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2011 C OMMUNISM

I. RUSSIA 1. HISTORICAL. The idea of Communism, which Webster defines as "Any theory or system of social organization involving common ownership of the agents of production, and some approach to equality in the distribution of the pro- ducts of industry," is not new. In 1776 Dr. Adam Weishaupt, a professor of law in a Bavarian college, founded the Order of the Illuminati with the aim of abolishing monarchy and all ordered government, private property, inheritance, patriotism, the family, and religion. The order spread rapidly tl :agh France, Italy and Germany, but was eventually exposed and driv- e :nderground. In 1789 the Jacobin Club, organized by Robespierre and ot a who had been affiliated with the Illuminati, did much to give so sa ,ainary a hue to the French Revolution and provide a pattern for the R ussian Bolsheviks some 130 years later. Undoubtedly influenced by Weishaupt, Jean Jacques Rousseau and ot' ers, Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels, two apostate young German Jews, produced the famous Communist Manifesto in 1848 as the platform of the Communist League, a German organization which later became inter- national. Marx divided society into two opposing camps, the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, separated by class warfare until the former should have overcome the latter through the destruction of all those institutions of civilization which Weishaupt had aimed to abolish in the previous cen- tury. As a result of the spread of these doctrines, the First International was organized in London in 1864, a world body composed of radical groups from various nations, which survived until 1876 when its last convention was held in Philadelphia. Considerable impetus had been given to radical thought by the Paris Commune of 1871 and the Second International was organized within a few years of the dissolution of the First. In 1903 the radical left wing of the Russian Social Democratic Party, called the Bolsheviki, or "majority", split off from the right wing, the Menshevike, or "minority", to form two groups within the International. At the outbreak of the World War, the Bolsheviki repudiated the moderate group, which is still in existence as the Labor Socialist International with headquarters in London. Frequent conferences were held by the Second International, and in 1915 at Zmimer- wald, Switzerland, Nicolai Lenin, exiled from Russia for many years for his revolutionary activities, came into prominence. With Lenin in Switzerland, Trotzki in the Bronx, and Stalin exiled in Siberia, all completely detached for the time being from the: Russian scene, the Czar abdicated in March 1917 as a result of the first Russian Revolution, which was comparatively bloodless and of a bourgeois rather than proletarian character, the government being taken over by Prince Lvoff and the Douma. Within 30 or 40 days after the Prince had been succeeded by Kerensky, Lenin with thirty other left wing revolutionaries, through the good offices of the German Government, was conveyed in a sealed railway car via Germany into Russia, where, as the result of a second Revolution starting on 7 November 1917, Kerensky was overthrown and Lenin and Trotsky, as the leaders of the Bolsheviki, came into posses- 2 COMMUNISM sion of the supreme power. And thus, through the instrumentality of 30,000 or 40,000 actual Communists, the Soviet form of government was imposed upon this vast country of 150,000,000 souls amid scenes which far outdid the French Revolution. While Trotzky and the Red Army dealt with the Polish and the White Russian Armies, and the Cheka (secret police) suppressed all in- ternal riots and opposition with massacre and ruthless terrorism, Lenin set out to establish a state on pure Communistic lines. The value of the rouble was destroyed; trade of every kind, except by the state, was for- bidden; private and church property confiscated; industry nationalized; and the best brains of the country, technical along with the rest, destroyed or driven into exile. In 1921 Lenin, faced with a crisis in the total failure of the Marxian economic system, introduced his N. E. P. (or New Economic Policy), under which a certain amount of private business was permitted. In 1924, fearful of fostering capitalism in view of the accumulating means of individuals engaged in trade under this policy, repressive measures were taken by the Government, and in 1928 the so-called Five Year Plan was formulated, which brings us up to the present day. 2. PRESENT ORGANIZATION IN RUSSIA. To help complete our background for the study of Communism in this country, some understanding of the present regime in Russia is neces- sary. The legislative power is vested in the Congress of Soviets, which meets every two years, selecting a central executive committee of between 400 and 500 members to represent it during the intermission. This com- mittee, in turn, selects a smaller group, known as the Praesidium, which is the real legislative authority and appoints the commissars and judicial officers of the government. Early in 1919, the Russian Communist Party and the Spartacus group of revolutionaries in Germany joined in issuing a call for an international congress of revolutionary workers to be held in Moscow. Out of this evolv- ed the Third, or Communist, International, also called the "Comintern" the instigating source of propaganda and revolutionary activities in other countries. To the protest of foreign governments against this Russian-inspired subversive action in their countries, the Soviet foreign minister is wont to disclaim all knowledge, with the statement that any such activities must have been the work of the Third International for which his government is not responsible. In point of fact, a thoroughly specious claim, for the directorates of the International (Komintern) and Soviet governments are interlocking, Stalin sitting at the same time in the Praesidia of both. For a present day description of the Russion Communist Party, which is inextricably bound up with the other two organizations, we quote from Professor Samuel N. Harper's recent book, "Making Bolshevilks": "There are just short of 2,000,000 Communist party-members, including candidates passing through a period of probation. It is enough to speak of them as 'party-members', for there is only the single party in the Soviet order. The two million Communists are distributed in some 50,000 groups or 'cells'; in practically every institution of any importance-government office, school, factory, or collective farm-there is the organized group of party-members, and it is the only group that is permitted to organize. The Communist leads politically the larger group of which he is a member, and supervises and directs its economic activity, carrying out the directions of the party authorities. These cells are coordinated by local committees, which, in turn, are under higher committees, all headed up in the Central Commit- tee, of which Stalin is the General Secretary ...... The party cells are RUSSIA 3 distributed also through the Red Army, in every regiment and barrack, to the number of over 6,000, coordinating the activity of the 120,000 Commun- ists in the official total of 562,000 Red Armyists." Theoretically, the Rus- sian Communist Party is only a branch of the Komintern and neither have anything to do with the Soviet Government. Practically, however, the party controls both through the Political Bureau of its Central Committee, called the Polit-bureau and consisting of 10 members. This domination is indicated by an. extract from a speech by Lenin: "Formally a solution of this problem is very difficult, because the only legal party among us con- trols the Government; " and again from a speech by Trotzky, "Who is going to decide this question? We have the council of people's commis- sars, but that council must be under a certain control. That control can- not be exercised by the unorganized working masses. We, therefore, have to summon the central committee of the party and have it formulate an answer to this proposition." Since, as Lenin says, "the only legal party controls the government", there is no opposition, no minority party whatever, with the result that the Soviet is an autocratic government comparable to that of Mussolini in Italy and far more ruthless. We quote Professor Harper again on the recent liquidation of the Kulaks, or rich peasants, by way of example, "It was in the looting of the rich peasants that the class struggle took on its most distressing forms during the first months of 1930 ...... The number of families literally thrown out of their homes, and even expelled from the village, cannot be estimated with any accuracy. There were about 5,000,000 officially designated as rich peasants. Many of the middle peasants were subjected to practically the same forcible expropriation, being told that they would be treated as rich peasants if they did not join the collective farm...... Poor peasants told the writer of the ruthless methods of liqui- dation of the rich peasant which they adopted, 'We gave them till morning to get out, they could go where they wanted but they had to get out.' The freight trains of those sent north were described by railway workers" The Report of the Fish Committee mentions the same subject: "The O. G. P. U. has charge of the prisons and the lumber concentration camps in Northern Russia. Hundreds of thousands of inoffensive Russians, because they were born of bourgeois parents or held positions in the Czar's govern- ment or the Army or were priests who remained faithful to their trusts, were exiled, together with 500,000 or more Kulaks, to the prison camps near Archangle or in Siberia and disappeared into the Russian forests without a trace. The stark horror and pitiful tragedy of the men and women of all ages and all classes and creeds who once get into the hands of the O. G. P. U. is not conceivable to Americans." It is to be remembered that the liqui- dation of the Kulaks was carried out in 1930. Another part of the structure of present day Russia is the Commun- ist Union of Youth, or Komsomol, an organization of young people of both sexes between the ages of 14 and 23, patterned very closely after that of the Russian Communist Party, a training school for party members, and under its immediate direction and control. According to Professor Harper, it has some 75,000 cells and 3,000,000 members, including candidates. There is an organization for children between 10 and 16 also, called the Young Pioneers. The Pioneers are not patterned on the Boy Scouts, but are given definite tasks and training for future party membership. They are organ- ized "to help collect junk, to sort seed for sowing, to agitate for socialistic competition and collectivisation of agriculture and to help in the elimina- tion of illiteracy." Under the auspices of the Komintern have been founded various similar institutions, such as the Young Communist International, the Red 4 COMMUNISM

International of Labor Unions, or Profintern, the M. O. P. R. or Interna- tional Society of Aid to Revolutionaries, sometimes known as International Red Aid, the Workers' International Relief founded in Berlin by Clara Zetkin, a special member of the Komintern, and the Farmers' and Pea- sants' International. No account of present day organization in Russia would be complete without mention of the 0. G. P. U., or secret police, whose terrorism estab- lished and makes possible the continued existance of the present regime by the immediate extermination of all opposition. It was called the Cheka until 1922 and is at one and the same time a surety police, a political police, an organ of counter-espionage and an extra-ordinary tribunal. Its central headquarters are in Moscow, and it has a special corps of troops with tanks and aeroplanes under its control. Its special personnel are recruited from liberated convicts, thieves, assassins, from the most disreputable agents of the old Ochrana (Czar's police), and from the scum of many races, includ- ing Jews, Letts, Asiatics and Negroes. The whole power is at present con- centrated in the hands of the "secret operative management", which keeps the register of suspects. It also controls the telegraph and telephone sy- stem, censors the mails and organizes the elections. According to figures published by the -International Entente against the Third International, the U. S. S. R. is about to double its army, now 512 000, by the formation of an enormous militia. Military service has be- come obligatory for all men in good health, and by a system of short term instruction more than 870,000 men are trained every year. The equipment "s said to be good, with the exception of machine guns, artillery, motor transport and planes, the provision of which is weak. With the assistance cf German engineers, large factories have been established for the produc- tion of gas shells and military planes, of which the latest models are re- ported excellent. The Navy consists of 2 old battleships, 5 cruisers, 16 destroyers, 13 submarines, and some 58 vessels of other categories. About one-third of the Navy is in the Black Sea and two-thirds in the Baltic. At the present moment the whole country is intensively organized for putting over the Five Year Plan. For instance, according to Professor Harper, "The industrial unions of the workmen in the industrial plants and factories are the leaders of the Soviet trade union movement. With the development of the Five Year Plan, this leading class of the Soviet social order is growing rapidly, already it numbers over 3,000,000...... The sho3k-brigade of a given factory or mine is a voluntary organization of workmen who have come together to fulfill and, if possible, exceed the quota of production assigned to the factory under the Five-Year Plan of expansion...... So the shock-brigade workmen forms an important cadre, a mcbilizing, organizing framework of the socialistic experiment." In the same manner as the shock-brigade workmen in the factory, the collectivist peasant is battling on the agricultural front, over one-fourth of the peasant households were collectivized for the winter sowing of 1930. The percentage was higher in March, when compulsion was being used exten- sively," says Professor Harper, who goes on, "For the moment, however, one has his new and important cadre of collectivist-peansants, who are doing more than any other group to change the attitude of the masses." Not to be forgotten are the workers on the "cultural front". According to the same authority, "Most of the cultural-workmen belong to the Educational workers' Union, one of the largest of the Soviet trade-unions, with a mem- bership of 850,000. Of this membership, the teachers in the primary schools where at present 12,000,000 children are enrolled, represent the largest single sub-group. Of the 850,000 members of the Education Workers' Union, 58 percent are women; the percentage is larger among the school teachers- RUSSIA 5 some 300,000 are to be found working in the rural primary schools-There are other cultural-workers, in the cities as well as in the villages, who are not technically, educational workers; the; total numerical strengtn of the 'cultarmyists' was recently estimated by a Soviet writer at con- siderably more than a million." While all of the fqregoing figures are undoubtedly highly exaggerated for the benefit of a distinguished Anieri- can visitor, Russia appears to be organized on a war footing to a very considerable degree for the accomplishment of the Five Year Plan and the aims: of its leaders towards the success of the Bolshevist experiment and their own continuance in power.

