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Historical Range of Variability and Current Landscape Condition Analysis: South Central Highlands Section, Southwestern Colorado & Northwestern New Mexico
Historical Range of Variability and Current Landscape Condition Analysis: South Central Highlands Section, Southwestern Colorado & Northwestern New Mexico William H. Romme, M. Lisa Floyd, David Hanna with contributions by Elisabeth J. Bartlett, Michele Crist, Dan Green, Henri D. Grissino-Mayer, J. Page Lindsey, Kevin McGarigal, & Jeffery S.Redders Produced by the Colorado Forest Restoration Institute at Colorado State University, and Region 2 of the U.S. Forest Service May 12, 2009 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY … p 5 AUTHORS’ AFFILIATIONS … p 16 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS … p 16 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Objectives and Organization of This Report … p 17 B. Overview of Physical Geography and Vegetation … p 19 C. Climate Variability in Space and Time … p 21 1. Geographic Patterns in Climate 2. Long-Term Variability in Climate D. Reference Conditions: Concept and Application … p 25 1. Historical Range of Variability (HRV) Concept 2. The Reference Period for this Analysis 3. Human Residents and Influences during the Reference Period E. Overview of Integrated Ecosystem Management … p 30 F. Literature Cited … p 34 CHAPTER II. PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS A. Vegetation Structure and Composition … p 39 B. Reference Conditions … p 40 1. Reference Period Fire Regimes 2. Other agents of disturbance 3. Pre-1870 stand structures C. Legacies of Euro-American Settlement and Current Conditions … p 67 1. Logging (“High-Grading”) in the Late 1800s and Early 1900s 2. Excessive Livestock Grazing in the Late 1800s and Early 1900s 3. Fire Exclusion Since the Late 1800s 4. Interactions: Logging, Grazing, Fire, Climate, and the Forests of Today D. Summary … p 83 E. Literature Cited … p 84 CHAPTER III. -
Common Conifers in New Mexico Landscapes
Ornamental Horticulture Common Conifers in New Mexico Landscapes Bob Cain, Extension Forest Entomologist One-Seed Juniper (Juniperus monosperma) Description: One-seed juniper grows 20-30 feet high and is multistemmed. Its leaves are scalelike with finely toothed margins. One-seed cones are 1/4-1/2 inch long berrylike structures with a reddish brown to bluish hue. The cones or “berries” mature in one year and occur only on female trees. Male trees produce Alligator Juniper (Juniperus deppeana) pollen and appear brown in the late winter and spring compared to female trees. Description: The alligator juniper can grow up to 65 feet tall, and may grow to 5 feet in diameter. It resembles the one-seed juniper with its 1/4-1/2 inch long, berrylike structures and typical juniper foliage. Its most distinguishing feature is its bark, which is divided into squares that resemble alligator skin. Other Characteristics: • Ranges throughout the semiarid regions of the southern two-thirds of New Mexico, southeastern and central Arizona, and south into Mexico. Other Characteristics: • An American Forestry Association Champion • Scattered distribution through the southern recently burned in Tonto National Forest, Arizona. Rockies (mostly Arizona and New Mexico) It was 29 feet 7 inches in circumference, 57 feet • Usually a bushy appearance tall, and had a 57-foot crown. • Likes semiarid, rocky slopes • If cut down, this juniper can sprout from the stump. Uses: Uses: • Birds use the berries of the one-seed juniper as a • Alligator juniper is valuable to wildlife, but has source of winter food, while wildlife browse its only localized commercial value. -
NUEVA LOCALIDAD PARA GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO Agrociencia, Vol
Agrociencia ISSN: 1405-3195 [email protected] Colegio de Postgraduados México Villagómez-Loza, Mario A.; Bello-González, Miguel Á.; Isarain-Chávez, Eloy Pinus strobiformis Engelmann: NUEVA LOCALIDAD PARA GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO Agrociencia, vol. 48, núm. 6, agosto-septiembre, 2014, pp. 615-625 Colegio de Postgraduados Texcoco, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=30232501004 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Pinus strobiformis Engelmann: NUEVA LOCALIDAD PARA GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO Pinus strobiformis Engelmann: A NEW LOCATION IN GUANAJUATO, MEXICO Mario A. Villagómez-Loza1*, Miguel Á. Bello-González2, Eloy Isarain-Chávez1 1Consultor e Investigador. CTO Laguna Zacoalco No. 134, Fraccionamiento Brisas del Lago. 37207. León, Guanajuato. México. ([email protected]). 2Facultad de Agrobiología Pre- sidente Juárez, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Uruapan, Michoacán, México. RESUMEN ABSTRACT Como resultado de una serie de exploraciones realizadas en As a result of a series of explorations in the municipality el municipio de San José Iturbide, Guanajuato, se localizó of San José Iturbide, Guanajuato, a population of Pinus una población de Pinus strobiformis Engelmann que fue strobiformis Engelmann was located which was identified identificada a través -
The Evolution of Cavitation Resistance in Conifers Maximilian Larter
