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Talking the "Pest" Ûff of Feminism: History, Sexuality, and the Women9smovement's Mini Wave

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Talking the Talking the "Pest" ûff of Feminism: History, Sexuality, and the Women9sMovement's mini Wave bv Candis Steenbergen A thesis submitteâ to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Remarch in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arb in Canadian Studies The Sdiod of Clnidian Skidie8 National Library Bibliothby nationaie 1*1 ofCamda du Cana a uisitions and Acquisitions et "1Bib iographic Seivices senrices bibliogmphiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive Licence aliowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seii reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous papa or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis aor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. This thesis is an exploration of "generations" in the contemporary wornen's movement in Canada. kst as definite demarcations separate the first and second stages of feminkm, a aiird generation - a tMrd wave - has emerged at the millennium, one that conûasts the threat of postfeminism and refutes popular media proclamations of feminism's demise. This study lomtes each of feminism's generations in its historical context and examines conceptual divisions airough the lens of a single issue: women's sexuality. There are signifiant generational divisions within the women's movement at the present Ume, tensions directly related to concepts of power, participation, and control. The thesis argues that increased dialogue - mutually-res pectfu1, reciprocal exdianges beWeen and among feminism's waves - will help bridge the generation gap and impmve the sdidarity of the movement. This aiesis provides a strong historical foundation for fumer analyses of feminism's geneiations, activism, and theories of resistance, and recommends that women's semiality be examined in greater detail in fukire studies. Acknowledgments 1 would like ta aiank the bllowing people for theIr assistance and support. Wiaiout thern, this thesis and 1 would never have survive& Tim Sinke, for enduring late-night phone calls and painstaking editing, and Kelli Dllworai, for king available to read (and reread) at the drop of a hat... Unda Rumleski, for Mendship, motivation, and constant reminders that 1 am not deranged ... Nina Karhu-Manning, Kim Lulashnyk, Tracy Tumbull, Susannah Bush, Elizabeth Novales, Manne Porter, and Joy Judd, for their enthusiasm, support, food and wine at al1 of our thesis group meetings.. Judy Rebick for her time, thoughts, guidance, criticism, patience, endless email conversations, and for proving to me that rnutually- respeaful dialogue across feminism's waves is not on1y possible, but worth the effort... Katherine Amup, for her patience in her capacity as thesis advisor ... My mum, dad, sister and brother (Lynne, khn, James and Heidi Leigh) for their infinite support and care-packages, and to Louis Turpin, for keeping me sane and as stress-free as possible during the writlng stage.. And a very special thanks to N. 3. Baxter-Moore, who got me "hooked on generatrons" in the first place. Accegtanca Form wlll eventually go hem... Table d Contsnts Table Of CûnWnU.........................a........m..m.m.......................m.....m............. v Introduction.............................m..................m.....m.......a....m............. ......1 Chaptar 1 "Identiîying the Gap: Feminist GenecationsW ....... .... ..... ....... ..... 22 Chaptar 3 "Bridging Feminist Generations: Putting Sut on the Table" ..................120 Woman, women, feminine, femininity, "femalinity," femaleness, to be a woman ... so many words, so many concepts that in the collective thinking of women evoke different realities. Ço many words, so many concepts that in the dixourse of the women's movement cal1 for different models to interpret the multiple facets of the individual and collective experience of women and to formulate a theory of gender relations. The plurality and multidimensionality of the contemporary dixourse of women are now recognized. However, the movement of this dixourse, the diversity of its perspectives, and its orientations are not always cleariy grasped.' Efforts to define "feminism" and attempts to determine the boundaries of what constitutes the "women's movement" in Canada have been and continue to be problematic endeavours for al1 scholarly investigations. Feminism has ben broadly defined as a doctrine that acknowledges women's systemic disadvantage in society, one that defends women's rights and advocates for women's social, political, and econornic equality with men. kminism has also been dexribed as a theoretical framework that became part of wider, often activist, women's m~vement.