As regards present-day living conditions in Russia, Professor Harper has this to say in his book "Making Bolsheviks," published in February 1931, "The shock-brigade- movement has had to develop in the face of the serious shortage of food supply of the last year ...... The privileged rations for workmen and the special attention to the supplying of the cooperative stores in industrial centers and in the workmen quarters of these centers have meant that the workmen have felt the food shortage less acutely than other groups...... But the plans to supply workmen have not always been successfully carried out, as evidenced by the extensive migration of workmen back to the villages or other industrial centers where the food supply, according to reports, was better ...... The work- man also has to resort to the free, open market, where prices during the last summer rose until they became almost fantastic for such staples as butter, meat, shirts and boots. The quality of these goods also was very inferior, and in the official reckoning of the real wage, there must have been failure to take into account the two important factors of actual availability and of quality."

As to housing conditions, the "Pravda" of 7 August 1927 states that rent forms on the average about 4% of the total budget of the Soviet workman, as a result of which there cannot be any question of amortiza- tion or of a normal repair of the confiscated houses in which they are living and, in consequence, they are gradually crumbling to pieces. Accord- ing to the Moscow paper, "Izvestia," the calculations of the Supreme Council of National Economy show that no less than 41/2 to 5 billion roubles would have to be spent in the course of the next five years in order to maintain the present housing norm amounting to about 6 square meters per person, whereas under the Five, Year Plan only 2,290,000,000 roubles can be assigned for this purpose, from which the paper concludes, "It is evident that a further diminution of the actual housing norm fixed: per head awaits us in the coming years." The "Troud"',of 19 January 1928 states that in the Ural about 17-18 workmen manage to live in an area, of about 5 square meters by a system of three shifts to each, bed during a period of 24 hours. The 20 January 1928 edition of the same paper says the following about the workmen's lodgings, "Terrible crowded lodgings, only 3.9 square meters of the floor are allowed per lodger instead of the normal 9 square meters. 95% of all dwellings overcrowded...... 59% of the houses are in dreadful sanitary conditions...... How can one speak of any cleanliness if the floors of the barracks have not been washed since summer." The "Komsomol Pravda" of 14 January 1928 speaks of a home for girl workers in Leningrad as follows: "In dark, besmirched burrows, with smoking, stinking, tiny lamps, in awful filth the factory girls live here." Such is the life to which proponents of Communism wish to bring uS. 6 COMMUNISM

3.. BOLSHEVIST AIMS. The program of the Komintern, which is the fountain head of world campaign, has been published often enough to be familiar to those interested. It should be familiar to all. In addition, sight should never be lost' of the fact that in actual practice the Komintern, the Russian Communist Party, and the Russian Soviet Government are one and indivisible, all three controlled and completely in the hands of the same small group of men. What they have designed for us is indicated by an extract from the "Pravda," the official organ of the Russian Com- munist Party. In its issue of September 1928 appear these characteristic words: "The world-wide nature of our program is not mere talk, but an all-embracing and blood-soaked reality. It cannot be otherwise...... Our ultimate aim is world-wide Communism; our fighting preparations are for world revolution; for the conquest of power on a world-wide scale and the establishment of a world proletarian dictatorship." In this con- nection, the Soviet Government passed a decree in December 1927 ap- propriateing 2,000,000 roubles for international revolutionary purposes. The following is from the "Inprekor," the official organ of the Komintern, issue of 18 October 1924 (German edition): "The Communist International is the International of the workers' associations, and unites, in defiance of frontiers, the fighting proletariat without distinction of nationality, race, religion, sex, or profession. The Communist International, which includes all the Communist parties of the world, is itself a political party - the International Fighting Party of the Proletariat. Its task is to liberate the workers from the capitalist yoke, to prepare and organize the violent downfall of the bourgeois regime by means of the proletarian revolution. The Communist International combats all bourgeois influence over the proletariat. It fights against religion, against all philosophy other than the- integral Marxist materialism, against doctrines which preach the union of capital and labor, against socialist opportunism. It preaches above all the class fight to a finish...... The proletariat should ex- propriate the expropriators. Usually this expropriation will take the form of pure and simple confiscation of the means of production and their handing over to the proletarian State. In this line of thought the Com- munist International looks forward to: 1. The socialization of the great industrial undertakings; trans- port, telegraph and telephone, electricity, etc. 2. The proletarian nationalization of landed property, its trans- mission to the organs of the dictatorship of the proletariat, and its administration by the collectivity with the aid of agriculturist proletarians 3. The proletarian nationalization of the banks, delivery of all reserves in metal and securities to the proletarian state. Subordination of the banks to the Central State Bank. 4. The nationalization and municipalization of big business. 5. The cancellation of State debts. 6. The monopolization of foreign trade. 7. The -monopolization of printing establishments and the more important newspapers ...... To prepare a revolutionary situation by dis- organizing the State economically by means of strikes, first paritla, then general. Then to begin immediately the war against the bourgeois state. This combat, entered into according to all the laws of strategy, supposes a well arranged plan of attack." One of the principal aims of the U.S.S.R. is the accomplishment of the Five Year Plan. It is an extremely ambitious attempt co modernize RUSSIA 7 and industrialize this tremendous and backward country in five years and place it on a sound economic basis in order to insure the success and continuation of the Soviet form of government. G. T. Gri.rko, vice chairman of the Russian State Planning Commission, thus defines it: "The Five Year Plan is a program for the further extension and con- solidation of the great October revolution. Nor should the great interna- tional significance of the plan be underestimated. For the first time in history a vast country, with inexhaustible natural resources and a popu- lation of 150,000,000 free people, faces the world with an elaborate plan for up-building a socialist economy and culture-a socialist society. We fully share the view expressed in the editorial of the "Pravda" of August 29, 1929: 'The Five Year Plan is an important part of the offensive of the proletariat of the world against capitalism; it is a plan tending to undermine capitalist stabilization; .it is a great plan of world revolution...... The great task set by the Five Year Plan for the development of the productive forces of the Soviet Union through rapid industrialie.ation and steady strengthening of the socialist elements in national economy is that of attaining and surpassing the technical and economic level of the advanced capitalist countries, thus assuring the triumph of the socialist system in its historic contest with capitalism." The ultimate material goal is indicated by a further extract from the same source; "These, to sum up, are the major statistical barometers of industrial development in the Soviet Union: Twenty-two billion kiliwatt hours of electric current, 140,000,000 tons of coal, 40,000,000 tons of crude oil, 17,000,00 tons of cast iron, 8,000,000 tons of chemical fertilizers, nearly 150,000 tractors, and nearly 250,000 automobiles, 2,000,000,000 roubles worth of industrial machinery, and more than a billion's worth of agricultural implements will be produced in the last year of this Five Year period." In order to finance this vast construction projects and purchases of great quantities of machinery called for under the Plan, strenuous efforts to create a favorable balance of trade to help out the short term credits obtained abroad have been made by large exports of wheat, lumber, wood pulp, manganese, coal, cotton, oil, drugs and fishing pro- ducts and furs. Much of this material is produced by forced labor and exported to the detriment of the home population, who are compelled to go without. By virtue of .the state owning all land and contiolling all industries, labor and transportation, these commodities can be dumped in other countries at prices competitors are unable to meet. As a result, more through necessity but with calculated intention on the part of the Soviets, grave concern with regard to, and some dislocation in, world markets has arisen. Opinions differ as to the eventual success of the Plan, but the degree to which the schedule has been thus far adhered to is the result of the heroic expedient of literally placing the whole country on a war footing, forming shock brigades of workmen, instituting com- petitions between factories and special rewards for quantity production and overtime work, in addition to the herculean reform, involving some 100 millions of peasants and 128 million hectars of land, of placing agriculture on a collective basis. The military aims of the Soviets must not be overlooked. 'The Red Army, which is continually in process of being increased and strengthened, is definitely in the picture of world revolution. In a speech on 17 August 1925 at the military political academy Frunse enunciates this idea: "Our army is increasing and improving, whilst our adversaries are content to maintain their positions. This is why each year is an advantage to us. Soon we shall be stronger than all the capitalist states." Rykov, Lenin's emulator, speaks in the same vein: "Do not forget that our task is to 8 COMMUNISM internationalize Communism. Our .Red Army is the advance, guard of the Komintern, and when the time comes, at a sign from the latter, it will begin its great victorious march, which. will mark an epoch in his- tory...... We shall help with all our force the brilliant, and final victory of Communism in the world. The Red Army, immense, disciplined and imbued. with the spirit of Lenin, will be 'its principal architect. The mined,, and subverted by every means." "Convert an imperialistic war niilitary establishments of all other nations are to be weakened, under- into, civil war in all countries" was a slogan put forward by Lenin, before the Bolshevik revolution. On the Communist program is also the destruction of religion. To quote :from the "A.B.C. of Communism" by Bukharin and Preobrajenski: "Religion, and Communism are incompatible, theoretically and practically All...... religions are one and the same poison,: intoximating and deadening the mind, the will, the conscience; a fight to the deatht must be declared upon them...... Our task is not to reform but to destroy all kinds of religion, all kinds of nmorality."Zinoviev, when President of the Third International, declared on 17 June 1923: "Our program is based on scientific materialism, which includes unconditionally the niecessity of propagating atheism." These doctrines have been put into practice. To quote from the Report of the Committee on Subversive Activities of the Union League of Michigan: "Many Jewish Rabbis, Catholic priests, Greek Orthodox priests and Pi'otestant ministers in Soviet Russia have been deprived of their means of securing food, because they are not entitled to be provided with work, and, therefore, cannot secure bread cards. The result is that eye witnessses declare that priests foll6w-the dogs in their search .in.- garbage receptacles for food. Many churches have been and now are being des- troyed, and those that are not' yet destroyed are listed for destruction." The "Trood de Rostoff" (the official: organ of the Communist Party in the City of Rostoff) in Dec. 1929 Said: "Religion is trembling like a snared bird. It is persecuted without mercy and will continue to be so. There were 675 churches in Moscow; there remain 189. In 1929, in all Russia 579 had been closed up to August, and there will be one thousand closed by the first of January."- . The picture of the growth and fruition of Communism in Russia, what it has made of that country, and the present aims and ideals of its leaders there must be kept ever present, like the back-drop on the stage of a theatre, when examining the manifestations of this world-malady in other lands into which it has penetrated.

