TRILATERAL COOPERATION ARRANGEMENT AS THE INDONESIAN DEFENSE STRATEGY TO COUNTER ASYMMETRIC THREATS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Luh Putu Ika Primayanti1, Dr. Tri Legionosuko2, Dr. Surryanto Djoko Waluyo3

Asymmetric Warfare Study Program, Faculty Of Defense Strategy, Indonesia Defense University ([email protected])

Abstract – The development of the strategic environment has an impact on the rapid development of asymmetrical threats. The Southeast Asian region is one that faces this threat. Indonesia, as one of the countries in the Southeast Asian Region, has conducted a Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement to prevent the asymmetrical threat, especially in the . This study aims to analyze the Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement strategy as Indonesia's defense strategy in overcoming asymmetrical threats in the Southeast Asian Region. The research method used is a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach. This study uses the theory of defense science, the concept of strategy, counter terrorism, asymmetric warfare, defense cooperation, cooperative security, and deterrence theory. The results of this study can be divided into three namely, first, the asymmetrical threat that occurs in Southeast Asia, especially the Sulu Sea continues to grow and specifically divided into terrorism; transnational crime namely armed and kidnapping for ransom; and illegal migration. Second, in its implementation, the Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement (TCA) in the Sulu Sea consists of Coordinated Sea Patrol, Air Patrol, Information and Intelligent Sharing and Land Exercise. The four patrols are strategic cooperation which constitutes a unity so that they cannot be separated in parts or functions. However, in its implementation, there are opportunities and challenges that need to be a concern of both policy makers or operational parties. Third, the Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement is a strategy that can overcome the asymmetrical threats that have occurred in Southeast Asia, especially in the Sulu Sea since 2016- 2018, but in 2019 the asymmetrical threats in the Sulu Sea have increased. The strategy used is to use defense cooperation as well as using soft power and hard power which provide deterrence effects for asymmetric threat actors. In addition, it strengthens the collaboration of Ministries and Institutions as policy makers, as well as the military army and local governments as operational implementers and supporting rules such as operational procedure rules. Keywords: Asymmetric threats, strategy, Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement (TCA)

1 Asymmetric Warfare Studies, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Indonesia Defense University 2 Defense Diplomacy Studies, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Indonesia Defense University 3 Defense Diplomacy Studies, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Indonesia Defense University

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Introduction complexity of threats is classified into ollowing the Law of the Republic multidimensional patterns and types of of Indonesia Number 3 of 2002 threats in the form of military, non- F concerning National Defense4, military and hybrid threats7. Furtermore, the existence of a National defense according to the Minister of Defense of system has been formulated and the Republic of Indonesia, Prabowo regulated in order to be able to Subianto, he stated that threats could be accommodate the objectives that are to divided into actual and potential threats. be achieved in the national interest. The actual threats are terrorism, National interests based on the 2015 separatism, violations in border areas Indonesian Defense White Paper5, are and outermost islands, natural disasters, defined as anything related to the various illegal activities, horizontal objectives of the State. Hence, conflicts, cyber crime, and energy protecting the entire nation of Indonesia scarcity. While potential threats are and each of its blood spill, promoting threats that occur, and the time must public welfare, developing the nation's be predicted. life, and carrying out world order based The current globalization can be a on independence, eternal peace and challenge because the forms of threats social justice, are amongst the objectives undergo some changes in dimensions of this nation6. involving methods, technology, morals, However, the dynamic organization and time which are called development of the environment and asymmetrical threats. In the asymmetric strategic context always brings changes threat pattern, there are five real to the spectrum of threats that are dimensions that are targeted for complex and have implications for asymmetric attacks, namely economic, national defense. According to the social, cultural, political, and ideological National Defense White Paper, the aspects. According to Marshal Hadi

4 Indonesian Law Number 3 (2002) about 6 Preamble of Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, 4th Defense paragraph. 5 Kementerian Pertahanan Indonesia, Buku 7 Kementerian Pertahanan Indonesia, Buku Putih Pertahanan Indonesia, (Jakarta: Putih Pertahanan Indonesia. Op.cit, p.1 Kementerian Pertahanan Indonesia, 2015), p. iv.

