DOCSLIB.ORG

Pharmacognosy Studies of Waltheria Indica L. of the Family Sterculiaceae

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pharmacognosy Studies of Waltheria Indica L. of the Family Sterculiaceae AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808 Pharmacognosy Studies of Waltheria indica L. of the Family Sterculiaceae Dr. Ch. Subbalakshmi 1 & * Dr. G. Meerabai2 1Research Scholar, Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapur, A.P., India. 2Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Rayalaseema University, Kurnool, A.P., India. 1Email : sivakesavulu [email protected] 2Email: [email protected] Abstract: All plants produce chemical compounds as part of their normal metabolic activities, and they synthesize a curious variety of phyto chemicals. Some of the bioactive substances that can be derived from plants are flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, tannin, antioxidants and phenolic compounds. They are all having medicinal importance and used as crude drugs in traditional medicine. The knowledge of the action of a drug can be utilized successfully only when the identity, physical nature and chemical constituents of the drug are well known, and pharmacognosy supplies this information. Pharmacognostic studies ensure endorsement of the plants and reproducible quality of herbal products which will shove to wellbeing and effectiveness of natural products. Pharmacognostic parameters include determination of number of stomata (mm-2), stomatal index, total number of epidermal cells (mm-2) and type of trichomes in leaf. Physicochemical studies like ash analysis and moisture contents, fluorescence analysis, extractive values and inorganic mineral analysis verify the identity of plant, the quality and purity of crude drug, Therefore the morphology, macroscopic, microscopic, physical and physiochemical studies of Waltheria indica L. of the family Sterculiaceae was carried out in order to know its Pharmacognostic importance. Key words: Waltheria indica, Pharmacognosy, morphology, physical characters, crude drugs and physico chemical. Volume 8, Issue 7, 2020 http://aegaeum.com/ Page No: 764 AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808 1. Introduction: The Indian subcontinent is a vast repository of medicinal plants that are used in traditional medical treatments. Use of plants as a source of medicine has been an ancient practice and is an important component of the health care system in India. Interest in traditional medicines is growing rapidly due to the attention being given to it by the governmental agencies and different NGO comprises of general public and researchers as well as the increased side effects, adverse drug reactions and cost factor of the modern medicines. Pharmacognosy is "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources". The systematic study of natural medicines in terms of purity, potency, consistency and safety has become the major issues in Pharmacognosy. It deals with the collection, identification, preparation, and extraction of a large group of drugs obtained from natural sources, which are used both in orthodox and traditional medicine. Waltheria indica, L. of the family Sterculiaceae is commonly used in traditional medicine against pain, inflammation, diarrhoea, dysentery, conjunctivitis, wounds, abscess, epilepsy, convulsions, anaemia, bladder ailments, astringent, febrifuge, abortifacient and asthma. Therefore the morphology, macroscopic, microscopic, physical and physiochemical studies of W. indica L. was carried out in order to know its Pharmacognostic importance. 2. Materials & Methods: 2.1. Epidermal Studies: The present work deals with the foliar epidermal morphology. Mature fresh leaves or dried leaves from herbarium were used to prepare the epidermal peels. Several techniques were followed for the preparation of epidermal peels and clearing of leaf bits depending upon the texture of leaves. Dried leaves were softened by immersing in water for 24 to 48 hours and they were of same age and size. The leaves were cut into suitable pieces and placed down on a microscopic slide and soaked in a few drops of 5% sodium hypochlorite. One end is held firmly with thumb and the other end scraped gently with a safety razor blade. If necessary extra hypochlorite was added, so that finally a thin clear area was cut off. The piece was placed in a cavity block for a few minutes in sodium hypochlorite and then washed in water filled in a petridish. Then loosely adhering cells were brushed off with the help of pointed hair brush. In case of herbarium material, the leaves were boiled in water for about of 5-1 minutes. The chemical method was followed