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Independent Works of Friendrich Engels Published Separately Anti-Diihring. 3rd ed. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1962. Dialectics of Nature. New World Paperbacks. New York: International Publishers, 1940. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d. The Peasant War in Germany. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d. : Utopian and Scientific. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d.

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Germany: Revolution and Counter-Revolution. Edited by Eleanor Marx. New York: International Publishers, n.d. The Holy Family or Critique of Critical Critique. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956.

Collections of the Works of Marx and/or Engels On Britain. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1962. On Colonialism. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d. On Religion. Introduced by Reinhold Niebuhr. New York: Schocken Books, 1969. Reader in Marxist Philosophy. Edited by and Harry Martel. New World Paperbacks. New York: International Publishers, 1963. Selected Correspondence. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d. Selected Works. New world Paperbacks. New York: International Publishers, 1968. Werke: 39 vols. Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1956-1970. Writings of the Young Marx on Philosophy and Society. Edited and translated by Loyd Easton and Kurt Guddat. Anchor Books. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1967.

Works of v. I. Lenin Collected Works. 45 vols. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1960-1970.

The Works of Are the Jews a Race? New York: International Publishers, 1926. in Central Europe in the Time of the Reformation. New York: Russell and Russell, 1959. Ethics and the Materialist Conception of History. Translated by J. B. Askew. London: The Twentieth Century Press, Ltd., 1906. Foundations of Christianity. Translated by Henry F. Mims. New York: Russell and Russell, 1953. Die materialistische Geschichtsauffassung. 2 vols. Berlin: Verlag J. H. W. Dietz Nachf. G. m. b. H., 1927 "On Religion." Installment I. Die neue Zeit, I (November 7, 1913), 182-188. "On Religion." Installment II. Die neue Zeit, I (December 5, 1913), 352-360. The Social Revolution. Translated by A. M. and Mary Wood Simons. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr and Company, n.d. Die Sozialdemokratie und die katholische Kirche. Berlin: Hans Weber, 1906. Terrorism and Communism. Translated by W. H. Kerridge. London: The National Labour Press, Ltd., 1920. Thomas More and His Utopia. New York: Russell and Russell, 1959.

