SUCESIÓN Y BALANCE DE PODER EN CANADÁ ENTRE GOBIERNOS LIBERALES Y CONSERVADORES Administraciones Y Procesos Partidistas Internos (1980-2011)

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SUCESIÓN Y BALANCE DE PODER EN CANADÁ ENTRE GOBIERNOS LIBERALES Y CONSERVADORES Administraciones Y Procesos Partidistas Internos (1980-2011) SUCESIÓN Y BALANCE DE PODER EN CANADÁ ENTRE GOBIERNOS LIBERALES Y CONSERVADORES Administraciones y procesos partidistas internos (1980-2011) COORDINACIÓN DE HUMANIDADES CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES SOBRE AMÉRICA DEL NORTE UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO SUCESIÓN Y BALANCE DE PODER EN CANADÁ ENTRE GOBIERNOS LIBERALES Y CONSERVADORES Administraciones y procesos partidistas internos (1980-2011) Oliver Santín Peña UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO Centro de Investigaciones sobre América del Norte México, 2014 Primera edición, 20 de octubre de 2014 D.R. © 2014 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO Ciudad Universitaria, deleg. Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, México, D.F. CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES SOBRE AMÉRICA DEL NORTE Torre II de Humanidades, pisos 1, 7, 9 y 10 Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F. Tels.: (55) 5623 0000 al 09 http://www.cisan.unam.mx [email protected] ISBN 978-607-02-6035-3 Diseño de portada: Patricia Pérez Ramírez Queda prohibida su reproducción total o parcial, impresa o en cualquier medio electrónico, sin el permiso por escrito del editor. Impreso en México / Printed in Mexico ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................... 11 EL SISTEMA POLÍTICO CANADIENSE .................................................................... 21 Origen y desarrollo del federalismo canadiense ....................................... 24 Primeros años de los partidos políticos en Canadá .................................. 39 Gobiernos más representativos que han conformado la identidad, valores y plataformas del Partido Conservador ................. 42 Gobiernos más representativos que han conformado la identidad, valores y plataformas del Partido Liberal .......................... 55 PROCESOS INTERNOS DEL PARTIDO LIBERAL, lIDERAZGOS Y CARACTERÍSTICAS DE SUS ADMINISTRACIONES EN EL PODER (1980-2011) .............................................................................. 75 El último periodo de Pierre-Elliot Trudeau (1980-1984) ......................... 77 La corta administración de John Turner (1984) y su liderazgo desde la oposición (1984-1990)............................................................ 81 La llegada de Jean Chrétien al frente del Partido Liberal (1990) y su larga administración como primer ministro (1993-2003) .............. 88 Ascenso y caída de Paul Martin como líder liberal y primer ministro (2003-2006) ............................................................. 105 Liderazgos desde la oposición: el inesperado liderazgo de Stéphane Dion (2006-2008) y la posibilidad de un gobierno de coalición ................... 121 Liderazgos desde la oposición: el anunciado liderazgo de Michael Ignatieff y su dramática caída (2008-2011) ....................... 144 PROCESOS PARTIDISTAS INTERNOS DEL ALA CONSERVADORA. LIDERAZGOS Y CARACTERÍSTICAS DE SUS ADMINISTRACIONES EN EL PODER (1980-2011) .............................................................................. 173 Los liderazgos del Partido Conservador Progresista ................................. 176 La gestión de Joe Clark (1980-1983)....................................................... 176 La llegada de Brian Mulroney y el triunfo conservador (1983-1993) ....... 179 La corta administración de Kim Campbell (1993) .................................. 195 8 OLIVER SANTÍN PEÑA El liderazgo de Jean Charest y su ratificación al frente del Partido Conservador Progresista (1993-1998) ............................... 202 El regreso de Joe Clark (1998-2003) ....................................................... 208 Peter MacCay, el último líder del Partido Conservador Progresista (2003) ................................................................................ 215 Los liderazgos del Partido Reformista y la Alianza Conservadora (1987-2003) ................................................ 218 El Partido Reformista y el liderazgo unipersonal de Preston Manning (1987-2000) ........................................................ 219 La Alianza Canadiense y su primer liderazgo en la persona de Stockwell Day (2000-2002) ............................................................. 232 La irrupción de Stephen Harper como líder de la Alianza Conservadora Canadiense (2002-2003) ............................. 239 El resurgimiento del Partido Conservador y sus administraciones en el poder (2003-2011) ........................................................................ 241 La unión de los partidos de derecha y el nacimiento del Partido Conservador (2003) ............................................................. 