for the separation of the peels. Diluted nitric acid and chromic acid (5-10%) were used in different proportions. In some cases using three acid treatment (TAT) methods [19] was followed. Epidermal peels were stained in safranin (1%) and mounted in glycerin and made semi-permanent slides by ringing with nail paints. In case of exceptionally hairy leaves, the hairs were removed prior to separation of epidermal peels by covering the leaf surface with stick fast and gently peeling off the gum dried. Epidermal peels which were obtained by these methods were stained with aqueous safranine and mounted on a clear microscopic slide using glycerine and sealed with DPX- mountant. The preparations were examined under microscope and photographs taken by using camera at 40×10x,15×10x,10×10x and 5×10x magnification. The quantitative values of epidermis such as size of epidermal cells ( S.E.S), size of stomata (S.S), epidermal cell frequency/ mm2(E.C.F), stomatal frequency/mm2(S.F), percentage of stomatal types and length and breadth of trichomes on both the surfaces were recorded. For calculating ECF, the epidermal cells as well as stomatal subsidiaries were also counted excluding costal cells. The values are average of derived usually from readings. Stomatal Index is calculated for both the surfaces in case of amphistomatic leaves and abaxial in case of Volume 8, Issue 7, 2020 http://aegaeum.com/ Page No: 765 AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808 hypostomatic leaves. Stomatal index was calculated using the formula of Salisbury’s ,1927 [8] method. Where ‘S’ denotes number of stomata per unit area and E number of epidermal cells of the same area. Measurement of the epidermal cell width was taken at the widest point on each cell. Trichome size (length and breadth) is measured in µm. The range of length and mean is recorded. Number of trichomes per square millimetre is calculated on both surfaces. 2.2. Physico-chemical Constants: The procedures recommended in Indian Pharmacopoeia and WHO guidelines were followed to calculate the physico-chemical constants. Physico- chemical parameters such as colour, consistency, pH and percent yield (% w/w). were determined for all plant extracts. 2.2.1. Ash values: Total ash value: The total ash was determined by incinerating 2-3gms. of accurately weighed air dried coarsely powdered drug in a tarred silica crucible which was previously ignited and cooled before weighing, at a temperature not exceeding 4500C. The ignition was repeated and the percentage of ash with reference to air-dried drug was calculated. Water soluble ash: The total ash was boiled for 5min with 25 ml of water. The residue was washed with hot water, ignited for 15min at a temperature not exceeding 4500C, cooled and weighed. This weight was subtracted from the weight of ash, the difference in weight represents the water soluble ash. The percentage of water soluble ash was calculated with reference to air- dried drug. Acid insoluble ash: The ash obtained was boiled with 25 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid for 5min. and filtered through an ash less filter paper. The residue was washed with hot water, ignited, cooled in a desiccator and weighed. The percentage of acid insoluble ash was calculated with reference to air dried drug. Sulphated ash: The sulphated ash was determined by incinerating 1 gm of accurately weighed air dried coarsely powdered drug in a tarred silica crucible which was previously ignited and cooled before weighing at a temperature not exceeding 4500C. The residue was moistened with 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid, ignited at 800±250C until all black particles have disappeared. It was then cooled; again sulphuric acid was added and ignited. It was cooled and the percentage of sulphated ash was calculated with reference to air dried drug. The preliminary phytochemical investigations were conducted employing various phytochemical tests and the presence of various phytochemical constituents was detected. 2.2.2. Extractive values: Ethanol soluble extractive: 5gms. of dried coarse powder of plants were macerated with 100ml of 90% ethanol in a closed flask for 24hrs, shaken frequently during 6 hours and allowed to stand for 18hrs. Filtered immediately taking precautions against loss of ethanol. 25ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tarred flat bottomed shallow dish. The residue was dried at 1050C and weighed. The percentage of ethanol soluble extractive was calculated with reference to air dried drug. Volume 8, Issue 7, 2020 http://aegaeum.com/ Page No: 766 AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808 Water soluble extractive: 5gms of coarse powder was weighed and dissolved in 100ml of water in a stoppered flask, heated at 800C, shaken well and allowed to stand for 10min. It was cooled. 