The evolution of cavitation resistance in conifers Maximilian Larter To cite this version: Maximilian Larter. The evolution of cavitation resistance in conifers. Bioclimatology. Univer- sit´ede Bordeaux, 2016. English. <NNT : 2016BORD0103>. <tel-01375936> HAL Id: tel-01375936 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01375936 Submitted on 3 Oct 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE BORDEAUX Spécialité : Ecologie évolutive, fonctionnelle et des communautés Ecole doctorale: Sciences et Environnements Evolution de la résistance à la cavitation chez les conifères The evolution of cavitation resistance in conifers Maximilian LARTER Directeur : Sylvain DELZON (DR INRA) Co-Directeur : Jean-Christophe DOMEC (Professeur, BSA) Soutenue le 22/07/2016 Devant le jury composé de : Rapporteurs : Mme Amy ZANNE, Prof., George Washington University Mr Jordi MARTINEZ VILALTA, Prof., Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Examinateurs : Mme Lisa WINGATE, CR INRA, UMR ISPA, Bordeaux Mr Jérôme CHAVE, DR CNRS, UMR EDB, Toulouse i ii Abstract Title: The evolution of cavitation resistance in conifers Abstract Forests worldwide are at increased risk of widespread mortality due to intense drought under current and future climate change. -
Sustaining High Elevation Five-Needle Pines in the Southwestern United States: a Practical Management Perspective
Sustaining High Elevation Five-Needle Pines in the Southwestern United States: A Practical Management Perspective Tara Steadman A PROFESSIONAL PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF FORESTRY Northern Arizona University May 2018 Approved: Kristen Waring, Ph.D., Major Advisor Thomas Kolb, Ph.D. Arthur Haines, Certified Silviculturist 1 Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................................3 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................4 Silvics and Associated Cover Types .....................................................................................................6 Southwestern white pine ................................................................................................................6 Limber pine ....................................................................................................................................8 Rocky Mountain bristlecone ............................................................................................................9 Great Basin bristlecone ................................................................................................................. 10 Fire Ecology and Regeneration ................................................................................................... 11 Primary Threats .............................................................................................................................. -
Ecology of Old-Growth Forests in Chihuahua, México
THE TREASURE OF THE SIERRA MADRE: ECOLOGY OF OLD-GROWTH FORESTS IN CHIHUAHUA, MÉXICO By Citlali Cortés-Montaño A dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Forest Science Northern Arizona University December 2011 Approved: Peter Z. Fulé, Ph.D., Chair Ernesto Alvarado-Celestino, Ph.D. Tina J. Ayers, Ph.D. Margaret M. Moore, Ph.D. José Villanueva-Díaz, Ph.D. Abstract THE TREASURE OF THE SIERRA MADRE: ECOLOGY OF OLD-GROWTH FORESTS IN CHIHUAHUA, MÉXICO By Citlali Cortés-Montaño Old-growth forests are valuable but declining worldwide. México still holds large areas covered by temperate forests in the mountains of the Sierra Madre Occidental, but few of these retain old-growth characteristics. These forests provide habitat for Thick- billed Parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha: Psittacidae; “guacamaya”), a CITES-listed endangered species. We studied four old-growth remnants in Mesa de las Guacamayas, a site in the Sierra Madre Occidental in Chihuahua, México, to assess the composition, structure, and age characteristics of the overstory, relating it to fire histories and continental and regional climatic data. We linked our findings to the habitat needs of Thick-billed Parrots reported by the literature, and we studied the β-diversity of the understory plant communities at these sites and related them to the composition, cover, density and fire regimes of the overstory. We found that frequent disturbance by surface fires appears to have contributed to maintaining open, diverse, and productive forests for at least 250 years. While climate was a historical driver of the fire regimes in this mountain range, humans appear to have played a role in the fire regime interruptions of the second half of the 20th century. -
Linking Old-Growth Forest Composition, Structure, Fire History, Climate and Land-Use in the Mountains of Northern MéXico