II. COMMUNISM IN THE U.S.A.

1. DEVELOPMENT TO PRESENT, TIME. Upon the formation of the Third (or Communist) International at Moscow in March, 1919,- a call was issued for the organizationL of Com- munist Parties throughout the world. At about this same timein the United States, the left wing of the Socialist Party of America 'seceded. These ,secessionists held a conference in Detroit where another split took place, the right wing (The American element) voting to adhere to the Socialist Party- and seat their delegates at the :Socialist Convention in August 1919, while the left wing of the secessionists (the foreign language group) formed the: Communist Party of America. The right wing seces- COMMUNISM IN THE U. S. A. 9 sionists, or American element, were unseated at the Socialist convention in August 1919, but met in convention in Chicago in September and formed the Communist Labor Party. Both these newly formed Com- munist Parties declared adherence to the Third International. Later, under instructions from Moscow, they united under one head as the Communist Party of America. Sen Katayama, a Japanese who was driven out of his own country and came to the United States in 1916, was the first representative in Moscow of this Communist Party of America. Almost as soon as it was organized it was driven under cover and forced to carry on its revolutionary activities in secret, but in 1921 the Workers' Party of America (known at the time as Number Two) was formed openly as a screen for the real illegal organization (known as Number One), which kept on functioning underground. In 1922, a convention of the illegal branch was held in the hills near Bridgeman, Mich., which most of the leading American Communists and several Soviet agents from Russia attended. The Federal authorities got wind of it and Department of Justice agents in cooperation with State officials raided the meeting, made a dozen or so arrests and confiscated several barrels of documents. The American Civil Liberties Union hastened to the defense of those who had been caught and wrote a letter to the Attorney General of the United States demanding to know under what laws the Department of Justice could conduct espionage against radicals in time of peace, with the result that instructions were issued to the Department of Justice to cease all anti-radical activity. In 1924 the war measures, under which steps could be taken against radicals, were repealed, and, in consequence, the De- partment of Justice has since that time had no authority and no funds to investigate Communist propaganda or activities. Due to this total cessation of repressive measures on the part of the Government, in 1925 the name was changed to the Workers' (Communist) Party of America, and in 1928, throwing aside all concealment, it boldly came out in its true colors as the Communist Party of the U.S.A., combining both the legal and the illegal branches into one open organization, and has since flourished unchecked, its candidates on the ballot having received 33,361 and 48,770 votes respectively in the Presidential elections of 1924 and 1928, and about 100,000 in the State elections of 1930. Owing largely to opposition to taking orders from Moscow regarding purely American problems, there have been splits in the party during these years. Lovestone, Gitlow and their followers have been ousted, and now, under the leadership of Wm. Z. Foster, J. Louis Engdahl, and others, it is completely subservient to, and glories in executing the orders of, the Russian Bolshevist leaders.

2. ORGANIZATION. As before intimated, the Politbureau of the Communist Party in Moscow is the titular as well as active head and directing agent of the Communist Parties of the world, of which the C.P.U.S.A. is merely one unit. This control is exercised by Stalin himself through the Internal Control Commission of the Komintern via the American Secretariat in Moscow directly upon the Central Executive Committee of the C.P.U.S.A. in New York. Under the Central Executive Committee, the United States is divided into 20 Districts, a list of which, with their district organizers, is given below (the organizers and districts are constantly changing and probably now vary from the following which 'is taken from the Fish Committee Report): COMMUNISM 1'a iii COMUNIS

Dist. No. -- H'dquarters States included in District 1 Nat Kaplan or Roy Boston Mass., R. I., Me., Vt., N.HL Stevens 2 Israel Ampter New York N. Y. City, Yonkers, Hudson & Essex Counties, N. J. 3 Emil Gardos Philadelphia Wash. D. C., Del., Eastern Pa., Md. 4 A Mills or J. Donald Buffalo, N. Y. Northwestern N. Y., Erie, Pa., 5 Pat Devine or Max Pittsburg Western Pa., W. Va. Salzman 6 J. Adams or Herbert Cleveland Ohio Benjamin 7 Jack Stachel Detroit Lower Mich., Indnpls., Ind. 8 Bill Gebert Chicago Northwestern Ind. St. Louis, Mo., Ill., & lower Wis. 9 Karl Reeves Minneapolis Minn., Wis. 10 David Gorman or Paul Kansas City Mo., Iowa, Tex., N. M. Cline 11 Alfred Knutson Bismark, N.D. N. D., Mont., S.D., Kansas (Northern Agricultural) 12 Sidney Bloomfield Seattle Wash., Ore. 13 Wm. Simons San Francisco Calif., Nev., Ariz. 14 Unknown or unassigned (Southern agricultural) 15 Peter Chaumont New Haven Conn. 16 Jennie Cooper or Charlotte, N.C. N.C., S.C., Va. M. H. Powers 17 Tom Johnson Birmingham, Ala., Tenn., La., Ga. 18 Fraternal 19 Wm. Dietrichs Denver, Col. Col. 20 Unknown Butte Mont. In the Districts are the Regional Congress Committees, and beneath them in order, the Congress Committee Departmental Sections, City Congress Committees, Congress Committee Subsections, and Nuclei (5 or more members) and Cells (1 to 4 members) in factories, shops, schools, mines, railway stations, police, ships, regiments, officers, radio and tele- graph stations, etc., all over the country. As in Russia, the fatherland of this Red movement, where the Communist Union of Youth and the Young Pioneers are branches under the immediate direction and control of the Party, so in this country are the Young Communist League and the Young Pioneers of America. "Give us one generation of small children to train to manhood and woman- hood and we will set up the Bolshevist form of the Soviet Government," said Mrs. Marion E. Sproul of Boston in 1919, a statement which has become the slogan and guiding light in work among the young people. Analagous to the Profintern or Red International of Trade Unions in Russia, we see over here the Trade Union Unity League, organized by Win. Z. Poster, with 19 branches as follows: Agricultural Workers' Industrial Union. Building Maintenance Workers' Industrial Union. Food and Packing House Workers' Industrial Union. Lumber Workers' Industrial Union. Shoe Workers' Industrial Union. Rubber Workers' Industrial Union. Furniture Workers' Industrial Union. COMMUNISM IN THE U. S. A. 11

Amalgamated Clothing Workers' Industrial Union. Cleaning and Laundry Workers' Iridustrial Union. Jewel Workers' Industrial Union. Mine, Oil and Smelter Workers' Industrial Union. National Automobile Workers' Industrial Union. Painters Workers' Industrial Union. Tunnel Workers' Industrial League. Marine Workers' Industrial Union. .Needle Trade Workers' Industrial Union. National Metal Workers Industrial Union. National Railroad Workers' Industrial Union. National Textile Workers' Union. Openly connected with the Communist Party of the TU.S.A. and with the corresponding parent organization in Russia are the United Council of Working Class Women and the United Council of Working Class Housewives, branches of the Women's Communist International; the Russian Cooperative Association and the United Workers' Cooperative Association, branches of the International Cooperatives; the Society for Colonizing Russia, the Russian Reconstruction Farms and the United Farmers League-related to the Farmers and Peasants International; the Workers, International Relief, National Council for the Protection of the Foreign Born, the Russian Mutual Aid Society, the Hungarian Sick and Death Benefit Society, and the International Labor Defense - pat- terned after the International Red Aid or M.O.R.R., and the Labor Sport Union in this country - a branch of the Red Sport International. All of the above organizations have direct and open connection with the Communist Party of the U.S.A. as well as with parent organizations in Russia of which they may be said to form the American counterpart. Connected with the Red cultural organizations and the C.P.U.S.A. are the following institutions in this country: Workers Forum, Workers School Clubs Literary Society, Russian Educational Society, John Reed Club, Proletarian Dramatic Association of America, Labor Research Association, Friends of Soviet Russia, American Russian Institute, and Russian Godless Society. The Foreign Language Section is a most important function of the C.P.U.S.A. Its 18 different language Bureaus are as follows: Armenian, German, Scandinavian, Ukrainian, Russian, Estonian, Polish, Rumanian, South Slavic, Italian, Lettish, Hungarian, Finnish, Czechoslavak, Bul- garian, Greek, Jewish and Lithuanian. It is claimed that less than 5,000 foreign born members of the party in these bureaus control organ- izations with a membership in excess of 51,000 and influence others with a membership of over 79,000. Directly under the patronage and control of the American Communist Party is the League of Struggle for Negro Rights, an organization formed by Communists for the propagation of their doctrines among the negroes and for incorporating them into and converting them to the proletarian revolution. In this connection, they have endeavored to wipe out the color line and have sent negroes to train in Moscow for leadership in the Bolshevization of their own people. This is shown by extracts from docu- ments found at the Bridgeman convention which said: "The leaders of the working class must wage a relentless war against race segregation, disenfranchisement, peonage and lynching. The negro masses should be led to see the similarity between their race struggle and the struggle of the entire working class...... A liberated race, absolute race equality- political, economic, social, the fostering of race pride ...... a united negro front." To quote from "Moscow versus America," compiled by the 12 COMMUNISM