2gms of kieselghur was added and filtered. 5ml of the filtrate was transferred to a tarred evaporating dish and the solvent was evaporated on a water bath. The percentage of water soluble extractive was calculated with reference to air dried drug. 2.2.3. Determination of volatile oil in drug: 50gms of the drug was boiled with water in a Clavenger’s apparatus. The process was continued till no more oil was collected in the graduated tube. The volume of oil was measured and expressed in percentage. 2.2.4. Determination of crude fibre content: About 2gms of the drug was accurately weighed and extracted with ether. Then 200ml of 1.25% sulphuric acid was added and boiled for 30min under reflux. It was filtered and washed with boiling water until free of acid.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service
    Thursday, February 27, 2003 Part II Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designation or Nondesignation of Critical Habitat for 95 Plant Species From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, HI; Final Rule VerDate Jan<31>2003 13:12 Feb 26, 2003 Jkt 200001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\27FER2.SGM 27FER2 9116 Federal Register / Vol. 68, No. 39 / Thursday, February 27, 2003 / Rules and Regulations DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR units designated for the 83 species. This FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul critical habitat designation requires the Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific Fish and Wildlife Service Service to consult under section 7 of the Islands Office at the above address Act with regard to actions carried out, (telephone 808/541–3441; facsimile 50 CFR Part 17 funded, or authorized by a Federal 808/541–3470). agency. Section 4 of the Act requires us SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: RIN 1018–AG71 to consider economic and other relevant impacts when specifying any particular Background Endangered and Threatened Wildlife area as critical habitat. This rule also and Plants; Final Designation or In the Lists of Endangered and determines that designating critical Nondesignation of Critical Habitat for Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12), there habitat would not be prudent for seven 95 Plant Species From the Islands of are 95 plant species that, at the time of species. We solicited data and Kauai and Niihau, HI listing, were reported from the islands comments from the public on all aspects of Kauai and/or Niihau (Table 1).
    [Show full text]
  • A Landscape-Based Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerability for All Native Hawaiian Plants
    Technical Report HCSU-044 A LANDscape-bASED ASSESSMENT OF CLIMatE CHANGE VULNEraBILITY FOR ALL NatIVE HAWAIIAN PLANts Lucas Fortini1,2, Jonathan Price3, James Jacobi2, Adam Vorsino4, Jeff Burgett1,4, Kevin Brinck5, Fred Amidon4, Steve Miller4, Sam `Ohukani`ohi`a Gon III6, Gregory Koob7, and Eben Paxton2 1 Pacific Islands Climate Change Cooperative, Honolulu, HI 96813 2 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawaii National Park, HI 96718 3 Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720 4 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service —Ecological Services, Division of Climate Change and Strategic Habitat Management, Honolulu, HI 96850 5 Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai‘i National Park, HI 96718 6 The Nature Conservancy, Hawai‘i Chapter, Honolulu, HI 96817 7 USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Hawaii/Pacific Islands Area State Office, Honolulu, HI 96850 Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit University of Hawai‘i at Hilo 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, HI 96720 (808) 933-0706 November 2013 This product was prepared under Cooperative Agreement CAG09AC00070 for the Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center of the U.S. Geological Survey. Technical Report HCSU-044 A LANDSCAPE-BASED ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY FOR ALL NATIVE HAWAIIAN PLANTS LUCAS FORTINI1,2, JONATHAN PRICE3, JAMES JACOBI2, ADAM VORSINO4, JEFF BURGETT1,4, KEVIN BRINCK5, FRED AMIDON4, STEVE MILLER4, SAM ʽOHUKANIʽOHIʽA GON III 6, GREGORY KOOB7, AND EBEN PAXTON2 1 Pacific Islands Climate Change Cooperative, Honolulu, HI 96813 2 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawaiʽi National Park, HI 96718 3 Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of Hawaiʽi at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720 4 U.