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Althusser, Louis. Lenine et la philosophie. Paris: Fran~ois Maspero, 1969. Bergson, Henri. The Two Sources of Morality and Religion. Anchor Books. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1954. Bochenski, Joseph M. and Niemeyer, Gerhart, eds. Handbook on Communism. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1962. Bociurkiw, Bohdan R. "Lenin and Religion." Lenin: The Man, the Theorist, the Leader. Edited by Leonard Schapiro and Peter Reddaway. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967. Calvez, Jean-Yves. La pensee de Karl Marx. Paris: Editions du seuil, 1956. Casey, Robert Pierce. Religion in Russia. New York: Harper & Brothers Pub• lishers, 1946. Conquest, Robert, ed. Religion in the U.S.S.R. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1968. Cunow, Heinrich. Ursprung der Religion und des Gottesglaubens. Berlin: Buch• handlung Vorwiirts Paul Singer G. m. b. H., 1913. Curtiss, John Shelton. The Russian Church and the Soviet State: 1917-1950. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1953. Delekat, Friedrich. "Vom Wesen des Geldes, eine theologische Marxanalyse." Marxismusstudien 3. Edited by Erwin Metzke. Tlibingen: J. C· B. Mohr (paul Siebeck), 1954. Desroche, Henri. Marxisme et Religions. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1962. Dewey, John. A Common Faith. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1934. Dupre, Louis. The Philosophical Foundations of . New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., 1966. Durkheim, Emile. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. Free Press Paper• back. New York: The Free Press, 1965. Eastman, Max. Artists in Uniform. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1934. Feuerbach, Ludwig. The Essence of Christianity. Translated by George Eliot. Harper Torchbooks. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1957. -. Lectures on the Essence of Religion. Translated by Ralph Manheim. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1967. Fischer, Louis. The Life of Lenin. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1964. Friedrich Engels der Denker. Basil: Mundus-Verlag AG., 1954. Fromm, Erich. The Sane Society. A Fawcett Premier Book. Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett Publications, Inc., 1965. Gregor, A. James. A Survey of Marxism. New York: Random House, 1965. Harris, Marvin. The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1968. Hook, Sidney. From Hegel to Marx. Ann Arbor Paperbacks. Ann Arbor, Mich.: The University of Michigan Press, 1962. James, William. The Varieties of Religious Experience. The Modern Library. New York: Random House, n.d. Kamenka, Eugene. Marxism and Ethics. A Papermac Book. London: Macmillan, 1969. Katkov, George. "Lenin as Philosopher." Lenin: The Man, the Theorist, the Leader. Edited by Leonard Schapiro and Peter Reddaway. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967. 166 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kline, George L. "Hegel and the Marxist-Leninist Critique of Religion." Hegel and the Philosophy of Religion. Edited by Darrel E. Christensen. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1970. -. Religious and Anti-Religious Thought in Russia. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1968. Krupskaya, N. K. Reminiscences of Lenin. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1959. Lefebvre, Henri. The Sociology of Marx. A Vintage Book. New York: Random House, 1969. Leuba, James H. A Psychological Study of Religion: Its Origin, Function, and Future. New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1969. Levy-Bruhl, Lucien. How Natives Think. Translated by Lilian A. Clare. New York: Washington Square Press, 1966. Lewis, John. The Life and Teaching of Karl Marx. New World Paperbacks. New York: International Publishers, 1965. Ling, Trevor. Buddha, Marx and God. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1966. Luijpen, William A. Phenomenology and Atheism. Duquesne Studies. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1964. Matthias, Eric. "Kautsky und der Kautskyanismus." Marxismusstudien 5. Edited by Iring Fetscher. Ttibingen: I. C. B. (Paul Siebeeck), 1957. Mayer, Uustav. Friedrich Engels. Translated by Gilbert Highet and Helen Highet. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1936. McLellan, David. The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx. London: Macmillan, 1969. Monnerot, Jules. Sociology of Communism. Translated by Jane Degas and Richard Rees. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1953. Montagu, Ashley. Immortality, Religion, and Morals. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1971. Payne, Robert. The Life and Death of Lenin. An Avon Book. New York: The Hearst Corporation, 1967. -. Marx. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1968. Plamenatz, John. German Marxism and Russian Communism. Harper Torchbooks. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1965. Radin, Paul. Primitive Religion. Dover Paperback. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1957. Rotenstreich, Nathan. Basic Problems of Marx's Philosophy. New York: The Bobbs• Merrill Company, Inc., 1965. Sumner, William Graham and Keller, Albert G. The Science of Society. 4 vols. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1944. Stepanova, Yelena. Friedrich Engels. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1958. Terray, Emmanuel. Le Marxisme devant les socieres "Primitives": deux etudes. Paris: Franc;:ois Maspero, 1969. Tucker, Robert C. Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961. Valentinov (Volsky, N. V.). Encounters With Lenin. Translated by Paul Rosta and Brian Pearce. London: Oxford University Press, 1968. Wach, Joachim. Sociology of Religion. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1944. BmLIOGRAPHY 167

Wetter, Gustav. : A Historical and Systematic Survey of Philosophy in the Soviet Union. Translated by Peter Heath. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963. Wilson, Edmund. To the Finland Station. An Anchor Book. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1953. Yaroslavsky, E. Religion in the U.S.S.R. 2nd ed. Modem Books Ltd., 1932. Yinger, J. Milton. The Scientific Study of Religion London: The Macmillan Com• pany, 1970.

