International Journal of Ayurveda (A Monthly Scientific Journal of Kiban Research Publications)

ISSN: 2456-6640 International Journal of Ayurveda (A Monthly Scientific Journal of Kiban Research Publications) www.kibanresearchpublications.com

REVIEW ARTICLE

Effect of Agnimantha Kashaya on Prameha: A Panchabhautik Review

Richa Bhardwaj1*, HC Gupta2, Shruti Khandoori3

1. Scientist-B, ICMR-NIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.

2. Dept. of Kayachikitsa, A. & U. Tibbia College, Karol Bagh, New Delhi, India.

3. Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi, India.

*Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]

Abstract: Introduction Panchamahabhuta siddhant is one of the fundamental principles of Ayurveda, which is defined vividly and scientifically in Ayurvedic classics. These Panchamahabhut as play an important role in maintaining the physiological functions as well as in the pathogenesis of disease. Equilibrium of these five elements denotes health and their imbalance leads to disease. Aim To understand the concept of Panchamahabhuta Siddhant in the light of management of Prameha with Agnimantha Kashaya. Review Results Imbalance of panchamabhuta due to vitiation of Prithvi and Jala mahabhuta is manifested as Prameha (Diabetes mellitus). Agnimantha Kwatha (C. phlomidis) by virtue of its Vayu, Agni and Aakash mahabhuta pradhanta, balances these vitiated mahabhutas. On restoring panchamahabhautik balance the disease is controlled. Conclusion Since, bahudrava shleshma is pradhana dosha in Prameha, so, Prithvi and Jala mahabhuta are main etiological factors for Diabetes mellitus. Hence, to restore panchabhautik balance with Agni, Aakasha and Vayu mahabhuta, Agnimantha kwatha is used. Clinical Significance In the present study, effect of Agnimantha Kwatha in Prameha has been described on the basis of panchamahabhuta, which despite being a fundamental principle of Ayurveda, is often neglected during treating any disease condition.

Keywords: Diabetes, Panchamahabhuta, Prameha, Agnimantha, Clerodendrum phlomidis. Article Received: 18 Dec. 2020 Revised: 19 Jan. 2021 Accepted: 25 Jan. 2021

Introduction polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia Prameha, identified, as mahagada in (increased hunger) as its characteristic Ayurveda [1] is troubling mankind since symptoms. The evidence of this disease and ancient age. It is a disease of mutravaha its complications is increasing day by day, srotas and includes obstinate urinary and 463 million people were living with disorders with increased urinary flow, altered diabetes in 2019[5]. consistency, and composition [2]. It is a Panchamahabhuta syndrome, which includes clinical conditions involved in obesity, prediabetes, diabetes and Every Ayurvedic classic accepts the theory of metabolic syndrome [3]. panchamahabhuta, which states that every living and non-living thing found in nature is Ayurvedic texts mention the cardinal composed of five universal elements or the symptom of Prameha as “prabhootavila panchamahabhutas [6]. Everything from a mutrata” i.e. excretion of large quantities of single cell to this human body, the food we turbid urine [4], which is in unison with the eat, tridosas etc. is panchabhautik. These symptoms of Diabetes mellitus, described in panchamahabutas (pancha-five, maha-main, modern texts. Diabetes mellitus is a well- bhuta-entity) or the five elements are: known multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood  Prithvi: Earth/matter glucose due to absolute or relative lack of  Jala: Water insulin with polyuria (frequent urination),

 Teja: Fire cymes arranged to form a rounded terminal panical with obovate or lanceolate acute leafy  Vayu: Air bracts. Calyx is about1cm long, divided about  Aakash: Space halfway down, glabrous, not enlarged in All dravyas are formed when these five fruit, segments ovate, acutely auminate, elements combine with each other and veined. Corolla is white or pinkish; tube 2-2.5 depending upon the dominance of particular cm long, slightly pubescent outside, glabrous inside; lobes nearly equal, exceeding 6 mm mahabhuta, the ‘dravya’ is known as parthiv, jaleeya, agneya, vayavya or aakasheeya[7]. long, elliptic, obtuse, veined. When a person takes any dravya, dominant Ovary & style are glabrous. Drupe is 6 mm in one of these mahabhutas, it nourishes the long, broadly ovoid, depressed, the top about component of that particular mahabhuta. level with the points of the persistent calyx- For example, on the intake of any dravya lobes, normally 4-lobed with 1 pyrene in each having parthiv (Prithvi dominant) properties, lobe. In Ayurvedic texts it is mentioned to be it nourishes the parthiv components and tikta, katu, kashaya, madhura, laghu, ruksha, kaphavatashamaka, shothahar, cause upchaya (growth), gaurav (heaviness), sthirta (stability) etc., while intake of vayvya vednasthapana, nadishamka, deepana, dravya (Vayu dominant) causes rukshta pachana, anulomana, raktashodhaka, (dryness), laghuta (lightness) etc [8]. Further, hridyottejaka pramehaghna and twagadoshahara. normal functioning of the body (physiology), occurrence of diseases (pathology) and action It is useful in various diseases like of drugs in the various parts of the body agnimandya, amadosha, vedana, vibandha, (pharmacokinetics) depends on these kasa, shwas, pratishyaya, pandu, vasameha, panchamahabhutas. Any disturbance in the pooyameha, prameha, madhumeha, equilibrium of these five elements denotes sheetapitta, shotha, vatavyadhi, raktavikara, disease. hriddaurbalya and twagvikara [10].