A.V.I.F.: "More and more stress has been laid upon negro work and the American Negro Labor Congress has become the official negro section of the Workers' (Communist) Party of America. At a conference held in 1927, Richard B. Moore 'was elected general secretary of the Congress...... Lovett Fort-Whiteman went to Moscow for the purpose of making an extended stay to be trained for a higher position in the negro work. James W. Ford was an employee for the Chicago Post Office in 1927...... he did organization work for the American Negro Labor Congress until he went to Moscow as a delegate to the Congress of the Red Inter- national of Labor Unions." As a last word on the attitude of the Communists towards one phase of the negro question, let us quote part of William Z. Foster's testimony before the Fish Committee. He is recognized as the outstanding Communist in the United States: "Mr. Eslick...... Do you believe in the social equality of the negro and the white man? Mr. Foster...... I do, most assuredly. Mr. Eslick...... Do you believe in inter-racial marriages between neg- roes and whites? Mr. Foster...... I believe that any person has a right to marry whom- ever they please, without regard to the color of their skin...... that there is no basis in science or any- where else for the assumption that the negro is in any way inferior to the white man. Mr. Eslik ...... So you make no distinction between races? Mr. Poster...... No, sir." Also closely connected with the Communist Party are the Unemploy- ed Councils, which have street and shop nuclei and through whom con- siderable demonstrating and propagandizing have been done in the past year or so. There is also the Workers' Ex-Service Men's League, ani organization of alleged ex-service men in conection with this unemployment agitation, but its members, outside of men who have gotten into trouble in the Army or Navy, are often found to have had no connection with the service whatever, and, in general, .it is a bogus organization using the name for propaganda purposes. An example is recounted in the "Better America Federation of California Bulletin" of 20 March 1931 in which a number of Communists posing as veterans attempted to organize the "Unemployed ex-service Men's League" for a march on the Los Angeles city hall on 10 February, but were exposed and roughly handled by the real ex-soldiers whom they were trying to proselytize. Included in the category closely connected with and supported by the Communist Party in this country are such organizations to fight against combinations hostile to the Soviets as the All-American Anti- Imperialist League, the Anti-Fascist League of North America and the Anti-Horthy League. The Amtorg Trading Corporation, ostensibly merely the business agents of the Russian Government, with headquarters in New York and branches in Chicago and other cities, is a vital part of thec organization and a link between Moscow and Communist activities in this country. For instance, according to the Fish Committee Report, Peter .A.Bogdanov, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Amtorg, began his career as a revolutionist at the age of 18, was elected a member of the Bolshevik COM~PMUNISM IN THE U. S. A. 13 executive committee on the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party in 1905, was appointed president of the council for the military industry of the Soviet Government in 1919, president of the supreme economic council in 1921, chief of the supreme administration of the military industry in 1923, and is an admitted alien Communist. Also, that Feodor M. Ziavkin, general manager of Amtorg, was head of the O.G.P.U. in the city of Rostov-on-the-Don in 1924 and by his own statement shows that he knows but little of the business affairs of Amtorg and is not fitted or competent to handle large business matters. That "Amtorg has brought a large number of Russians to this country, claiming that they were connected with its bus'ness; 66 in 1926; 171 in 1927; 220 in 1928; 552 in 1929, and the first half of 1930, 525, not including families ...... Vism matters of Amtorg are handled through its attorneys, Simpson, Thatcher, and Bartlett. It is stated that Judge Thomas D.Thatcher, now Solicitor General of the United States, was the attorney who organized Amtorg. When a Russian desires to come to the United States a telegram is sent to Amtorg, and Amtorg then writes Simpson, Thatcher and Bartlett, and these attorneys inform the American Consul at Berlin that the man is all right. One witness states that no one could get a visa unless he has the approval of this firm of lawyers ...... Doctor Sheftel came to the United States, pretending to represent the Russian Department of Health but instead taught a Communist School and was in constant touch with Amtorg officials." From another source we learn in regard to other individualities among these Amtorg officials that Mendelsohn is a man who has always been entrusted with secret political missions and who is head of the Information Department; that A. A. Santalov is a personal confidant of Stalin who organizes secret service information; and that Zukerman, highly esteemed in Moscow circles, is assigned to watch over the execution of Moscow directives and is in direct correspondence with Goldstein of the Berlin office. To give some idea of the extent of the "cover" provided by this trading company, John P. Simmons, head of the passport division of the Department of State, in his testimony before the Fish Committee, stated that some 612 Soviet agents had been admitted to the United States in the past five years and were not registered as having taken their departure. Although the Honorable John E. Nelson in his minority report of the Fish Committee does not find proved "that the Amtorg or its agents had engaged in the futile folly of subversive activities in the United States," it can reasonably be inferred from other sources that it has acted as a cover for such proceedings and is not without guilty knowledge. 3. COMMUNIST PRESS. The Communist press has a paid circulation in the United States of approximately 350 000, exclusive of hundreds of shop papers and local piblications. The "Daily Worker," edited by Clarence Hathaway at 50 East 13th St., New York City, is the official organ of the Communist Party in the English language. Comrade Moore, alias J. Ballam, says it "belongs to the working class and will lead them into battle for the final overthrow of capitalist society." Another large daily is the "Morning Freiheit" pub- lished in Yiddish in New York City by Moissaye J. Olgin who states "it is a paper owned and controlled by Communists." The third in im- portance is "Uj Elore," published in Hungarian by Louis Bebrits, a Com- munist who states that he is "always fighting against capitalism and seeking to overthrow capitalism and to get a Soviet Government...... cannot imagine a revolution without the same methods as the Russian workers and farmers used." 14 COMMUNISM

Statistics as to the principal Communist publications follow: Sworn Location Name Frequency Language Cir.

New York Morning Freiheit Daily Jewish 64067 New York Daily Worker Daily English 35308 New York Uj Elore Daily Hungarian 30625 Chicago Vilnix Daily Lithuanian 29558 Chicago Roonost Ludn Daily Slovak 24343 New York Russky Golos Daily Russian 23614 New York Ukranian Daily News Daily Ukranian 15225 Superior, Wis. Tyomies Daily Finnish 11240 Brooklyn Laisve Daily Lithuanian 11149 Chlicago Radnik Daily Jugo Slav 10500 Worchester, Eteenpain Daily Finnish 7641 (Mass.) Astoria, Ore. Toveri Daily Finnish 3093 (Circulation in mail per issue) New York Labor Defender Monthly English 20870 Philadelphia Pravda Semi-weekly Russian 12892 Worchester, Young Worker Weekly English 7500 (Mass.) Superior, Wis. Punikki Semi-monthly Finnish 7483 New York II Lavoratore Weekly Italian 7296 Mills, Minn. United Farmer Monthly English 6752 Superior, Wis. Tylaisnaimen Weekly Finnish 6444 New York Labor Unity Weekly English 5328 New York Working Women Monthly English 5290 New York Novy Mir Weekly Russian 4074 Chicago Nytid Weekly Scandinavian 400) New York Empros Weekly Greek 3147 Brooklyn II Proletario Semi-weekly Italian 3100 Birmingham Southern Worker Weekly English 3000 Brooklyn Darbininkin Balsas Monthly Lithuanian 2600. New York Obrana Weekly Bohemian 2298 New York Militant Semi-monthly English 2133 Detroit Trybuan Robotniiza Semi-weekly Polish 1873 New York Liberator Weekly English i568 New York Panvor Weekly Armenian -1520 New York Der Arbeiter Weekly German 1527 New York Eritasard Hayastan Bi-weekly Armenian 1504 Los Angeles Nyugat Weekly Hungarian 1403 Detroit Saznanie Weekly Bulgarian 1187 Detroit Desteptarea Weekly Rumanian 1250 New York Communist Monthly English 1050 New York Amerikas Zihna Semi-monthly Lettish 837 New York Uns Ilm Weekly Estonian 472 New Bedford A Vanguarda Bi-weekly Portuguese. Unknown San Francisco Rodo Shinbun Monthly Japanese New York Negro Champion Monthly English New York Young Pioneer Monthly English New York Young Worker Weekly Yiddish New York Der Hammer Monthly Yiddish New York Vida Obera Weekly Spanish New York Revolutionary Age Weekly English Not New York Vanguard Bi-monthly Chinese entered New York Cultura Proletaria Weekly Spanish as second COMMUNISM IN THE U. S. A. 15

Location Name Frequency Language Circ. New York Workers' Sports Monthly English class mail New York Young Comrade Monthly English matter so Detroit Voice of Working Monthly English circulation Women unknown San Francisco Rodo Simbo Bi-monthly Japanese Berlin International Press Weekly English Correspondence (Imprecor). Moscow Pravda Daily Russian Moscow Izvestia Daily Russian The various shop nuclei papers are claimed to have a total cir- culation of from 60 to 70,000 copies, the "Ford Worker," issued by the shop nuclei in the Ford Plant at Detroit, Mich., totaling about 20,000 copies. As is usual practice with medicine shows and other questionable activities, handbills, dodgers, pamphlets and leaflets are issued on all occasions for which an excuse presents itself. They are distributed by school children, shop nuclei who pass them out at the noon hour, leave them in locker rooms, etc. According to a recent A.V.I.F. bulletin, the party is making a drive to recruit janitors and night watchmen, who will be able to further this work by leaving them about the premises under their charge. In addition, there is the Federated Press, a news gathering and disseminating agency analagous to the Associated Press, but controlled by Communists and supplying news to their publications and to any others which will take it. In Chicago for instance, its offices are on the same floor of the building in which the offices of Amtorg are situated. Furthermore, to quote from the testimony of Mathey Woll, Vice President of the A. F. of L., before the Fish Committee: "If you will consult that section of the Congressional Directory you will find listed there the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union and the Federated Press, and you will find that Mr. Lawrence Todd is listed as the representative of both of these organizations. You will find further that the office of both of these organizations is given at 234 Maryland Building ...... It would appear that the relation, in Washington, at least, between the official Soviet Press Agency and the Federated Press, which seeks to insinuate its material into the labor papers of our country, is very intimate." Need- less to say, its releases are primarily Communist propaganda. Also affiliated with it, and Communist controlled, are the Worker Library Publishers and the International Publishers, which take care that such Bolshevist propaganda as is compiled into book form gets into print. In short, with a reported circulation of Red magazines and newspapers amounting to about 225,000 taken in conjunction with these publishing houses, the party is amply supplied (and incidentally, entirely uninterferred with by the Post Office Department or any other censoring agency) with the facilities for spreading their doctrines about the country by means of the printed word to the limit which the public can absorb. 4. TRAINING. As in Russia, the training corps for Party members are the Com- munist Union of Youth and the Young Pioneers, the raison d'etre of the Young Communist League and the Young Pioneers of America is the same. To quote from a pamphlet published by the National Com- mittee of the Young Communist League of America, "The Young Com- munist International is a part of the Communist Internatilonal, and, 16 COMMUNISM