    [Show full text]
  • Caractérisation Chimique Et Biologique De Waltheria Indica L
    Caractérisation chimique et biologique de Waltheria indica L. (Malvaceae), herbacée utilisée en médecine traditionnelle au Burkina Faso pour la prise en charge de l’asthme Ragomzingba Zongo To cite this version: Ragomzingba Zongo. Caractérisation chimique et biologique de Waltheria indica L. (Malvaceae), herbacée utilisée en médecine traditionnelle au Burkina Faso pour la prise en charge de l’asthme. Sciences agricoles. Université de Grenoble, 2013. Français. NNT : 2013GRENV001. tel-00949223 HAL Id: tel-00949223 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949223 Submitted on 19 Feb 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE GRENOBLE Spécialité : Physiologie-Physiopathologie-Pharmacologie Arrêté ministériel : 7 août 2006 Présentée par Ragomzingba Frank Edgard ZONGO Thèse dirigée par Christophe RIBUOT codirigée par Innocent Pierre GUISSOU Préparée au sein du laboratoire d’hypoxie physiopathologie, INSERM U 1042 Dans l'École Doctorale Chimie et Sciences du Vivant Caractérisation chimique et biologique de Waltheria indica L. (Malvaceae), herbacée utilisée en médecine traditionnelle au Burkina Faso pour la prise en charge de l’asthme. Thèse soutenue publiquement le Mercredi 27-03-2013, Devant le jury composé de : M.
    [Show full text]
  • Foliar Epidermal Characters of Some Sterculiaceae Species in Nigeria
    Bajopas Volume 5 Number 1 June, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v5i1.10 Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 5(1): 48 – 56 Received: September 2011 Accepted: March 2012 ISSN 2006 – 6996 FOLIAR EPIDERMAL CHARACTERS OF SOME STERCULIACEAE SPECIES IN NIGERIA *Aworinde, D.O., Ogundairo, B.O., Osuntoyinbo, K.F. and Olanloye, O.A. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria *Correspondence author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Foliar epidermal studies were conducted on ten species in the family Sterculiaceae in search of stable taxonomic characters that could be employed in order contribute to their classification and identification. In spite of the remarkable morphological differences, the results indicated that the species are relatively uniform in their quantitative macromorphological characters except for the leaf shape and base which varied from elliptic, lanceolate to palmate and leaf base from cordate, obtuse to cunneate. The epidermal characters such as number of cells, anticlinal wall pattern, cell wall thickness and the stomata size varied among the species. The epidermal cells varied from polygonal to irregular while the anticlinal walls varied from straight to straight\curve and slightly curved. All the species except Cola nitida (Vent) Schott, Malachanta alnifolia (Bak) Pierre, Mansonia altissima (A.Chev) R.Capuron, Theobroma cacao Linn and Waltheria indica Linn are amphistomatic. Stomata types included anisocytic in T. cacao, laterocytic in C. hispida, anomocytic in C. millenni Schum, Staurocytic in C. nitida and paracytic in W. indica, M. altissima and Malacantha alnifolia. Keywords: Foliar epidermis, Nigeria, Sterculiaceae. INTRODUCTION The family name Sterculiaceae was based on the MATERIALS AND METHODS genus Sterculia.
    [Show full text]
  • Weed Control and the Response of Transplanted Uhaloa in the Presence of Two Pre-Emergence Herbicides Applied at the Time of Planting
    rnal Jou Journal of Applied Appl Journal of Applied Horticulture, 21(2): 106-110, 2019 Horticulture DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i02.18 ISSN: 0972-1045 Weed control and the response of transplanted uhaloa in the presence of two pre-emergence herbicides applied at the time of planting Scott B. Lukas1*, Joseph DeFrank2, Orville C. Baldos2 and Ruijun Qin3 1Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Hermiston OR 97838; 2Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu HI, 96822; 3Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Hermiston OR 97838. *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The Hawaii Statewide Noxious Invasive Pest Program (SNIPP) and associated storm water management plans provide statutory justification for increased use of native plants along the State of Hawaii transportation corridors. The demand for native plants exceeds the availability of plant materials or seed. To produce seed stock and ensure seed lot purity, establishment protocols for weed control must first be defined. Uhaloa (Waltheria indica), a native Hawaiian broadleaf shrub has been identified for increased roadside usage, thus will be the focus of this research. Weed control during the establishment phase of uhaloa is essential for optimising establishment success. In this study, the efficacy and phytotoxicity of the pre-emergence herbicides oxadiazon and indaziflam, applied over uhaloa transplants, were evaluated. Crop and weed response to granular oxadiazon at 2.24 kg ai ha-1 and 4.48 kg ai ha-1 and flowable indaziflam at 24 g ai ha-1 and 49 g ai ha-1 were determined.