Agnimantha Review Results Agnimantha [Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn; To understand the concept of family-Verbenaceae] is a large shrub or small panchamahabhuta in relation to the tree reaching upto 9 meter in height, with management of Prameha with Agnimantha more or less pubescent branches, found in kashaya we must know the Panchabhautik dry parts throughout the country [9]. Its composition of Agnimantha and Prameha. roots are used for medicinal purposes. Leaves Prameha is a tridoshaj vyadhi but acharyas are ovate or subrhomboid, obtuse or acute, have stated that involvement of Kapha is coarsely crenate-dentate or subentire, always there in development of Prameha. undulate, glabrous above, puberulous Kapha dosha is prithvi and jala mahabhut beneath, base truneate or subcordate and pradhana (dominant). Table-1 shows the petioles are 6-20 mm long. Flowers are panchabhautika composition of ten dushyas fragrant, in small dichotomous axillary in Prameha.

Table 1: Panchabhautika composition of dushyas Dushya Panchabhautika composition Meda Prithvi and Jala Rakta Jala and Agni Shukra Jala Ambu Jala Vasa Prithvi and Jala Lasika Jala Majja Jala Rasa Jala Oja Jala Mamsa Prithvi Here, most of the dushyas are also dominant in Prithvi and Jala mahabhuta. Further, Table-2 shows the Panchabhautik composition of Agnimantha Kwatha based on Ayurvedic properties.

Table 2: Panchabhautik composition of Agnimatha Kwatha Ayurvedic Properties Panchabhautikta Rasa: Katu, Vayu + Agni, Tikta, Vayu+Aakash, Kashaya Vayu+Prithvi[11] Guna: Laghu, Vayu+Agni+Aakash; Ruksa Vayu[12] Virya: Ushna Agni[12] Vipaka: Katu Vayu+Agni+Aakash[13] Doshaghnata: Kapha, Vata Overall Panchabhautik composition of Agnimantha kwatha: Mainly it is dominant in Vayu, Agni and Aakash mahabhuta.

Discussion and slow speed represent Prithvi and Jala mahabhuta. Thus, it is clear that Prameha Etiological factors of Prameha like excess occurs due to vitiation of Prithvi and Jala consumption of dadhi (curd), gramya- mahabhuta leading to their dominance in audaka-anoopa mamsa (non-veg items body. Agnimantha Kashaya is mentioned in including sea food), payansi (excessive Sushruta Samhita [16], Chakradatta[17], consumption of milk and its preparation), Yogaratnakar[18], BhaishajyaRatnavali[19] navannapana (new grains and drinks) and and Chikitsarnava[20] for the treatment of guda-vaikrita (various preparations of Vasa Meha, a subtype of vataja Prameha. jaggery e.g. sugar, khanda) etc. cause agnimandya, increase kapha dosha and lead Since, in Prameha there is vitiation of Kapha to production of vitiated meda, kleda, lasika dosha, so alleviation of this vitiated kapha, etc. Charakacharya stated that by the plays an important role in the treatment. favourable combination of nidana, dosha and Acharya Sushruta stated that dravyas dhatu, already being excessive in the having predominance in Aakash, Agni and quantity, kapha (bahudrava) gets aggravated Vayu mahabhutas help in reducing immediately and spreads all over the body Kapha[15]. By looking at the panchabhautik due to laxity (shaithilya) developed in the composition of Agnimantha, it is clear that it body. has dominance of Vayu, Agni and Aakash mahabhuta and hence, a drug of choice in While spreading, the aggravated kapha first treatment of Prameha. gets mixed with meda because it is bahu (abundant), abaddha (loose) and is similar Vayavya (Vayu predominant) dravya are with the properties of the kapha shoshaka (drying) in nature. Also, Agni and (samanaguna bhuyishthatvat) to vitiates it. Vayu mahabhuta together cause lekhana[21] Now these vitiated kapha and meda, join (scrapping) of excess kapha, meda and kleda with kleda (body fluid) and mamsa dhatu leading to samprapti vighatana (dissociation (muscular tissue) to produce puti- of pathogenesis) and thus balancing Prithvi mamsapidaka. Vitiated kapha affect kleda, to and Jala mahabhuta. transform it into urine. The openings of the urine channels (viz. vankshana & basti), are Conclusion obstructed by meda and kleda leading to From the above discussion it is clear that Prameha [14]. vitiation of Prithvi and Jala mahabhuta play Most of the nidanas of Prameha have prithvi major role in the pathogenesis of Diabetes and jala mahabhutadhikya, so, they provoke mellitus as both causative factors as well as kapha. This goes in accordance with the dushyas are Parthiv and Jaleeya. This leads statement of Sushruta that dravyas that are to excess of Prithvi and Jala mahabhuta in rich in Aakash and Vayu mahabhuta vitiate the body as compared to other three Vata dosha, Agni mahabhuta predominant mahabhutas and this imbalance of dravya provoke Pitta while Prithvi and panchamahabhutas is manifested as Jalamahabhuta predominant dravya Prameha. aggravate kapha[15]. Further, considering Agnimantha Kwatha, having dominance of dushyas, like in Mamsa dhatu solid, heavy Agni, Aakasha and Vayu mahabhuta, helps and stable properties of Prithvi mahabhuta in restoring balance of panchamahabhutas in are present along with demulcent and liquid the body leading to samprapti vighatan properties of Jala mahabhuta. In Meda (breaking the pathogenesis). dhatu too properties like bulky, demulcent

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