Articles Barnhart, J. E. "'Anthropological Nature' in Feuerbach and Marx." Philosophy Today, XI (Winter, 1967), 265-275. Blanchard, Yvon. "Marx et la Religion." Dialogue, V (March, 1967), 592-602. Diamond, S. "Marx's 'First Thesis' on Feuerbach." Science and Society, I (Summer, 1937), 539-544. Feuer, Lewis. "Lenin's Fantasy." Encounter, XXXV (December, 1970), 23-35. Gladden, James W. "The Condition of Religion in Communist Europe-Twenty Years After Tobias." Lexington Theological Quarterly, VI (October, 1971), 102-114. Hammen, Oscar J. "The Young Marx, Reconsidered." lournal of the History of Ideas, XXXI (January-March, 1970), 109-120. Hodges, Donald C. "Marx's Contribution to Humanism." Science and Society, XXIX (Spring, 1965), 173-191. -. "The Unity of Marx's Thought." Science and Society, XXVIII (Summer, 1964), 316-323. -. "The Young Marx-A Reappraisal." Philosophy and Phenomenological Re• search, XXVII (September, 1966-June, 1967),216-229. Kojeve, Alexandre. "Hegel, Marx and Christianity." Interpretation, I (Summer, 1970),21-42. Kon, Igor S. "The Concept of Alienation in Modem Sociology." Social Research, XXXIV (Autumn, 1967), 507-528. Lamont, Corliss. "A Reply to Joseph Needham." Science and Society, I (Summer, 1937), 495-498. Lobkowicz, Nicholas. "Karl Marx's Attitude Toward Religion." The Review of Politics, XXVI (July, 1964), 319-352. LOwith, Karl. "Man's Self-Alienation in the Early Writings of Marx." Social Research, XXI (Summer, 1954),204-230. Mayo, H. B. "Marxism and Religion." The Hibbert lournal, LI (April, 1953), 226-233. Radin, Paul. "Economic Factors in Primitive Religion." Science and Society, I (Spring, 1937),310-325. Rosen, Zvi. "The Influence of Bruno Bauer on Marx's Concept of Alienation." Social Theory and Practice, I (Fall, 1970), 50-68. INDEX