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Tjahjanto (2018), the development of a warfare occurrs, which attracts attention strategic environment in society both not only to countries with direct borders, nationally and globally can affect but also countries within one region as asymmetrical threats because of the well as international parties. The existence of a new world order in the bordering countries are Indonesia, form of uni-multipolar, namely the threat and the . While of terrorism, cyber threat and countries in the Southeast Asia Region vulnerability at sea that Indonesia needs that are in one region need to maintain to overcome8. regional security, as well as international Based on the location of the parties feel the need to create global occurrence, asymmetrical warfare can security and stability, especially from occur on land, sea, air and via asymmetrical threats. The map of the cyberspace.9 Based on its scope, further Sulu Sea can be seen in Figure 1. asymmetrical warfare is divided into a global, regional and national scales. Asymmetric warfare on a global scale covers terrorism, sea-rovers and pirates, rebel terror and the existence of a state that violates the norms of the Figure 1. Map of the Sulu Sea international community. Regional level Source: Google Maps, 2019 covers territorial disputes, international Maritime asymmetrical threats that migration, international criminal occur can be in the form of, especially for organizations, and can be triggered by the Sulu Sea is Terrorism; transnational transnational business groups. crimes such as armed pirates and Meanwhile, foreign penetration and kidnappings by asking for ransom; and national vulnerability are on a national illegal migration which can cause scale. The Sulu Sea is one of the insecurity in the maritime territorial of locations where the asymmetrical

8 Ramadhan, “Perang Asimetris, Ancaman diwaspadai-panglima-tni, 26 January 2018, on Keamanan Negara yang Wajib Diwaspadai 3 July 2019. Menurut Panglima TNI”, retrieved from 9 Rod Thornton, Asymmetric Warfare, https://www.asumsi.co/post/perang- (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007), p.12 asimetris-ancaman-keamanannegara-yang-

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Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines10. Counter-Terrorism in Manila in If we look from its territory, the Sulu Sea September 201712. On the other hand, is one of the most important trade routes related to transnational crime, there is in the world. Cargo ships with a turnover the ASEAN Plan of Action in Combating of around 40 billion dollars pass through Transnational Crime (2016-2025) and the the region each year, with around 700- ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on 800 million US dollars of coal exports Transnational Crime (AMMTC)13. from Indonesia to the Philippines. This In addition to regional and has become the reason for the international cooperation, one of the development of asymmetrical threats in collaborations undertaken is the the Sulu Sea 11. Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement, As an effort to overcome the agreed by three countries, which are asymmetrical threat in the form of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, transnational crime and terrorism, the bearing in mind the importance of the countries in Southeast Asia through Sulu Sea security area for the three ASEAN have therefore made a support countries in particular and the Southeast agreement. ASEAN member states hold Asia Region in general. The three-state fast to the ASEAN Security Community cooperation agreement formed due to (ASC). Related to combating terrorism, the increased security challenges arising there is the ASEAN Convention on from piracy against ships (arm robbery), Counter-Terrorism (ACCT) in January kidnapping, transnational crime, and 2007 in , Philippines and the ASEAN terrorism in maritime areas, namely the Comprehensive Plan of Action on Sulu Sea.14 This Trilateral Cooperation

10 Sulistyaningtyas, Sinergitas Paradigma Lintas convention-on-counter-terrorism, on 29 Sektor di Bidang Keamanan dan Keselamatan October 2018. Laut, (Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 13 AMMTC. “ASEAN Plan of Action in Combating 2015), p.32. Transnational Crime (2016-2015)”, retrieved 11 Nyshka Chandran, “Forget Trump and China, from is a Fresh Threat to Asia https://asean.org/storage/2012/05/ASEAN- Trade” retrieved from Plan-of-Action-in-Combating-TC_Adopted-by- https://www.cnbc.com/2016/11/22/forget- 11th-AMMTC-on-20Sept17.pdf, on 30 October trump-china-sulu-sea-piracy-is-threat-to-asia- 2018 trade.html, 22 November 2016, on 30 14 Kementerian Pertahanan, Framework November 2019. Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement, (Jakarta: 12 ASEAN. “Asean Convention on Counter Kementerian Pertahanan Indonesia, 2016), p.1 Terrorism”, retrieved from https://asean.org/?static_post=asean-