    [Show full text]
  • A Preliminary List of the Vascular Plants and Wildlife at the Village Of
    A Floristic Evaluation of the Natural Plant Communities and Grounds Occurring at The Key West Botanical Garden, Stock Island, Monroe County, Florida Steven W. Woodmansee [email protected] January 20, 2006 Submitted by The Institute for Regional Conservation 22601 S.W. 152 Avenue, Miami, Florida 33170 George D. Gann, Executive Director Submitted to CarolAnn Sharkey Key West Botanical Garden 5210 College Road Key West, Florida 33040 and Kate Marks Heritage Preservation 1012 14th Street, NW, Suite 1200 Washington DC 20005 Introduction The Key West Botanical Garden (KWBG) is located at 5210 College Road on Stock Island, Monroe County, Florida. It is a 7.5 acre conservation area, owned by the City of Key West. The KWBG requested that The Institute for Regional Conservation (IRC) conduct a floristic evaluation of its natural areas and grounds and to provide recommendations. Study Design On August 9-10, 2005 an inventory of all vascular plants was conducted at the KWBG. All areas of the KWBG were visited, including the newly acquired property to the south. Special attention was paid toward the remnant natural habitats. A preliminary plant list was established. Plant taxonomy generally follows Wunderlin (1998) and Bailey et al. (1976). Results Five distinct habitats were recorded for the KWBG. Two of which are human altered and are artificial being classified as developed upland and modified wetland. In addition, three natural habitats are found at the KWBG. They are coastal berm (here termed buttonwood hammock), rockland hammock, and tidal swamp habitats. Developed and Modified Habitats Garden and Developed Upland Areas The developed upland portions include the maintained garden areas as well as the cleared parking areas, building edges, and paths.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution and Abundance of Alien and Native Plant Species in Kaloko-Honokiihau National Historical Park
    Technical Report 103 Distribution and Abundance of Alien and Native Plant Species in Kaloko-Honokiihau National Historical Park Technical Report 104 Birds of Kaloko-Honokiihau National Historical Park COOPERATIVE NATIONAL PARK RESOURCES STUDIES UNIT UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I AT MANOA Department of Botany 3 190 Maile Way Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822 (808) 956-8218 Clifford W. Smith, Unit Director Technical Report 103 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF ALIEN AND NATIVE PLANT SPECIES IN KALOKO-HONOK~HAUNATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK Linda W. Pratt and Lyman L. Abbott National Biological Service Pacific Islands Science Center Hawaii National Park Field Station P. 0. Box 52 Hawaii National Park, HI 96718 University of Hawai'i at Manoa National Park Service Cooperative Agreement CA8002-2-9004 May 1996 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page . LIST OF FIGURES ............................................. 11 ABSTRACT .................................................. 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .........................................2 INTRODUCTION .............................................. 2 THESTUDYAREA ............................................ 3 Climate ................................................ 3 Geology and Soils ......................................... 3 Vegetation and Past Land Use ................................. 5 METHODS ................................................... 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..................................... 8 Plant Species Composition ................................... 8 Additions to the Park's Flora ............................ 8 Species
    [Show full text]
  • Flora of Kwangtung and Hongkong (China) Being an Account of The
    ASIA Oldtnell Htttneraity ffitbrarg CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT OF CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF 1876 1918 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 073 202 933 The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924073202933 P.EW Bulletin, Add. Series X 762, 1-30 bSI^11/ 73. SOD-IOJI- To -filce. page- 1 . J [All Bights Reserved.] EOYAL BOTMIC GARDENS, KEW. BULLETIN OF MISCELLANEOUS INEOEIATIOK ADDITIONAL SERIES X. ELORA OE KWAiaTUia AO H0I&K0I6- (OHIIA) BEING AN ACCOUNT OP THE FLOWERING PLA.NTS, FERNS AND FERN ALLIES TOGETHER WITH KEYS FOR THEIR DETERMINATION PRECEDED BY A MAP AND INTRODTJCTrON, BY STEPHEN TROYTE DUNN, B.A., F.L.S., sometime