as such, subordinates itself to the decisions of the Congresses of the Communist International and the political direction of its executive com- mittee ...... 1. The name of the organization shall be the Young Communist League of America - Section of the Young Communist Inter- national. 2. The purpose of the organization consists in: The Communist education of the young workers; active participation in the struggle to overthrow capitalism (defense of the proletarian dictatorship and the workers soviets after the seizure of power); reorganization of labor; and the cultural development of the working youth along the lines of Com- munist principles." In Section 11 of its constitution, its purpose is given as follows: "To organize and educate the young of the working class to understand their true position in capitalist society, to work for the abolition of capitalism and to aid in the establishment of a Republic of Workers Councils." With regard to the Young Pioneers, on page V of the Handbook for Leaders of Children's Group by Edwin Hoernle, appears: "All Com- munists are thoroughly convinced of the urgent importance of drawing the children from the class of the bourgeoisie and winning them over to our cause. But conviction alone is not leadership. To enroll them in the militant front of the working class, in the service of the proletarian revolution, to educate them for collective effort and for international class solidarity, special organizations must be formed and systematic instruction given therein." On page 17 of the same, he continues: "Blind respect for the adults is one of the first things to be removed in Com- munist education. There will be another storm of indignation over this, 'The Communists want to destroy home, sweet home and the relation between parents and children.' As if any such thing as a real home existed in the working class. The family as 'home, sweet home' was long abolished by capitalism. The proletarian family is nothing but a common household for eating, sleeping and living." School children from 8 to 15 years of age have been organized in nuclei or groups in the public schools in various cities of the country, including New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit, and Los Angeles, subscribing to the Pledge of the Young Pioneers, which is as follows: "I pledge allegiance to the workers' red flag and the cause for which it stands. One aim throughout our lives - freedom for the working classes." There are a number of Young Pioneer summer camps, conducted by the Workers' International Relief, which have increased from 2 in 1925 to about 20 in 1929, located in 8 different states. Most of the children are of foreign born parents, with even Chinese, Japanese, and negroes among them. They are taught hatred of the American Government, institutions and all religions and not to salute the Flag or pledge allegiance to the Government for which it stands. The Young Pioneers are passionately antagonistic to the Boy Scouts, Y.M.C.A., Y.W.C.A. and like organizations, and the plays, games, meetings, dramatics, dancing, music, and athletics provided to enlist their interest are adapted to teach some lesson in class consciousness. The Young Communist League takes care of them between the ages of 15 and 23 so that graduation takes place from the Pioneers to the League and then into the ranks of the party without gap or avenue of escape. There are a dozen workers' or Communist schools located in different cities, such as New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Cleveland, Seattle, Portland, Ore., Youngstown, Detroit, Pontiac, but the principle one is housed with the "Daily Worker" at 50 E. 13th St., New York, under COMMUNISM INJ THIE U3. . A. 17 the direction of Max Bedacht and is the central training establishment of the Communist Party for the Class struggle. Its main object is to supply trained militant cadres of leaders for the growing mass struggles against capitalist rationalization and each year a number of prominent young graduates are sent for post-graduate courses in Communism to the universities in Russia. According to the Fish Committee report, American colleges have been found comparatively free of definite Communist affiliations, although there is an active Communist club at New York University and some Communists have infiltrated into the Universities of Chicago, Wisconsin, Washington, California, Harvard and Columbia. At Mena, Arkansas, is located Commonwealth College, allegedly supported by contributions from Communists, Socialists, and Radicals of all descriptions, having on its teaching staff I.W.W.'s and other types of revolutionary sympathizers, and as president, Wm. E. Zeuch, a man well known for his radical leanings. Under training must not be forgotten bureaus for personally con- ducted tours of Soviet Russia, such as The Open Road, Inc., and the Workers' Tourist Trips to the U.S.S.R., both connected with the Soviet Intourist Bureau which provides guides and interpreters, accommodations and transportation facilities, and insures that only such scenes are viewed and personalities interviewed as will create a favorable impression in the mind of the tourist upon return to his own country. As the name implies, Workers' Tourist Trips take care of the young American Communist with emphasis on the educational side, while Open Road deals with the pros- pective or active sympathizer of the Intelligentsia and seeks to encarna- dine his sentiments to a deeper shade. 5. FINANCE. In the same way that Russian funds were forthcoming for the support of the striking miners in England and at the time of the general strike there, a certain amount of Soviet gold was expended in this country in the early days to put the Communist Party of America on its feet. That, however, has not been the general practice. A more usual method is that comparable to Capt. Paxton Hibbens' drive in 1922 in the name of the Russian Red Cross for the starving children of Russia. Consider- able sums were collected in response to this plea and large quantities of food and medical supplies, but to quote R. M. Whitney's "Reds in America," page 103, "Millions of American dollars have been poured into Russia, ostensibly for the relief of famine sufferers. It is now known that little of this money, except such as was sent through the channels of the American Relief Administration, the official organization directed by Herbert Hoover...... was used primarily to aid the famine sufferers. It first went to the Communist Soviet Government in Moscow where its disposition was determined. There was the Red Army to feed, clothe and equip...... it is also known that much of it never reached any famine sufferers. "One of the most pretentious 'drives,' which was intended to secure thirty million dollars for the Russian Communist, was that launched in 1922 by Capt. Paxton Hibben, acting for the Russian Red Cross, an integral part of the Soviet Government in Moscow. This 'Drive' was directly under the supervision of the Soviet regime." In this manner large sums raised in this country for the benefit of workers' families at such times as the New Bedford and Passaic Strikes, and for defending Communists in the hands of the law, as on the occasion of the murder of the Chief of Police of Gastonia, N. C., have in part 18 COMMUNISM been expropriated to the needs of the party. To quote from the Fish Committee Report: "In the three big Communist strikes at Passaic, New Bedford and Gastonia, every artifice was used to arouse public sympathy in order to raise a large campaign chest for the Communist organizers, the larger percentage of which never reached or benefited the strikers, but was used for Communist literature, propaganda, and agitation." Much money is collected on occasion from wealthy sympathizers, as when Bruce Rogers went to Hollywood in 1922 to canvas the movie colony. Robert Morss Lovett, as President of the Federated Press League, wrote urging him to collect money from Wm. C. DeMille, Allan Hollabar, Eric Von Stroheim, and Charlie Chaplin, saying of them that "they helped us before and will do it again" and assuring him that "these men are with us." One of the financial mainstays of the Communist Party of the United States of America is the American Fund for Public Service (Inc.) of 2 West 13th St., New York City, generally known as the Garland Fund. Established in 1922 in an original amount of about 900,000 by the rich son of a Massachusetts industrialist named Garland, due to enhanced values of stock, it increased to nearly 2,000,000, of which some 600,000 is now left. The directors are Roger Baldwin, Robert W. Dunn, Morris L. Ernst, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Lewis S. Gannett, Benjamin Gitlow, Clinton Golden, James Weldon Johnson, Freda Kichway, Clarina Nichel- son, Scott Nearing and Norman H. Thomas. Its last report, that of 1928, showing loans and expeditures to Communist organizations, is as follows: The Daily Worker (Communist Daily) ...... $ 17,600 Passaic Strike Funds ...... 25,318 Passaic bail bonds (deposited for Communist strikers) ..... 45,000 Workers' School at New York ...... 11,122 International Labor Defense ...... 14,850 Sacco-Vanzetti Committee ...... 17,000 All-American Anti-Imperialist League ...... 1,000 Novy Mir (Russian Communist weekly) ...... 500 The following "loans," customarily cancelled after a few years, were made: Daily Worker ...... $ 31,375 International Labor Defense ...... 35,600 Sacco-Vanzetti Committee ...... 5,000 All-American Anti-Imperialist League ...... 100,000 Novy M ir ...... 3,000 Trade Union Educational League (Now Trade Union Unity League. 1,500 Young Workers' League (Now Young Communist League ...... 3,200 Two more sources of revenue are touched upon by Harry A. Jung, in an article in "Chicago Commerce," 29 Nov. 1930: "It is well to remember that not every Bolshevik carries a card. It is also well to remember that the approximate 15,000 'reds' who do carry cards, simply constitute the officership of the vast mass of revolutionary element in our country, enrolled under the banner of thirty-three major and scores of minor subsidiary Communist organizations, which conservatively embrace a dues- paying membership of about two million," and "In other words, the Com- munist Party of the U.S.A. is an active, disciplined skeleton organization, trained to lead the mob, to seize and destroy our industries and govern- ment - the finances coming in part from the international revolutionary government having its headquarters in Moscow." In the latter connection we quote from a usually reliable source "There have been eighty-seven secret Bolshevik agents sent into the United States since October, 1929. TENTACLES 19 exclusive of the men attached to the Amtorg Trading Corporation. These agents are all under the direction of one Mostavenko, who was in Chicago for twenty-two days during the month of June, after which he went to the Pacific Coast, no doubt to take personal charge of the campaign of sabotage and incendiarism now being conducted there. Four other agents de luxe are: Milewski Jacobleff, a personal friend of Stalin's, operating directly under the Politbureau of the Third International, who had $1,300,000 placed at his disposal in the latter part of June for work in this country;...... " Although undoubtedly a large figure, yet where there is smoke there must be some fire, which goes to show some Russian money is being expended in this quarter. It has also been stated that the Communist public demonstrations in New York, Washington, D. C., and elsewhere, dur- ing the past year have been staged for the benefit of Moscow in order to prove that the advanced state of revolutionary activity over here merits the reward of further Soviet gold. III. TENTACLES In the forefront of the many organizations which, unbeknown to many of their members, sponsor and afford strong material support to the Communist party in this country, stands the American Civil Liberties Union. Cooperating actively with the Communist controlled International Labor Defense, its chairman is Harry F. Ward, executive secretary of the Methodist Federation for Social Service and a member of the council of social secretaries of the Federal Council of Churches. On its National Committee sit such well known Communists as William Z. Foster, Scott Nearing and Robert W. Dunn along with Professors John Dewey and Edwin M. Borchard of Yale; Roger N. Baldwin is a guiding spirit, Arthur Gar- field Hayes the general counsel and among the members are Rev. John Hayes Holmes, Rabbi Hillel Silver, Rev. John Nevin Sayre and Norman Thomas. To indicate a sample of the activities of this body, part of Roger N. -Baldwin's testimony before the Fish Committee is quoted: "The Chairman: Does your organization uphold the right of a citizen or alien - it does not make any difference which to advocate murder? Mr. Baldwin: Yes. The Chairman: Or assassination? Mr. *Baldwin: Yes. The Chairman: Does your organization uphold the right of an American citizen to advocate force and violence for the overthrow of the Government? Mr. Baldwin: Certainly, insofar as mere advocacy is concerned." To quote again from the Fish Report: "During the trial of the Communists at Gastonia, not for freedom of speech, of the press, or assembly, but for a conspiracy to kill the Chief of Police, of which seven defendants were convicted, the A.C.L.U. provided bail for five of the defendants, amounting to $28,500, which it secured from the Garland Fund ...... A committee of the New York State Legislature, back in 1928, reached the following conclusion 'in regard to the American Civil Liberties Union...... 'The American Civil Liberties Union, in the last analysis, is a supporter of all subversive movements, its propaganda is detrimental to the interests of the State. It attempts not only to protect crime but to encourage attacks upon our institutions in every form.' The League for Industrial Democracy is an organization formed to spread the doctrines of socialism among students in educational institu- 20 COMMUNISM