SPECIAL FEATURE: SUSTAINABILITY ON THE U.S./MEXICO BORDER Linking old-growth forest composition, structure, fire history, climate and land-use in the mountains of northern Me´xico 1,4, 1 2 CITLALI CORTE´ S MONTAN˜ O, PETER Z. FULE´ , DONALD A. FALK, 3 1 JOSE´ VILLANUEVA-DI´AZ, AND LARISSA L. YOCOM 1School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 15017, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011 USA 2School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 325 Biological Sciences East, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA 3Centro Nacional de Investigacio´n Disciplinaria en Relacio´n Agua, Suelo, Planta, Atmo´sfera-Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrı´colas y Pecuarias, Km 6.5 Margen Derecha Canal de Sacramento, Go´mez Palacio, Durango, CP 35140 Me´xico Citation: Corte´s Montan˜o, C., P. Z. Fule´, D. A. Falk, J. Villanueva-Dı´az, and L. L. Yocom. 2012. Linking old-growth forest composition, structure, fire history, climate and land-use in the mountains of northern Me´xico. Ecosphere 3(11):106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00161.1 Abstract. Old-growth forests are biologically and ecologically valuable systems that are disappearing worldwide at a rapid rate. Me´xico still holds large areas covered by temperate forests in the mountains of the Sierra Madre Occidental, but few of these retain old-growth characteristics. We studied four sites with remnant old-growth forests in Mesa de las Guacamayas, a site in the Sierra Madre Occidental in northwestern Chihuahua, to assess their composition, structure, and age characteristics. Overstory tree densities and basal areas at each site were based on measurements of all trees .1.3 m tall. -
Pines of Arizona
Pines of Arizona AZ1584 COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND LIFE SCIENCES COOPERATIVE EXTENSION Illustration front cover: Common Name: Ponderosa pine Scientific Name: Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Pines of Arizona Christopher Jones Associate Agent, Agriculture and Natural Resources Jack Kelly Former Associate Agent, Pima County Cooperative Extension Illustrations by Lois Monarrez June 2013 This information has been reviewed by university faculty. cals.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/az1584 Other titles from Arizona Cooperative Extension can be found at: cals.arizona.edu COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND LIFE SCIENCES COOPERATIVE EXTENSION 4 The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Pines of Arizona The pine (Pinus species) is an important group of trees within winter temperature, frost, maximum summer temperature, the “conifers” designation. There are many different species, precipitation, humidity and the sun’s intensity are all important. each having its own physical characteristics and cultural The primary factor influencing frost hardiness is usually the requirements. Identifying features of different species include expected minimum winter temperature influenced by elevation. cone size and shape, and the number of long, slender needles Sites at elevations bordering the climate zones will often have in each bundle. Various pine species are very well suited to temperatures that grade into each zone. Species that overlap these environments from the low deserts to the mountains. They are zones will be best adapted. The climate zones are: tolerant of many types of soils and temperature ranges, and are Zone 1A: Coldest mountain and intermountain areas of the relatively pest free. contiguous states; i.e., Greer (-25º to 40º F). A pine tree is a classic form for many home landscapes. -
Southwestern White Pine (Pinus Strobiformis) Species Distribution Models T Project a Large Range Shift and Contraction Due to Regional Climatic Changes ⁎ Andrew J
Forest Ecology and Management 411 (2018) 176–186 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forest Ecology and Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis) species distribution models T project a large range shift and contraction due to regional climatic changes ⁎ Andrew J. Shirka, , Samuel A. Cushmanb, Kristen M. Waringc, Christian A. Wehenkeld, Alejandro Leal-Sáenzd, Chris Toneye, Carlos A. Lopez-Sanchezd a Climate Impacts Group, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Box 355674, Seattle, WA 98195-5762, USA b USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2500 S. Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA c School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 15018, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA d Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Durango, Mexico e USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 507 25TH St., Ogden, UT 84401 USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis; SWWP) is a conifer species that occurs at mid to high elevations in Climate change the mountains of Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. A key component of mixed conifer forests in the Multi-scale region, SWWP is an important species for wildlife and biodiversity. The dual threats of the non-native fungal Pinus strobiformis pathogen that causes white pine blister rust (WPBR) and a warmer, drier projected future climate have created Range shift an uncertain future for SWWP. In this study, we used a novel multi-scale optimization approach including an Southwestern white pine ensemble of four species distribution modeling methods to explore the relationship between SWWP occurrence Species distribution model and environmental variables based on climate, soil, and topography. -
Pinus Strobiformis Engelmann: NUEVA LOCALIDAD PARA GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO
Pinus strobiformis Engelmann: NUEVA LOCALIDAD PARA GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO Pinus strobiformis Engelmann: A NEW LOCATION IN GUANAJUATO, MEXICO Mario A. Villagómez-Loza1*, Miguel Á. Bello-González2, Eloy Isarain-Chávez1 1Consultor e Investigador. CTO Laguna Zacoalco No. 134, Fraccionamiento Brisas del Lago. 37207. León, Guanajuato. México. ([email protected]). 2Facultad de Agrobiología Pre- sidente Juárez, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Uruapan, Michoacán, México. RESUMEN ABSTRACT Como resultado de una serie de exploraciones realizadas en As a result of a series of explorations in the municipality el municipio de San José Iturbide, Guanajuato, se localizó of San José Iturbide, Guanajuato, a population of Pinus una población de Pinus strobiformis Engelmann que fue strobiformis Engelmann was located which was identified identificada a través de claves, descripción y cotejado con through keys, description and checked against herbarium material de herbario. Actualmente la especie se reporta en material. At present, the species is reported in the Mexican la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 Official Standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 (Official (Diario Oficial, 2010), dentro de la Categoría de Riesgo Pr Journal, 2010), within the Category of Risk Pr referring que refiere a las especies que podrían llegar a encontrarse to species that could potentially be threatened by factors amenazadas por factores que inciden negativamente en su that adversely affect their viability. Thus, to incorporate viabilidad. Así, para incorporar a P. strobiformis al acervo P. strobiformis into the repository of biodiversity of de la biodiversidad del estado de Guanajuato se respalda su Guanajuato state identification and location is supported, identificación y ubicación, el cual al actualizarse evidencia which when updated evidence the southernmost la distribución más austral de los registros antes conocidos. -
The Foliage and Cone of Pinus Strobiformis Subsp. Strobiformis Taken Near El Salto, Durango
photograph © Jeff Bisbee The foliage and cone of Pinus strobiformis subsp. strobiformis taken near El Salto, Durango. This species is one of a group of white pines that grow at high altitudes in Mexico and south western United States, described on pages 64 to 72. The high altitude white pines of Mexico and the adjacent SW USA (Pinus L. subgenus Strobus Lemmon, Pinaceae) MICHAEL FRANKIS Abstract: The newly described white pine from northeast Mexico Pinus stylesii Frankis ex Businský is compared with other related pines, including P. flexilis James, P. reflexa (Engelm.) Engelm., P. strobiformis Engelm., P. veitchii Roezl, and P. ayacahuite Ehrenberg ex Sclechtendal. The new combination Pinus strobiformis subsp. veitchii (Roezl) Frankis is made, transferring this taxon from P. ayacahuite under which it has traditionally been treated as P. ayacahuite var. veitchii (Roezl) Shaw. The white pines in Pinus L. subgenus Strobus Lemmon in Mexico and the south-western United States have been discussed on a number of occasions with differing and often somewhat confused interpretations (Shaw, 1909; Martínez, 1945, 1948; Loock, 1950, 1977; Andresen & Steinhoff, 1971; Steinhoff & Andresen, 1971; Rushforth, 1987; Perry, 1991; Carvajal & McVaugh 1992; 64 Kral, 1993; Farjon & Styles, 1997). Farjon & Styles (1997: 215) pointed out that white pine cone morphology on Cerro Potosí and surrounding mountains in north-eastern Mexico was unusual, and concluded that further research was required in this area. A range of specimens has been examined from this area and surrounding areas in the USA and Mexico. Six taxa were identifiable over the larger area, and are treated here as five species and one subspecies, all substantially allopatric and all readily discernible on cone morphology. -
Genetics of Five-Needle Pines, Rusts of Forest Trees, and Strobusphere; 2014 June 15–20; Fort Collins, CO
ECOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE Ecology and Genetics of Pinus strobiformis C. Wehenkel1, *, C.Z. Quiñones-Pérez2, J.C. Hernández-Díaz1, and C.A. López-Sánchez1 1 Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera and Programa de Doctorado Institucional en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Durango, México 2 Instituto Tecnológico del Valle del Guadiana, Villa Montemorelos, Durango, México * [email protected] Abstract—Extending from the Canadian province of Alberta to the Transverse Volcanic Plateau of Mexico, Pinus strobiformis is part of a species complex with two geographically adjacent, but nonsympatric, spe- cies, namely P. flexilis and P. ayacahuite. Pinus strobiformis is classified as being of least concern and at lower risk according to the guidelines of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List (IUCN 2014). In Mexico, this frequent tree species is protected and included in Mexican Regulation NOM-059-2010. Pinus strobiformis appears to have broad environmental tolerances and fire resistance when mature. It is often found in mixed-conifer forests that are valuable summer habitat for big and small game animals, rodents, and game and nongame birds. At the large scale, analyses of spatial genetic structure of P. strobiformis indicated a very weak spatial distance–genetic distance rela- tionship, probably resulting from a strong seed interchange, likely by birds, particularly the Mexican jay (Aphelocoma wollweberi), and from a continuous and broad geographic distribution of this tree species. The highest genetic diversity was found in the southern populations, indicating the recent colonization of the populations at the northern distributional limit.