Superintendent of the Botanical and Forestry Department, Hongkong ; AND WILLIAM JAMES TUTCHER, F.L.S., Superintendent of the Botanical and Forestry Department, Hongkong. LONDON: PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. To be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from WjifMAN AND SONS, Ltd., Feitbr Lane, E.G.; or OLIVER AND BOYD, Tweeddale Court, Edinburgh; or E. PONSONBY, Ltd., 116, Graeton Street, Dublin. printed by DARLING AND SON, Ltd., Bacon Street, E. 1912. Price is. 6d. G: PREFACE. The first and, up till now, the only work by which plants from any part of the Celestial Empire could be identified was Bentham's Flora Hongkongensis published in 1861. This Flora dealt only with the small island of Hongkong on the S.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Sterculiaceae Vent. No Estado De São Paulo
    Flávia Ribeiro Cruz STERCULIACEAE VENT. NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente para obtenção do Título de MESTRE em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Vasculares Orientador (a): Profa. Dra. Gerleni Lopes Esteves São Paulo 2007 Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Seção de Biblioteca do Instituto de Botânica Cruz, Flávia Ribeiro C957s Sterculiaceae Vent. no Estado de São Paulo / Flávia Ribeiro Cruz -- São Paulo, 2007. 108 p. il. Dissertação (mestrado) -- Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, 2007 Bibliografia. 1. Sterculiaceae. 2. Flora. 3. Taxonomia. I. Título CDU 582.798 Comissão Julgadora: ___________________________ _________________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). _____________________________ Profa. Dra. Gerleni Lopes Esteves Orientadora Dedico aos meus pais, Salvador e Norma, pelo amor e apoio incondicionais, à minha irmã, Gláucia, pelo grande carinho e incentivo, ao Fernando, por tudo o que significa para mim e à Gerleni, pelo exemplo e por todos os seus ensinamentos. Agradecimentos As palavras de agradecimento expressadas aqui representam a minha grande consideração e reconhecimento por todos que puderam contribuir para a realização desse trabalho. À Gerleni, especialmente, que me permitiu ser sua “filha”, abrindo as portas de sua sala, acreditando e confiando em mim espontaneamente. Por sua competência, paciência, dedicação, profissionalismo e amor com os quais pôde apresentar e fazer-me apaixonar pela Taxonomia. Por ensinar-me a exigir sempre o melhor de mim, pelas críticas, discussões, “puxões de orelha”, amizade e afeto que possibilitaram a concretização desse estudo. À direção do Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, pela infra-estrutura e apoio oferecidos durante o desenvolvimento de todo o trabalho.
    [Show full text]
  • Tmd'a Woody Plant List Forl@Tlgua and Barbuda
    Tmd’a Woody Plant list for l@tlgua and Barbuda: Past and Present John Francis, Cados Riira, and Julio Figurema S_ Durina;thel7thandl8~centuriea,theielandofAntiguawas~~ foragri~.viuauyalloftheremaining foresbwemcutover,grazed,and bumed.Sincethe aba&mentofaugamne~vati~xnuchofthelandhas retunledtQsecondaryf&.BarbudasufferedmeiIllyfromovercuttiIlgand overgrazing begiming in the 17th century. Very heavy grazing preamre con- tinues in ISarbuda. l&spit23 great d&W, a mqjority of the native qe45ee remainrmbothislande.Lista0fnativeandexoticepecieaarep~~bere.A prote&i~plansbauldbe~hedforsevleralareasmboth~ Tk~ward a Woody Plant List for Antigua and Barbuda: Past and Present John Francis, Carlos Rivera, and Julio Figureroa INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY hectares of Antigua to grow up as secondary forest while sparing the pre-existing secondary forest from Antigua and Barbuda are two small islands with a further disturbance. total area of 440 km2 located in the Lesser Antilles in English attempts to settle Barbuda began in 1628 the eastern Caribbean. Although not differing greatly and continued intermittently with attacks of the in size and separated by only 50 km, the origin and Caribs and French until early in the 18th century. The physiography of the islands are quite different. Antigua small island community subsisted for almost three cen- was formed by vulcanism more than 40 million years turies by raising livestock. During this period, vir- ago during the Eocene. The rock foundation of Bar- tually every tree large enough to use for construction buda is entirely of Pleistocene limestone. A land bridge materials was felled. Grazing must have been intense, apparently connected the two islands during the and fuelwood cutting heavy, at least near Codrington, Pleistocene (Schuchert 1935).