tions. Harry W. Laidler and Norman Thomas are its Executive Directors, and among its directors are numbered Hubert C. Herring (Executive Director Committee on Cultural Relations with Latin America), Robert Morss Lovett, Norman Thomas, B. Charvey Vladeck (Business Manager, Jewish Daily Forward), Bertha Poole Weyl (Executive Committee Wo- man's International League), and Howard Y. Williams (Secretary League for Independent Political Action). Among the sixty-seven candidates for the board of directors, all ballots for which had to be in by 1 April 1931, are Jessie W. Hughan, Secretary of War-Resisters League, Walter Ludwig, Secretary of Pioneer Youth of America, Win. H. Mellish, President of Harvard Socialist Club, and John Rothschild, Director, the Open Road, Inc. With branches in more than one hundred of our leading colleges and universities, among which are Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Wisconsin, Chicago, Nebraska, Ohio State, Bryn Mawr and Vassar, it has a large field for the spread of subversive ideas among American youth. Another kindred institution is the National Council for the Pre- vention of War, of which Rev. Frederick J. Libby is executive secretary. Its platform is: 1. Progressive World Organization. 2. World Reduction of Armaments by Internation Agreement. 3. World-wide Education for Peace. These aims seem laudable at first glance, but if hurriedly con- summated, are liable to jeopardize the security of the country and at the present time they happen to coincide very well with some of the aims of the Soviet Government. Under Libby's leadership, the organization is now active in furthering this program. To quote his own words in June 1928, "That the 'Big Navy' group charges its defeat to our campaign, while unjust to other important agencies, is at least convincing evidence that the defeat was materially aided by us." By its silence in regard to Russia's vast army, world-wide revolution- ary propaganda, and denial of religion and the family, and by the state- ment in its bulletin of 11 February 1922 that "Soviet Russia has found an advocate in our bulletin," the N.C.P.W. is playing into Bolshevist hands, particularly in the fact of such oft-repeated Communist pronouncements as the following from the platform of the Third International, January 1919: "In order to make the Socialist revolution secure, the disarmament of the bourgeoisie and of its agents and the general arming of the pro- letariat are necessary;" or this from the National Platform of the Workers (Communist) Party of America, May 1928: "Not a man, not a gun, not a cent for the imperialist Army and Navy." To show the connection between organizations such as the N.C.P.W. and the Communist Party, it is interesting to note that Libby is a member of the National Council of the Committee on Militarism in Education, of which Rev. John Nevin Sayre is vice-chairman. The latter is also a secretary of the Fellowship of Reconciliation which, in turn, is affiliated with the N. C. P. W. The Fellowship of Reconciliation announces as its program that it unites men and women of many lands who repudiate war, exploitation and racial discrimination. The Fellowship of Youth for Peace is the youth section of the above for those under 30 years of age and was organized following the Indianapolis Student Volunteer Convention in December, 1923, when 700 students voted "not to sanction or participate in any future war." It is seen that these four organizations are closely connected with interlocking officials, Libby and Sayre. To proceed, among the disbursements of the Garland Fund mentioned at the Congressional hearing before the Committees on Military Affairs in TENTACLES 21

1926, it appears that the Fellowship of Reconciliation, of which Sayre is a secretary, got $5,400, and the Committee on Militarism in Education, of which Libby is a National Councilman, received $1,897. We have already seen elsewhere the direct connection, through Wm.Z. Foster and others, between the Garland Fund and the Communist Party. The activities in the same general field of organizations similar to the N.C.P.W. are endless, but one of the notable aspects of all of these activities is the repeated occurrance in them of the same familiar names of individuals. For instance, in the second National Study Conference on the Churches and World Peace met in Columbus, Ohio, on 4 March 1929, condemned the R.O.T.C., C.M.T.C., advocated the restoration of citizenship rights to those who refused to bear arms in the World War, self-govern- ment for the Philippines and no protection for nationals in foreign countries Among those elected to the Executive Committee was Kirby Page, editor of "The World To-morrow." On 5 January, he promulgated a pacifist questionaire, among the signers of which was John Nevin Sayre, and on 5 April 1931 he spoke at a meeting in the Park Lane Hotel, New York City, at which an association called the Youth's Peace Federation was organized. As these associations, councils, fellowships, are endless, so are the examples showing their inter-relation. They extend from the Civil Liberties Union to the Federal Council of Churches, not forgetting women's clubs and organizations, which have ever been a fertile field of sympathy for oppressed and idealistic causes, A document on "Work among Women," found at Bridgman, Mich., at the time of the raid on the illegal Communist convention in 1922, is illuminative of this phase of the subject and is quoted in part: "Again, among the organized women generally, the famine appeal is the most practical means for penetrating women's clubs, leagues, etc. These women's organizations are very numerous...... These fourtypes of work will be all that our present forces will be equal to: The work in the Women's Trade Union League, Organization of the unorganized, penetration of other women's organizations through famine relief appeals, etc., and emergency work." An article published 1 May 1922 in "The Woman Patriot" says: "'Frequent changes of name,' as advised by Nicolai Lenin, are resorted to by the International feminist-pacifist bloc as often as necessary, but the entire movement originates with the International Women's Suffrage Alliance. The work is divided up, like an army's artillery, cavalry and infantry, into three mobile divisions: The political under Mrs. Catt and her 'International Woman's Suffrage Alliance' and 'League of Women Voters'; The pacifist, under Miss Jane Adams and her 'Women's Inter- national League for Peace and Freedom'; The industrial, under Mrs. Raymond Robbins and her 'International League of Working Women' and 'Women's Trade Union League.' The three branches are employed precisely as a wise general would engage artillery, cavalry, or infantry; using all three together wherever necessary and each one alone for special objectives." R. M. Whitney in his book "Reds in America": aptly sums up the situation: "Voluntary organizations which are carrying on agitative propaganda or which have objectives to a greater or less extent in harmony with the program of the Communist party of America are so numerous that it would be impossible to list them. They may be found in every state in the union, and some of the larger ones with headquarters in metropolitan centers are active in every state. In some instances the work of such organizations is of so much value to the revolutionary forces 22 COMMUNISM that recognition is freely and officially accorded by the Communists. In other instances, the objectives are praiseworthy, the personnel is above suspicion, and it is only on pausing to analyse that the adherence to collectivism as opposed to individualism, or the tendency towards depend- ency on the state which is so characteristic of socialism, becomes apparent. As an example of the more radical type, the Women's Trade Union League Between the two extremes all grades of variations are to be found. As may be mentioned. The League was originally started by Mrs. Raymond Robbins, who was until quite recently and for many years its president, Miss Agnes Nestor and Miss Rose Schneiderman figure prominently in its activities, the latter of whom is now president." Another means for the insidious spreading of subversive propa- ganda are the forums held in many communities in schools or halls hired for the purpose. An article by Arthur Smith in "Inprekor" of 24 May 1928 indicates the methods employed: "To begin with, the party, besides other ways, utilizes the following methods in approaching the masses with its propaganda: (1)Open Forum, (2) Debates...... The open forum in particular. is an institution generally utilized in America. Its regularity and the attraction of interesting and enlightening lectures draw a circle of sympathizers to the party, and through it they receive an education otherwise hardly obtainable...... In order to prevent the contrast between the party's position and that of some outstanding liberal indivi- dual or reactionary bourgeois organization...... We arrange public debates.... .At the conclusion a vote is taken, the audience deciding which side it favors...... Of course, the party prepares the ground for the success of the debate. In no instance was the party a loser when the vote was taken." Thus it can be seen how various are the channels and instruments for conveying the Red propaganda throughout all strata of society in the United States. IV. AIMS AND METHODS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE U.S.A. 1. GENERAL. As set down in the Report of the Committee on Subversive activities presented to the Union League of Michigan, the platform of the Com- munist Party of America, according to the mandates of Russia, during the Presidential election of 1928, was as follows: 'Formation of the proletariat 'into a class, "Its separation from other classes, "Development of its consciousness, organization and fighting capa- city. "Organization of mass Communist Party to lead struggle of working class against all capitalist parties, "Representation of general international interests as expressed in Communist International, "Overthrow of capitalist rule, "Conquest of political power by working class and establishment of Dictatorship of Proletariat." The "general international interests as expressed in Communist International" may be summed up in the following definition of Com- munism taken from the Fish Committee Report: "A world-wide political organization advocating: (1) Hatred of God and all forms of religion, (2) Destruction of private property and inheritance. AIMS AND METHODS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE USA 23

(3) Absolute social and racial equality; promotion of class. (4) Revolutionary propaganda through the Communist Internation- al, stirring up Communist activities in foreign countries in order to cause strikes, riots, sabotage, bloodshed, and civil war. (5) Destruction of all forms of representative or democratic gov- ernments, including civil liberties, such as freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, and trial by jury. (6) The ultimate and final objective is by means of world revolu- tion to establish the dictatorship of the so-called proletariat into one World Union of Soviet Socialist Republics with the capital at Moscow. "Communism has also been defined as an organized effort to overthrow organized governments which operate contrary to the Com- munist plan now in effect in Russia. It aims at the socialization of government, private property, industry, labor, the home, education, and religion. Its objectives are the abolition of other governments, private ownership of property, inheritance, religion and family relations." Wm. Z. Foster, Communist candidate for President of the United States, said in his acceptance speech, 25 May 1928: "Our party, different from the Socialist Party, creates no illusions amongst the workers that they can vote their way to emancipation, that they can capture the ready-made machinery of the state and utilize it for the emancipation of the working class. On the contrary, we must utilize this campaign to carry on wide-spread and energetic propaganda to teach the workers that the capitalist class would never allow the working class peacefully to take control of the state...... No Communist, no matter how many votes he should secure in a national election, could, even if he would, become President of the present government. When a Communist heads a government in the United States, and that day will come just as surely as the sun rises, that government will not be a capitalistic govern- ment, but a soviet government, and behind this government will stand the Red Army to enforce the dictatorship of the proletariat." These are the words of the recognized head of the Communist movement in the United States and are plain and unequivocal enough to be understood even by a child.