Abraham, 38 Bociurkiw, 94, 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, Agnosticism, 64, 83, 91, 112, 115, 116, 114, 119 117, 118, 120 Bogdanov, 116, 118 Alienation, 7, 8, 9, 11, 17, 38, 39, 47, Bolingbroke, 19 48, 113 ,137, 156 Bourgeoisie, 35,55, 82, 84, 93, 101, 102, Amida Buddha, the, 53 112, 146, 152 Anabaptists, 82, 84, 85, 88, 104, 146 Bright, 19 Anglicanism, 83, 115, 144; Anglicans, 82 Buddhism, 137 Animal(s), 24, 25, 55, 56 Buddhists, Mahayana, 40 Animism, 67, 70, 80, 86, 124, 127, 128, Bulgakov, 119 129, 133, 155, 156 Bultmann, 142 Anthropology, 19, 20, 22, 46 Apocalypticism, 33 Apostolicans, 145 Asceticism, 32, 55, 145 Calvez, 14, 15 Asclepius, 52 Calvin, 36, 84, 93, 156; Calvinism, 15, Astarte, 52 144, 146; Calvinistic, 62, Calvinists, 62 Atheism, 17, 20, 22, 63, 64, 93, 107, Capital, 12, 49, 99, 100, 109, 111; 108, 109, 112, 137; atheist(s), 16, 20, capitalism, 38, 41, 46, 82, 99, 107, 97, 101, 119 147, 148, 155 Avenarius, 114, 116 Carlyle, 63 Awe, 23, 26, 43 Cathari, 84 Catholic(s), 19, 40, 88; Catholicism, 6, 10, 33, 34, 81, 82,92, 112, 131, 143, 144, 146, 147, 155, 156 Bakunin, 109 Ceasar, 84 Barnhart, 2 Chadwick, 101, 102 Bauer, 38, 41, 53, 74, 76, 90, 139 Chartists, 64 Bayle, 20 Chasidic Movement, 40 Bcghards, 145 Christian(s), 11, 36, 39, 84, 102, 141 Belinsky, 109 Christianity, 1, 6, 10, 12, 16, 33, 55, Benary, 76 57, 58, 63, 64, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, Berdyaev, 119 78, 79, 86, 89, 102, 103, 111, 120, Bergson, 56, 57, 152 139, 140, 142, 161; abolition of, 20, Bernstein, 68 83, 91; as heuristic principle, 12; Block, 79, 80 Hegelianized, 15; Judaized, 37, 40, 42; INDEX 169 Nicene, 80; primitive, 33, 74, 91, 93, Earth Mother, 52 103, 104, 110, 131, 140, 141, 143, East, the, 32 145, 156; proletarian, 83, 144; tran• Ego(t)ism, 38, 39, 40, 96, 148 scended, 83 Elysian Fields. 32 Church, the, 19, 34, 64, 81, 101, 102, Emancipation: human, 41, 42, 46, 63; 103, 107, 112, 142, 144, 148, 152, political, 41, 42 155; of , 115 Engels, adoption of animism, 68, 69; Class(es): lower, 104; ruling, 18, 57, 87, belief in enduring characteristics of 89, 95, 103, 106, 109, 120, 152; Christianity, 85; better informed on social, 7; upper, 19, 104; working, 18, religion than Marx, 79; closer to 83, 104 Tylor than to Marx, 71; confused Collective Representation(s), 131, 132 determining causes with necessary con• Communism, 20, 118, 127, 128, 139, ditions, 80; disunity with Marx, 93; 140, 142, 143, 145, 146 early attacks on religion, 62, 63; Comte, 31 ignorance of apocalyptic thought, 77; Conquest, R., 105 internal consistency, 91, 92, late critic• Consciousness, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25, ism of religion, 64; late interest in 28, 50, 55, 56, 78, 107, 120, 159; biblical studies, 64, 65; lip service to animal, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28; false, 17, historical materialism, 76, 79; most 21, 27, 29; herd, 28; self-, 17, 25, 26, comprehensive statement on religion, 46, 47, 48, 63, 156; tribal, 28 90; no intention to modify Marx, 70; Constantine, 84, 104, 143 religion in boyhood, 61; twofold etio• Contradiction(s), 27, 28, 29, 47, 48, 70, logy of religion, 66; unity with Marx, 72,77 92, 93; work on religion in relation to Copernicus, 82 Marx, 61 Cunow, 123, 124, 126, 147, 148 Epicurus, 16 Epistemology, 114, 115, 116, 117 Eschatology, 77, 141, 142 Essenes, 40, 77 Ethical obligation, 128, 130 Darwin, 19, 107, 115, 117 Ethics, 12, 28, 47, 58, 92, 109, 159 Death, 27, 97, 136 Ethology, 22, 23 Deism, 35 Euhemerism, 26; euhemeristic theology, Desroche, 3 28 Determinism, 46; deterministic model, European nations, 19, 20 159 Exploitation, 6, 7, 22, 37, 48, 58, 77, Devil, the, 36, 71, 141, 146, 156; devils, 95, 98, 104, 109, 113, 132, 137, 143, 54,95 148, 155, 157 Dewey, 43 Diaspora, the, 138 Diocletian, 84 Doctrine(s), 33, 110 Fanaticism, 101 Dream(s), 69, 132, 133, 134, 135, 154, Fear, 18, 23, 24, 26, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 155; dreaming, 126, 127, 134, 135 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 109, DUhring, 70 124, 127, 130, 132, 133, 155, 156, 160 Dupre, 2 Ferm, 45 Durkheim, 24, 132, 133, 160; Durkheim• Fetish(es), 30, 50, 117, 136; fetishism, ians, 132, 133, 135 26, 30, 31, 36; fetishistic theology, 28 170 INDEX