    [Show full text]
  • The Nuance and Wit of Carolus Linnaeus
    The Palmetto Quarterly Magazine of the Florida Native Plant Society · Vol. 13, No. 4 · Winter 1993 The Nuance and Wit of Carolus Linnaeus by Daniel F. Austin "What's the use of their having names," the Gnat said, "if they won't answer to them?" "No use to them," said Alice; "but it's useful to the people that name them, I suppose." Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland Anyone having even the slightest example, has at least 245 local contact with biological names has common names in four European encountered Linnaeus, usually reduced to languages! the abbreviation of "L.". Carl von Linne, a An aspect of Linnaean names Swedish botanist who lived 1707-1778, rarely appreciated, however, is has been dubbed the "father of their sporadic underlying humor. taxonomy" because he was the first to The most obvious example of make consistent use of two words for Linnaeus' whimsey is his name scientific names, called binomial nomen- for our own species, Homo clature (or simply binomials). Carolus sapiens, (the wise one). However, Linnaeus, as he wrote his name in Latin, he was so egocentric that some was the first to use genus and species think that he con-sidered himself names for plants, animals, rocks, minerals, the best individual of our and even diseases (he was a licensed species. Some also think that his physician, though he went through name for our species was not a medical school in less than two weeks). wry comment on humans in As "foreign" as these Latin and Greek general, but a description of names may be to non-biologists, they are himself! still better than the long sentence names Perhaps it is the comparative (polynomials) in use before 1753.
    [Show full text]
  • Zimbabwe-Mozambique)
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 145: 93–129 (2020) Plant checklist for the Bvumba Mountains 93 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.145.49257 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Mountains of the Mist: A first plant checklist for the Bvumba Mountains, Manica Highlands (Zimbabwe-Mozambique) Jonathan Timberlake1, Petra Ballings2,3, João de Deus Vidal Jr4, Bart Wursten2, Mark Hyde2, Anthony Mapaura4,5, Susan Childes6, Meg Coates Palgrave2, Vincent Ralph Clark4 1 Biodiversity Foundation for Africa, 30 Warren Lane, East Dean, E. Sussex, BN20 0EW, UK 2 Flora of Zimbabwe & Flora of Mozambique projects, 29 Harry Pichanick Drive, Alexandra Park, Harare, Zimbabwe 3 Meise Botanic Garden, Bouchout Domain, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860, Meise, Belgium 4 Afromontane Research Unit & Department of Geography, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa 5 National Her- barium of Zimbabwe, Box A889, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe 6 Box BW53 Borrowdale, Harare, Zimbabwe Corresponding author: Vincent Ralph Clark ([email protected]) Academic editor: R. Riina | Received 10 December 2019 | Accepted 18 February 2020 | Published 10 April 2020 Citation: Timberlake J, Ballings P, Vidal Jr JD, Wursten B, Hyde M, Mapaura A, Childes S, Palgrave MC, Clark VR (2020) Mountains of the Mist: A first plant checklist for the Bvumba Mountains, Manica Highlands (Zimbabwe- Mozambique). PhytoKeys 145: 93–129. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.145.49257 Abstract The first comprehensive plant checklist for the Bvumba massif, situated in the Manica Highlands along the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border, is presented. Although covering only 276 km2, the flora is rich with 1250 taxa (1127 native taxa and 123 naturalised introductions).
    [Show full text]