2. CONTROL OF MASSES REQUISITE OF PROLETARIAN REVOLU- TION. The Communists believe that if world revolution is to take place it must originate among the masses of the workers. One of their principal aims in this country is therefore to gain control of the organizations of the working classes, and "it has been their avowed intention, supported by specific and exacting instructions from Moscow, to capture and control all the larger labor organizations and organize the unorganized workers."* The Trade Union Educational League, founded in 1922 by Wm.Z. Foster attempted to align the organized labor movement in the United States with Moscow, but failed, largely due to the uncompromising stand of Samuel Gompers, head of the A. F. of L., and was abandoned. The Trade Union Unity League, organized at Cleveland in 1929, which has for its main task the organizing of workers into independent industrial unions opposed to the American Federation of Labor, has taken its place. The general Bolshevist policy along this line is shown in a program read by Mr. Ellis Searles, Editor of the United Mine Workers Journal at the Bankers Club, New York City, 20 Sept., 1928: "The major points *Fish Committee Report. 24 COMMUNISM in this revolutionary program of the Communists as aimed against, the United Mine Workers of America and other legitimate trade-unions and the people of the United States and Canada are: Seizure of all labor unions through a process of 'boring from within' them, and utilizing them as a strategic instrument in fulfillment of their revolutionary design upon organized and constitutional government." That the idea of "boring from within" the ranks of the legitimate unions of the A. F. of L. has not been abandoned is shown by a Resolution on "Building the Tuul" adopted by the 12th Plenum of the Central Committee, C.P.U.S.A., Nov. 24, 1930, which follows in part: "The Dis- trict Committee must, through the shop nuclei and individual connections in plants, energetically begin the organization of Tuul initiatory groups, grievance committees or ship committees...... Serious attention must be paid to the building of Tuul groups in the reformist (legitimate) unions. a branch of our activity that has been greatly neglected. These minority groups must be linked up with the building of the revolutionary unions in their respective industries." The business depression of the last year has been seized upon with avidity in order to gain converts among, and by the exploitation of, the unemployed, as is shown by the following quotation of part of a resolution on "Work Among the Unemployed". adopted by the same session mentioned in the preceding paragraph: "The organizational plans of the unemployed campaign must aim first at a mobilization of as many existing working class organizations as possible, and second, at an organizational consolida- tion of the unemployed masses, themselves. Without this there can be no effective coordination of the activities of employed and unemployed. Without this, the campaign of unemployment cannot be made a force in the organization of the unorganized masses and the building of the revolutionary unions."

3. DISARMAMENT. Another Communist aim for promoting the proletarian revolution includes the disarmament of this country along with the rest. As Rykov, chief Soviet publicist and President of the Council of Commissars, says in "Pravda": "It is our duty to inculcate in the minds of all nations the theories of international friendship, pacifism and disarmament, encourag- ing resistance to military appropriations and training - at the same time, however, never for one moment relaxing our efforts in the upbuilding of our own military establishment." The CPUSA naturally hold the same views but has no need to labor actively for their accomplishment since there is plenty of help outside the party to do the work for them. For example, The Chicago Tribune of Nov. 8, 1928 carried the following: "Greencastle, Ind. Nov. 7-(Special)-Military training was made elective at DePauw University today by a decision of Dr. Bromley Oxnam, President of the Institution." To quote further from an AVIF compilation of 22 March 1931: "To uphold his position on the abolition of the ROTC compulsory military training at DePauw University, a pamphlet was issued over the signature of Oxnam which cited the reasons for such action...... The second citation is the action of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church in convention in May 1928, which passed a resolution opposing all military training in colleges and universities. No. 5 of Dr. Oxnam's reasons for the abolition of the compulsory ROTC reads as follows: 'I am opposed to compulsory military training also upon patriotic grounds. To compel the college men of America to take military training approaches dangerously near to class legislation."' AIMS AND METHODS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE USA 25

Another instance - from the New York Times of 16 Jan. 1927: "Prof. Hayes Derides Patriotic 'Cults.' Columbia man provokes mirth by ironical talk on homage to Flag and on Nationalism. "Military Training Scored. Separation of Drill from colleges asked at Town Hall Meeting - Student opposition is told. "The Committee on Militarism in Education gathered yesterday at a luncheon in the Town Hall Club, 123 West Forty-third street, to hear speakers denounce military training in schools and colleges, as well as alleged intolerance on the part of advocates of such training. Professor Carlton. J. H. Hayes of Columbia University declared that "nationalism" is a religion with a special brand of worship' and provoked laughter by ironical reference to the 'cult' of paying homage to the flag and revering the National Anthem...... ' And again, to quote.':Nathaniel Weyl in the League for Industrial Democracy Bulletin, January 1931:, "At present 86,000 students are match- ing in ROTC Units on American campuses.*...... :Military training constitutes an infinitely more serious peril in a world fraught with the possibility of war when it throws this painted veil over the horrors of mechanized killing .,...... It is against this menace to a critical student mentality that should be able to avert war, that liberal and radical students in over one hundred college clubs are protesting...... Petitions have been sent to these hundred and more campuses, paid for ,in part by the students themselves, supporting two bills pending in Congress, which seek to outlaw compulsory military drill from the colleges." The following extracts from a sheet found on the premises of the U. S. Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, Ill., in Oct. 1928, headed "An Open Letter to the Members of the Working Class Enrolled in the U. S. Army and U. S. Navy," and over the subscription "With Working Class Greetings Young Workers (Communist) League." give evidence of occasional attempts by the Party itself to undermine the armed forces: "Working class soldiers and sailors! Always side with your own class, the working class, against the bosses and their military officers. Do not allow the bosses and their military officers to use you against the workers at home or abroad, etc, etc......

4. RECOGNITION OF SOVIET RUSSIA. Another aim of the Communists is naturally the recognition by this country of the Soviet Government of Russia. The reasons for our refusal, however, may be readily understood in view of the principles for which, as we have already seen, they stand; of the pernicious and revolutionary propaganda which they are engaged in spreading about our country; of their repudiation of foreign debts; and of the following frank declaration of Menjinsky, head of the O.G.P.U.: "As long as there are idiots to take our signature' seriously, and to put their trust in- it, we must promise everything that is being asked, and as much as one likes, if we can only get something tangible in exchange." Secretary of State Colby of the Wilson Administration declared: "It is not possible for the Government of the United States to recognize the present rulers of the Russian Soviet Government. It' is not a govern- ment with which relations common to friendly governments can be main- tained. This conviction has nothing to do with any particular political or social structure which the Russian people themselves may see fit to 26 COMMUNISM embrace. It rests upon a wholly different set of facts. These facts, which none dispute, have convinced the government of the United States, against its will, that the existing regime in Russia is based on the nagation of every principle of honor and good faith, and every usage and convention underlying the whole structure of international law." President Coolidge said on the same subject: "I do not propose to barter away for the privilege of trade any of the cherished rights of humanity. I do not propose to make merchandise of any American Prin- ciples. These rights and principles must go wherever the sanctions of our Government go." His secretary of state, Charles Evans Hughes further elaborated this policy: "There would seem to be at this time no reason for negotia- tions. The American Government, as the President said in his message to the Congress, is not proposing to barter away its principles. "If the Soviet authorities are ready to restore the confiscated property of American citizens or make effective compensation, they can do so. "If the Soviet authorities are ready to repeal their decree repudiating Russia's obligations to this country and apropriately recognize them, they can do so. "It requires no conference or negotiations to accomplish these results, which can and should be achieved at Moscow as evidence of good faith. "The American Government has not incurred liabilities to Russia or repudiated obligations. "Most serious is the continued propaganda to overthrow the institu- tions of this country. This Government can enter into no negotiations until these efforts directed from Moscow are abandoned." Mr. Whiting Williams, speaking at the Bankers Club, New York City on 20 Sept. 1928, put the case in a nutshell: "One person said in Russia: 'Surely you don't feel that there is any possibility of such a revolution in America? You can't fear such a thing?' But recognition seems to me more a matter of principle than that. If for instance a man came to me and said: 'Williams, I'm a neighbor of yours and would like to have your right hand of fellowship. But I also want you to understand that it is part of my principles that I must attempt to seduce your wife.' I should not sit down and figure out what were his chances! I'd simply tell him that I didn't like his principles and wouldn't have anything to do with him." V. THE PRESENT DAY 1. REACTIONS OF THE FIVE-YEAR PLAN. One of the questions of the moment which has possibilities of the most far-reaching nature in its effect upon our economic situation is the Russian Five-Year Plan, which we have already touched upon. The phase of the matter which concerns this country is the loss to our foreign trade by the dumping of Russian goods in foreign markets at prices with which we cannot compete, and the injury to our industries at home by the same sort of dumping into our domestic markets. The situation is aptly summed up by the Hon. John E. Nelson in his minority report of the Fish Committee: "In order to obtain the foreign exchange with which to pay for the necessary machinery, equipment and technical assistance called for by this development (Five-Year Plan) the Soviet Government has been forced to export large quantities of commodities which were great- THE PRESENT DAY 27