Feudalism, 34, 82, 84, 92, 112 Hodges, 8, 9 Feuerbach, 19, 20, 53, 90, 95, 96, 97, Holy Grail, 50 98, 104, 108 Holzmann, 141 Fideism, 117, 118, 158 Hook, 2 Flagellants, 84 Humanism, 7, 8, 9 Forces: natural, 127, 128; social, 65, 66, Hume, 19, 115, 116, 159 67, 71, 125, 127, 128, 130, 132, 154, Hutchison, 45 155 Friedrich Wilhelm IV, 16, 62 Fromm, 87, 160 Function(s), 4, 10, 45, 51, 52, 80, 154; Idealism, 18, 83, 90, 97, 116, 149; functional approach to religion, 43, idealists, 115 51, 52; functionalistic method of Ideology, 11, 12, 18, 21, 34, 36, 47, 60, author, 2 105, 160 Idolatry, 20, 34 Ignorance, 69, 96, 98, 99 Imagination, 47, 48 Gapon, 111 Immortality, 67, 69, 70, 97, 131, 135, Gentilverfassung, die, 128, 134 140 Gibbon, 19 Instinct, 28, 55, 56 God, 3, 12, 48, 50, 51, 54, 59, 63, 67 Intertestamental period, 73 69, 70, 71, 83, 88, 89, 96, 99, 100, Islam, 73, 89 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 116, 117, Islands of the Blest, 32 126, 134, 137, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 153, 154; god(s), 18, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 95, 99, 126, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137, Jains, 40 139, 155 James, 39, 43 God-builders, 99, 118, 119, 157 Jehovah, 49, 111 God-seekers, 119, 157 Jesus, 74, 102, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, Golay, 103 161 Gorky, 99, 103, 104, 108, 112, 117, 119 Jewish Question, the, 7, 38, 41, 42, 49, III Jew(s), 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 50, 92, Ill, 137, 138 Harnack, 141 Job, 54 Harris, 159 Judaism, 6, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 73, 89, Heathens, 36 111, 137, 140; biblical, 33, 131; non• Heaven, 11, 17, 21, 32 biblical, 37; post-exilic, 33 Hegel, 36, 50, 62, 115 Heresy, 145, 154; burgher, 84; plebian, 84, 85, 91 Herzen, 109 Kalinin, 113 Hess, 53 Kamenka, 160 Higher criticism, 17 Kant, 115, 116, 137, 159 Hinduism, 11, 32, 36 Kautsky, adopts functional approach to History, 77, 79, 80, 87, 103, 113, 124, religion, 151; applauds Cunow, 124; 125, 139 closer to Engels than to Marx, 156; Hobbes, 38 criticizes Engels, 124, 125; criticizes INDEX 171

Marx-Engels' etiology of religion, 123; Leuba, 43, 45 distinguishes social relations from Levy-Bruhl, 131, 132, 133 forces, 128; disunity with Durkheim• Lewis, 10, 13, 67 ians, 133; disunity with Marx-Engels, Lippert, 124 128, 130, 132, 133, 154, 155, 156; Lobkowicz, 15, 16, 20 does not distinguish between religions, Lollards, 84, 145 137; explains tweniteth century need LOwith,7 for religion, 148; favors Teutonic• Lubbock, 68 Catholic religion, 147; fails to consider Luijpen, 2, 3 rites of passage, 144; fails to distinguish Lunacharsky, 118 positive from critical morality, 152; Luther, 34, 35, 36, 82, 84, 146, 156; fails to investigate the sacred, 135; less Lutherianism, 36, 112, 144, 146; vehement on religion than Marx, Lutherans, 82 Engels, Lenin, 143; methodology questionable, conclusions unsound, 136, 143, 153, 154; mistaken on early McLellan, 2 church organization, 141; on serene, Mach, 114, 116 joyous, tolerant religion, 136; on the Maeterlinck, 154 urban traits of Jews, 138; takes Magic, 26, 27, 44, 80, 150 religion to be a social phenomenon, Maine, 68 130, 150; unity with Marx-Engels, Malinowski, 27, 160 153, 154 Marx: antagonism to religion, 15; blurs Kerygma, 33, 76; kerygmatic canon, 76 distinction between Jews, 38; charac• Kline, 83, 118, 119 terizes religion normatively, 46; com• Kojeve,2 pares gods to money, 49, 50, 51; Krupskaya, 109, 114, 120 consistency of views on Judaism, 41; consolatory function absent in late works, 13; emphasis on religion prior Labor, divisions of, 47 to 1847, 7, 20; fails to deal with Language, 22, 23 religion extensively, 6; gives no com• Law, 47, 159 prehensive definition of religion, 45; Lawrow,68 gods conceived inappropriately to their Lecky, 68 functions, 49; ignores rites of passage, Lefebvre, 14, 21 26; ignores some types of gods, 53; Lenin, attacks Kautsky, 122; believes importance of Capital, I, to critique, religion as important as conditions 7; importance of critique of religion, make it, 94; changes mind about 13, 14, 16, 20, 21; no sustained religion, 113; closer to Marx than to analysis of religious functions, 51; not Engels, 111; consistency of critique, open to criticism, 37; on the substance 108; disunity with Marx-Engels, 110, of religious belief, 48; persistence of 111, 112, 113; does not attribute his twofold etiology of religion, 22; etiology of religion to Marx-Engels, reasons for treatment of religion, 6; 95; does not favor revolutionary unity of critique, 9, 10, 11, 12 Christian sects, 104; finds religion Marxism, 25; as religion, 119 more vexing than Marx did, 106; Materialism, 65, 81, 107, 114, 117, 157, thinks modem religion caused by bad 161; materialist history, 124, 139; social conditions, 100; unity with method, 125; model of society, 159, Marx-Engels, 109, 110, 113 160, 161; theory of religion, 147, 156; 172 INDEX