~That "women's rnovement" has been dexribed as the collective promotion of "the emancipation, liberation, rights and interests of women, as these are deflned by women, which has existed as a poliücal force in modern times since the early nineteenth century." While standard definitions provide useful (albeit vague) summaries for reference materials, general descriptions erroneously depkt feminism Frandne Descarries-Wnger, and Shirky Roy, transhW by byennifer man, 'The Wornen's Movernent and 1ts Currwits of Thwght: A Typobgical €Say," (Ottawa: Canadian Research Institute for the Aâvanoement of Women, May 1991) 1. Roger kniton, A Dirtbnan, d Thq&& (London: Pan Books, 1982) 171; Nicholas Aberaombk, Stephen Hill, and 8iysn S. fumer, of Sociohgy, (Markham: Penguin Books, 1988) 96. ' %niton, 495. as an immutable ideology and the women's movement as a unified body following one exclusive strategy for social change. In reality, the historical and current foundations of feminism and the womenfs movement in Canada are much more intricate and its proponents are far more diverse. "Feminisrn," as Geraldine Finn has noted, "does not speak with one voice.'* Feminists have ahays expresseâ their desire for social, political, economic and cultural change in a variety of milieus. kminist activity has taken a wide range of forms: from militant political activism, to volunteerism within small communities, to academic research and writing, to the creation of public works of art. Nancy Adamson, Linda Briskin, and Margaret McPhail acknowledged that the women's movement in Canada has always had a "diverse, cornplex, and shifting reality," and added that ferninists have never followed a unified political ideology While al1 feminisms share certain characteriçbks, signifiant differences in political sbategy, in vision, in attitudes towards men, in understanding the roots of womenfs oppression, and in setting priorities also typify the Canadian womenfs movement.6 'Woments issues" have also changed considerably over Feminists in the late 1960s and early 1970s identified, named, and analyzed women's oppression, particularly as it existed in the private lives of 'ordinary' women. The decade that followed was "a phase of expansion and consolidation," a period in ' Geraldlne Rnn, Concwbn, in Angda Miks and Ceraldine Fïnn, eds, pminism in Canada: From prosure to Poliacs, (Montréal: Bbd< Rose m,1982) 299. Nany Mamson, Uda Bilrldn, and Margaret McPhail, mist OfgmMna For Change: The (Tbmto: Oxford University Press, 1988) 9. Iso Robetta Hamilton, Gendering the Vertical MosaK: (Toronto, Copp Clark LM., 1996) Y). which the women's movement grew in size and visibility, as well as in organizational and strategic terms? Manon Tremblay noted that the 1970s marked the institutionalization of the women's movement with the establishment of state organizations like the Canadian Advisoiy Council on the Status of womenmgIn the 1980s, many of the battles fought by the mainstream women's movement concentrateâ on institutional polky and pditical change.'' The strategies adopted by the women's movement airough al1 three decades were employed in readion to the political conditions of their stniggles. However, they were also the result of constant interna1 checks and balances performed by and among women of strikingly different political persuasions. l' Feminism itself has a ltered and evolved over time as the intricacies of women's positions in uxiety have changed.12 kminism in the last decade has ken no different. By the early 1990s, the battlegrounds for feminist slruggles had altered again. In 1993, Trernblay noted that: ...over the course of the last few years, the feminist movement has devoted itself primarily to fighting to maintain what women have gained In a dimate of political consenratism, of financial austerity, and of the affirmation of a neo-consenrative right wing. In addition, the antifeminist underairrent which Is currently developing in the ' Manon Tmrnbby, %enda and Society: Mhts and Realities," in David Thomas, ed., anada and the N t Corn (kte~rough:Broadview Press, 1993) 275. Io The 1980s wlbiessed significant pditical victoires for women in Canada, Including: the inclusion of a gender equallty dause in the Canadian Constitution (adopted In 1981, in effect by 1985), changes b the Criminal Code regarding the interrogation of senial assauk victims (1983),
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