ages and positions when receiving the order to transfer out of the Astronomical Bureau . 199 9. Triennial examinations, the Qianlong and Jiaqing reigns . 223 10. Triennial examinations, the Qianlong and Jiaqing reigns . 229 11. The He family members who failed the 1828 examination . 232 xii LIST OF FIGURES 1. Map of Beijing . 20 2. Ming Great Concordance calendar contents and official roster . 42 3. Ming Great Concordance calendar cover and first page . 45 4. Qing Timely Modeling Calendar, the Shunzhi reign . 62 5. Qing Timely Modeling Calendar, the Kangxi reign . 78 6. Career ladder for a Manchu official at the Astronomical Bureau . 88 7. Career ladder for a Mongol official at the Astronomical Bureau . 89 8. Career ladder for a Han-Martial official at the Astronomical Bureau . 90 9. Career ladder for a Han official at the Astronomical Bureau . 91 10. He Luoshu’s prediction of the solar eclipse of January 16, 1665 . 98 11. Schall’s prediction of the solar eclipse of January 16, 1665 . 99 12. Yang Guangxian’s observation of the solar eclipse of January 16, 1665 100 13. Members serving in mathematics in The First Collection of the Imperial Birthday Ceremony . 113 14. A solar eclipse prediction produced by the Astronomical Bureau, 1849 . 146 15. Qing Timely Modeling calendar, the Qianlong reign . 163 16. The rise and fall of the He family . 187 17. Genealogical records on a mid-nineteenth-century Zhujuan . 205 xiii REIGN TITLES OF THE QING EMPERORS (1644–1911) Shunzhi 順治 1644–1661 Kangxi 康熙 1662–1722 Yongzheng 雍正 1723–1735 Qianlong 乾隆 1736–1795 Jiaqing 嘉慶 1796–1820 Daoguang 道光 1821–1850 Xianfeng 咸豐 1851–1861 Tongzhi 同治 1862–1874 Guangxu 光緒 1875–1908 Xuantong 宣統 1909–1911 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The Research Question In the ninth month of the twelfth year of the Qing Yongzheng 雍正 reign (September 1734), Bao Qinhui 鮑欽輝, the supervisor of the Winter Office (Dongguanzheng 冬官正) of the Astronomical Bureau (Qintianjian 欽天監), attended an imperial audience along with a group of officials from other institutions who were seeking to finalize their recent job promotions. An audience such as this represented the only occasion for lower-ranking civil servants like Bao to communicate directly with the emperor.1 At the time, Bao was forty-six years old and had worked at the Astronomical Bureau all of his adult life.2 Three years earlier he had been promoted to one of the highest positions in the Calendar Section 曆科 and had been in charge of calculating the official calendar for the dynasty. As a result of his long and excellent service record, Bao was granted a new position as a second-class secretary 主事 at the Ministry of Works 工部. However, while the other officials at this imperial audience hoped to be approved for new jobs, Bao’s object was to convince the emperor to let him remain in his old post. Uncertain about how much time he would be allowed to talk to the emperor, Bao Qinhui elaborated his concerns in the résumé that the emperor would be browsing through during the audience. Bao began by recounting his familial lineage: 1 In the Qing dynasty, the civil service ranking hierarchy was divided into nine levels.
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