materialistic science, 116 Paul, 76, 77, 86 Mediation, 50 Payne, 15, 113 Mediator, the, 50, 54 Peasant War, the, 85, 91, 146 Messiah, 140 Personification, 71, 73 Messianism, 139 Pfleiderer, 141 Methodology, author's, 2, 3, 4, 13; Philo, 76, 77 failures of other's, 1, 2 Philosophy, 28, 71, 114, 159 Middle ages, 34, 81, 82, 84, 128, 144, Pietism, 15, 61, 62; pietistic experience, 145, 152, 154 15 Miracles, 95 Pisarev, 109 Moloch, 49 Plamenatz, 14, 159 Monasticism, 145 Plato, 24; Platonism, 75 Money, 38, 49, 101 Plutus, 49, 50 Monks, 145 Political economy, 6, 12 Montagu, 67, 87, 160 Priest(s), 34, 35, 55, 106, 120, 143 Morality, 33, 44, 55, 56, 57, 131, 132, Production: forces of, 27, 29, 159; 133, 148, 152, 153, 156 mode(s) of, 29, 31, 34, 37, 38, 47, 53, More, 127, 144, 147, 156 70, 72, 77, 91, 132, 153, 160; rela• Morgan, 126 tions of, 29 Morris, 67, 160 Proletarian cause, 157; fear, 100; revolu• Munzer, 84, 85, 88, 146 tion, 107, 110, truth, 114; values, 148; Mystical experience, 15; mysticism, 46, proletariat, tbe, 8, 13, 18, 19, 35, 55, 62, 85, 116, 145 57, 100, 101, 102, 103, 113, 120, 138, Myth(s), 60, 70, 117; mythology, 60 139, 146, 152; the English, 11, 19 Prometheus, 16 Protestant(s), 40, 88, 144, 147; Protes• tantism, 6, 12, 15, 19, 33, 34, 35, 36, Nagel, 158 37, 82, 92, 146, 147, 156 Naturalism, 19, 158, 159, 161; natural• Proudhon, 70 istic explanation of Christianity, 77; Prussian State, the, 15 orientation, 2, 158, 161 Nature, 14, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 33, 46, 50, 65, 66, 69, 71, 72, 95, 96, 99, 124, 125, 127, 129, 130, 151; religious, 136; worship, 30, 31, 33, 36 Radin, 24, 26, 160, 161 New Testament, 73, 141, 142, 145 Randall, 37 Reformation, Anglican, 36; Protestant, North America, 39, 41 19, 34, 84, 85, 112, 146, 156 Relations, Social, 29, 47 Religion, abolition of, 10, 12, 17, 19, Objectification, 50 21, 41, 42, 48, 59, 63, 64, 74, 82, 83, Old Testament, 73, 74 97, 98, 107, 110, 148, 154; abstract, Opium, 52 63, 66; artificial, 72, 73, 74, 91, 103; as analogous to economics, 12, 93; as epiphenomenal, 10, 37, 91, 92, 105, 109, as falsehood, 17, 63; as ideology, Papacy, 145; papal dictatorship, 82 11, 18; as inessentiality, 47, 48, 49, Parsees, 40 155; as irrationality, 47; beginning of Pascal, 13, 14 criticism, 14, 16; conditions of, 47, 48, INDEX 173