ly needed at home and at a price much lower than the price prevailing at home. They have apparently assembled their salable products and sold them wherever they could at whatever price they could obtain. "Lacking credit abroad, this seems to have been their only recourse. In the past few months Russia has been accused of dumping grain, sugar, lumber, manganese, coal, pulpwood, petroleum products and butter. Her exports that most concern the United States are lumber, pulpwood, oil, coal, and manganese. Most of these exports come not from the outpouring of Russian abundance but from the sacrifice of the Russian people. A careful analysis of the Russian situation reveals that in spite of this alleged dumping, Russia's exports are very small. Her share in the world's export trade amounts to but one to two percent as contrasted with 4 percent in 1913. Moreover, her exports to the United States are less than one-third of her imports...... Sound business judgment would sug- gest that with the passing of the necessity, the dumping would cease...... There is strong evidence that her timber, pulpwood and possibly mining exports are produced in whole or in part by prison labor and, as such, are inadmissible to this country." Another opinion is expressed in an article appearing in "The Busi- ness Week" under date of August 9, 1930: "Through her industrialization program and her state controlled export activities, Russia is aiming clearly to attack the capitalistic system in its most vulnerable spot and to speed up and force the collapse of free competitive markets by drastic price cutting." The dumping of manganese is illustrated by excerpts from a letter of Hon. Tasker L. Oddie, 30 July 1920, to the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury: "...... since the tariff act became a law the Soviet Govern- ment has reduced the price of Russian manganese ore so low that Ameri- can producers of manganese have been compelled to shut down mines and plants...... the production recorded during the first few months of 1930 (from mines in the United States) indicates that the production for this year will be approximately 200,000 tons, or an increase of about 400 percent over 1928, provided that there is a market for the ore...... There is no question but that Congress regards the development of a strong domestic manganese industry important to the nation's peace time economy and to its national defense...... ' And further from an article in the Iron Age of the 8th of May 1930: "Hamburg, Germany, April 21 - Based on recent reports and statements by Government officials in Soviet Russia, the Government is losing heavily on manganese ore production in the Caucasus. The director of mines has stated that production costs have advanced about 34 percent recently. Estimates by German ore dealers show that the Russian Government is selling mang- anese ore from the Georgian mines at about 3d (6 cents) per unit less than the cost of production. However, the Soviet Government is selling manganese ore regardless of costs to establish sufficient foreign credits for purchases of machinery and equipment required in its industrialization program." In regard to wheat, Thomas D. Campbell of Montana, probably the world's greatest expert on mechanized farming, said before leaving in July 1930 to resume direction of wheat production within the USSR; "Make no mistake about it, in three years Russia will be the biggest wheat exporting country in the world. The United States is going to have to reduce its production and be satisfied with producing only enough grain for our own needs." 28 COMMUNISM

With regard to cotton, we quote from the Fish Committee Report: "The Five-Year Plan in agriculture may most seriously affect the southern cotton farmer. Russia now exports from the United States and Egypt more than half the cotton used there. It is proposed under the plan to irrigate the cotton-growing lands of Central Asia so as to largely increase the cultivatior:of cotton. Seven hundred and fifty thousand hectares were planted in cotton in 1927-28. The plan calls for planting 2,040,000 hectares in 1932-33. It is intended to meet all the Russian requirements for cotton and to produce cotton for sale in the world markets." As to coal, an excerpt from the Chicago Tribune of April 13th, 1931, says: "Mr. Grady, who recently completed a survey of the Russian coal situation and designed a model American anthracite mine for the Soviets, said no hard coal was used all winter in Russia, the entire output being hoarded for export. He declared the Soviets expect to capture all of England's foreign markets for anthracite this year and also to compete successfully with American anthracite in American markets." The latest information on lumber, supplied by the National Patrio- tic Association of 1519 Sunnyside Ave., Chicago, Ill., under date of 15 March 1931 is to the effect that: "According to press reports a cargo of 4,000,000 feet of Soviet timber, valued at approximately $100,000, will be brought into Providence Harbor within a month to provide the first test of the United States Treasury Department's embargo laid down Feb- ruary 10...... The Treasury Department has announced that lumber from northern Russia would be barred from American ports unless skippers could show it was not a product of convict labor." In connection with convict and forced labor, a statement made by Karl Radek, a leading Communist functionary in the Soviet Union, in an article published in "Izvestia" of 19 Feb. 1931 is enlightening: "Social- ism in general and contemporary Communism in particular have always insisted that labor should be obligatory for every member of the society...... We have never hidden the fact that we apply compulsion as regards the overthrown classes. We are doing away with the Kulaki (well- to-do peasants) as a class. But as we have not set ourselves the task to destroy physically these overthrown classes, must we keep them in prisons? Even if it were possible to lock up in prison thousands of people, the Socialist government would not have done so without absolute necessity. Our object is to force them to work. It is clear that until they forget their dreams about re-establishing their former privileged position, we cannot give them the right to move about freely or let them return to our factories and collective farms, for they would destroy our work from within. We remove them to the far end of our front and they have to live by heavy toil." In conclusion we quote again from the Fish Committee's Report: "Boiled down to a reasonable conclusion, if the Five-Year Plan succeeds, the Soviet Union is to become a great money making machine that it may finance Communism and world revolution. To undersell the rest of the world in agricultural and industrial products is a part of the scheme to create unrest, ripening into revolution." By entering into contract with the Soviet government for supplying machinery, building factories and furnishing expert technical advice in furtherance of the Five-Year Plan, are some of our own big business concerns helping the present leaders in Russia, in accordance with the counsel of Lenin, "to buy from the capitalists the spades with which to dig graves for them"? THE PRESENT DAY 29

2. PRESENT ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS. At the present moment the multifarious wheels of the machinery of the Communist Party of the U.S.A., upon which we have cast a glance in previous pages, are turning busily day and night. Wm. Z. Foster and other leaders are going about the country on the business of getting recruits for such Communist organizations as the Shoe Workers Industrial Urion under the banner of his Trade Union Unity League, shop nuclei are being established in the legitimate A.F. of L. Unions for the purpose of '"boring from within," and shop papers, such as the Ford Worker in Detroit, are being issued - all to the end of gaining control of th2 masses of workers for the realization of the proletarian revolution. In the same manner, the United Farmers' League under the leadership of Alfred Knutson in North Dakota is at work, the League of Struggle for Negro Rights is attempting to organize the blacks, and youth is being led astray by the Young Communist League and the Young Pioneers. It must not be forgotten that there also are at present Russian agents of Moscow and the G.P.U. in this country for the purpose of actively aiding, directing, organizing and financing the work of the Communist Party of the U.S.A. These activities manifest themselves from time to time in such demonstrations as the food rioting in Arkansas and the storming of a meat market in Minneapolis on 25 Feb. 1931, various hunger marches and parades of the unemployed, presenting of petitions to Congress, demands to mayors and governors, agitation against "speed-up' and "wage-cuts," and public disturbances in connection with anniversaries such as May First. It may be noted, however, that the numbers engaged in these affairs are usually small and that they are artificial productions for the purpose of keeping in the public eye and creating news for the con- sumption of Moscow rather than spontaneous outbursts of real feeling among the masses. Instances of sabotage occasionally come to light such as the case of Paul Kassay at Akron, Ohio. A Hungarian and an alleged ex-officer in the Austrian Navy, he was arrested for maliciously incorporating de- fective work in the frame of the new Navy dirigible now building at the Good Year-Zeppelin Works. His connection with the Communist party is shown by the promptness with which the International Labor Defense sprang to his aid with bail and legal counsel. The otherwise unexplained runs on banks in some of the larger cities during recent months are being laid at the door of the Communists. In support of this theory, a Russian language newspaper is quoted: "It is our duty to warn the workers and small depositors that they are threatened with the loss of all their savings. The big banking interests do not propose to save the small banks from ruin. Their purpose is to fatten at the expense of the small fry. Into their pockets will go hundreds of millions of the savings of the workers, earned with sweat and blood. This is the sort of 'protection' given by capitalists to workers' savings. The Government helps them, not the workers...... The financial system of the Soviet Union is built on different principles ...... And a second quotation from a letter signed, "A Detroit Automobile Worker," printed in the Russian newspaper, "Novy Mir": "I thank the Novy Mir for giving me directions how to send my money to the State Bank of United Soviet States of Russia...... The depositor living here in America can at any time withdraw the necessary sum of money by sending a letter...... too, the workers will send our life savings to the USSR. I hope other workers in the United States and Canada will follow my example. In connection with -the economic crises, bank crashes in 30 COMMUNISM capitalistic countries are becoming more numerous. It is a hazard and a shame for workers to keep their savings in such places." In addition, serious disturbances to the public peace and to industry have transpired through the efforts of the Communists in recent years. In the Passaic Textile strike, inaugurated in January 1925 by Alfred Weisbrod, later asisted by Wagenknecht, Rubinstein, Biedenkapp and others, 14,000 workers were affecteChina, are in far worse case. They are overrun with Bolshevist agents and number large quantities of active Com- munists among their populations. However, the eyes of the Communist International are turned in this direction as is shown by an extract from the report of Molotov, President of the Council of People Commissars, THE PRESENT DAY 31 read at the 10th session of the executive committee of the Comintern: "The Comintern has given particular attention to the situation in the Communist Party of the United States. A special delegation of the execu- tive committee of the Comintern was sent to the last congress of this party (CPUSA). Afterwards, for several weeks, there sat at Moscow a commission of the praesidium of the executive committee of the Com- munist International which specially studied the situation in the Com- munist Party of the United States. The praesidium of the executive com- mittee of the Communist Party radically renewed the direction of the American Communist Party and created within it the conditions of a real Bolshevist development of the Party and of a reinforcement of its authority among the working masses." It can be noted how the membership of the party has increased in the last few years, how their activities have become more open, and their strength increased at elections - either due to their recent entire freedom from molestation by the State and Federal authorities or to acceleration resulting from the economic depression and consequent un- employment. In any case, a propitious time has arrived, thanks to the focus of public attention upon Communism in consequence of the labors of the Fish Committee, to put an end to such flagrant revolutionary propaganda and activity, and to much of the intensely unpatriotic inter- nationalism, socialism, and pacifism which accompanies it, before, like bootlegging, it become too wide spread and deep rooted. To this end the Federal government should be empowered by Congress to rid the country of all those who feel they owe allegiance to the Red Flag rathr than to the Stars and Stripes.

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