242 El primer líderazgo del renovado Partido Conservador. Stephen Harper y su labor como líder de la oposición (2004-2005) ..... 246 Los conservadores al poder. Llegada y consolidación de Stephen Harper como primer ministro (2006-2011) ....................... 258 CONCLUSIONES .............................................................................................. 283 APÉNDICE Los años recientes 2012-2013 ................................................................. 289 FUENTES ........................................................................................................ 293 CRONOLOGÍA .................................................................................................. 323 ÍNDICE ANALÍTICO ........................................................................................... 333 A mis hijos, Iker y Nora Livier. A Lupita León por sus lecturas y revisiones constantes de este trabajo. INTRODUCCIÓN Abordar los procesos que hacen posible la sucesión y el balance de poder entre liberales y conservadores en Canadá genera variables de análisis difíciles de percibir en un primer momento, sobre todo, por el carácter profundamente conservador de sus élites, las cuales han logrado, por medio de una serie de acuerdos pragmáticos, mantener y conservar el poder político, gracias, entre otras cosas, a acciones orientadas a fortalecer el carácter federal del país, evitando así un desmem bramiento político y geográfico. Lo anterior ha sucedido porque dichos grupos encumbrados en el poder económico y político han estructurado un discurso incluyente que dinamiza los va­­ lores de la democracia, haciéndolos extensivos hacia el resto de la población. Con el paso de los años, este discurso ha incrustado exitosamente el concepto de la democracia como una herramienta de uso constante en los círculos de poder del país. Esto es verificable, incluso, desde antes de la fundación oficial de Canadá en 1867, justo después de que la reina Victoria de Inglaterra ordenara, mediante un decreto real, la creación de un dominio territorial llamado Canadá, ubicado en lo que eran sus vastos territorios del lejano norte de América. Una vez establecida la existencia de Canadá como ente político en el siglo XIX, se hizo necesario adoptar nuevos mecanismos que legitimaran los añejos usos y costumbres políticos de origen británico, instalados en la cúspide social del nuevo país. Para lograrlo, resultó imprescindible llevar a cabo ejercicios democráticos que dieran legitimidad a los gobiernos canadienses que estaban por venir. Por consiguiente, los grupos oligárquicos que mayor beneficio e influencia tuvieron durante los años de dominio monárquico británico decidieron conformar dos bandos políticos que, de acuerdo con sus intereses, les permitieran acceder al ejercicio del poder mediante la legitimidad del voto de sus ciudadanos. Cabe reite- rar que estos grupos ya concentraban en buena medida amplia influencia econó- mica en los territorios en cuestión, de modo que no fue difícil ponerse de acuerdo respecto a los lineamientos a seguir. Para tal efecto, reuniones como la llevada a cabo en 1865 en Quebec dieron paso a la oficialización de un proyecto político que permitió amalgamar valores, intereses y características que todo gobierno ca - nadiense debía seguir, una vez que la Corona formalizara su permiso para el auto- gobierno. 12 OLIVER SANTÍN PEÑA Así, estos grupos de connotados ciudadanos del nuevo dominio canadiense se dividieron en dos bandos: liberales y conservadores. Los primeros adoptaron los ideales liberales de los maestros ingleses, buscando adaptar la realidad de Canadá a las teorías desarrolladas en Europa, promoviendo para tal fin valores como la li­­ bertad de prensa y de pensamiento, además del libre comercio con Estados Unidos. Este último elemento buscaba diversificar sus intereses económicos y comerciales, con el objetivo de limitar, a mediano plazo, su dependencia de Gran Bretaña. Por su parte, los conservadores buscaron privilegiar sus relaciones con la Corona inglesa, en un intento por desarrollar un nuevo sistema que fortaleciera su capaci- dad de autogobierno pero que, al mismo tiempo, hiciera posible un mayor acerca- miento por medio de sus lazos políticos y económicos con la metrópoli. Como puede identificarse, ambas plataformas sirvieron para diferenciar en sus orígenes a liberales y conservadores, quienes se afanaban en lograr su legitima- ción mediante el voto de los ciudadanos. Hecho esto, una vez acordados los valores comunes a salvaguardar, los dos partidos dominantes se han enfrascado, a través de los años, en duras batallas políticas y electorales, mismas que han fortalecido el es­­­píritu democrático entre su ciudadanía. Como muestra de ello, la alternancia de gobier- no entre ambos grupos ha sido un elemento que moldea el imaginario colectivo cana­­ diense, consolidando su idea de que el país vive en un Estado
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