105; conflict theory of, 104; defini• Ruge, 17, 18 tions of, 44, 45, 70; etiology of, 3, 6, Russian Orthodoxy, 109, 111, 112, 119 22, 25, 44, 45, 46, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, Russian radicalism, 108, 109 80, 86, 90, 91, 92,94,95,97, 99, 100, 102, 124, 131, 134, 135, 137, 154, 155; functions of, 42, 51, 86, 104, Sacred, the, 26, 38, 133, 134, 154 148; conservative, 11, 92, 106, 154, Salvation Army, 115 consolatory-palliative, 13, 29, 52, 53, Santayana, 114 54, 55, 59, 69, 78, 86, 103, 105, 106, Satan, 54 107, 109, 151, 155; explanatory, 69, Schelling, 63 70, 86, 106, 149; manipulative, 51, 55, Schweitzer, 141 57, 58, 59, 86, 87, 151; miscellaneous, Science, 19 51, 59, 86, 89; protest, 59, 89; reflective, 35, 51, 59, 86, 87, 155; Scriptures, the, 6, 59, 62, 145 Sectarianism, 36, 76, 77, 85, 112; sec- sanctioning, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 87, tarians, 83, 145, 146 102, 106, 109, 132, 152; social, 130, Seneca, 76 151; spontaneous, 51, 52, 55, 57, 59, Social Democracy, 149, 157; Democrats, 72, 86, 87, 151; Germanic-Christian 18, Greco-Roman, 32; history of, 72: 118, 122 103; materialist theory of, 147, 155, Socialism, 13, 55, 83, 101, 102, 107, 111, 156; meaning of 43, 45, 148, 149, 119, 146, 156, 157 Society: bourgeois, 12, 30, 37, 40; civil, 150; natural (Naturreligion), 22, 23, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42; class, 46, 48, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 46, 52, 65, 71, 72, 95, 109, 128, 133, 154, ISS; 55, 66, 155, 156; classless, 29, 42, 46, social, 22, 23, 29, 46, 71; social nature 48, 59, 98; the closed, 56, 57, 152; the open, 152 of, 150, sociology of, 25, 44; spon• taneous, 72, 73, 74, 91, 103; static, Soul, 67, 69, 126, 134 Species-life, 46 56, 57; substance of, 42, 45, 47, 48 Spencer, B., 124 Religion-itself, 149, 150 Spencer, H., 31 Religions: ancient, 31, 32; archaic, 73, Spinoza,96 75, 87, 131; Asiatic, 31, 32; popular, Spirit(s), 80, 88, 126, 129, 130, 134; 30 autonomy of, 35, 46, 48; heteronomy Religious apperception, 48; authority, 19; faculty, 48, 96, 109; fanaticism, of, 35, 82 State, the: Christian, 41, 63; democratic, 54; needs, 75, 79, 81, 86; projection, 41; secular, 20 48; protest, 89, type, 38, 39, 40 Stirner, 53 Renan, 85, 161 Stoic(s), 75, 77, 78 Resurrection, 139, 140 Strauss, 53, 62, 90, 141 Revisionism, 110, 123, 153; revisionist, Stroik, 9 124 Supernatural, I, 14, 43, 51, 65, 71 Revolution, French, 19 Superstition, 6, 10, II, 19, 46, 82, 89, Rites of passage, 26, 28, 97, 152 92, 96, 97, lSI, 154 Ritual(s), 27, 33, 54, 75, 113, 133, 152, 154 Roman Empire, 74, 78, 84, 138, 139, 140; world, 78, 81, 140 Teleology, 19, 71, 83 Rosen, 2, 52 Terray, 3 Rotenstreich, 2 Tertullian, 159 174 INDEX

Theism, 20, 71, 90, 93; monotheism, 33, United States, the, 19 75, 90, 126, 134, 138, 139; poly• Usurer(s), 37, 78; usury, 12, 36, 37, 92 theism, 90, 136 Theology, 1, 19, 21, 28, 29, 30, 53, 58, 62, 81, 82, 83, 85, 89, 91, 116, 147, Vishnu, 49 158, 159 Voltaire, 18 Theory, pure, 28, 30 Voraussetzung, die, 14, 18, 21, 80 Therapeutae, the, 40 Tillich, 45 Wach,44 Tolstoy, 107, 109 Waldenses, 84, 104, 145 Totemism, 24, 26, 28 Wellhausen, 141 Transcendentalism, 19 Wetter, 2, 3, 119 Tucker, 7, 8, 9 Tylor, 31, 68, 70, 71, 80, 124, 128, 130, 132, 133, 147 Yinger, 161 Typology, 34, 40 Young Hegelians, 14, 15, 16, 53, 62, 90