82 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2020, Volume 10 Number 1 was initially motivated by the mutual suboptimal implementation of this desire of the three countries to discuss strategy, which had an impact on the and take strategic steps in overcoming increasing incidents that occurred in the asymmetrical threats, especially robbery Sulu Sea in 2019. These obstacles and and hostage taking by the radical Abu challenges were that the countries Sayyaf group. participating in this collaboration did not The Trilateral Cooperation open their sovereignty in implementing Arrangement provided a reduction in the the operations against asymmetrical incidence of the Sulu Sea from 2017 to threats that occur, communication lines 2018 specifically piracy and kidnapping that are still problematic so as to inhibit for ransom. Nonetheless, in 2019, action, limited defense equipment used according to the Sulu Laut statistical in operations, and the non-existent of report from the Indonesian Army some standard operation procedures Headquarter, up to October 2019 there (SOP) with reasoning that this was an increase in piracy and kidnapping agreement is relatively new. crimes for ransom compared to the Furthermore, as explained earlier, previous year. The following is a figure of researchers specifically discussed the incidents statistic that occurred in asymmetrical threats which are the Sulu Sea 2015-2019. terrorism, transnational crimes namely armed robberies and kidnappings, which demand ransom and illegal migration. Those are asymmetrical threats that often occurs in Southeast Asia and the Sulu Sea in particular. Armed piracy and kidnappings by ransom are methods Figure 2. Data on incidents statistic at the used for terrorism to obtain funding for Sulu Sea their actions. While illegal migration by Source: Indonesian Army HQ, 2019 becoming refugees or foreign workers is However, in its implementation, one way to expand foreign terrorist the Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement fighters in the Southeast Asian Region. experienced several obstacles and Based on this introduction, this challenges which were the causes of the research will discuss trilateral

Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement as The ... | Primayanti, Legionosuko, Waluyo | 83 cooperation arrangement as the research is research conducted to indonesian defense strategy to counter comprehend the meaning of individuals asymmetrical threats in Southeast Asia. or groups involved in a social problem Based on the introduction of the above that is being researched. In qualitative research, thus, there is a formulation in research, the data collected is in the form how the problem raised, what are the of words, images, so that it does not Indonesian defense strategies in emphasize numbers. Researchers seek overcoming the asymmetrical threats in information about the phenomenon that Southeast Asia. The research problems exist and study the results of work on the can be formulated in three research same problem or situation15. questions as follows: This research is also explained How is the development of through a case study approach. The case asymmetrical threats in the Southeast study approach is a research design Asian Region? found in many fields, especially a. How is the implementation of the evaluation, where the researcher Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement develops an in-depth analysis of a certain (TCA) in the Sulu Sea? case, or program, event, activity, b. What is Indonesia's defense strategy process, or one individual, or more. Cases in tackling the asymmetrical threat in are limited by time and activity, and the Southeast Asian Region through researchers gather complete the Trilateral Cooperation information using various data collection Arrangement (TCA)? procedures based on a predetermined period16. This research uses a case study Research Method of an asymmetrical threat in the Sulu Sea This research on the Trilateral that affects the security stability of the Cooperation Arrangement as Indonesia's Southeast Asian Region in 2015-2019. defense strategy in overcoming This study uses theories and asymmetrical threats in Southeast Asia concepts to discuss problems in uses qualitative method. Qualitative problems’ formulation. The theories

15 Lexy Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian 16 Ibid. p. 16 Kualitatif. (Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2011), p.29

84 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2020, Volume 10 Number 1 used are defense theory, deterrence development of terrorist organizations theory and strategy theory. While the in other regions in Southeast Asia is more concept used is the concept of counter to the actions of weapons attacks and terrorism, the concept of asymmetrical guerrilla rebellions. There is an ISIS warfare, the concept of defense movement that is making propaganda cooperation, and the concept of on Muslim groups in the Southeast Asian cooperative security. region, especially Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines. Additionaly, Results and Discussion of Asymmetrical the inseparable phenomenon is the Threat Development in the Southeast Foreign Terrorist Fighter, which is Asian Region currently developing and using the latest The asymmetrical threat is growing information and communication rapidly in the Southeast Asian Region technology in delivering their terror and is a threat that will disrupt the messages aimed at causing fretfulness stability of the Region and hinder the and fear to the public. achievement of the objectives or Second, transnational crime in interests of ASEAN member states. The Southeast Asia consists of human coming asymmetrical threat can be in a trafficking, sea-rover, piracy, weapons form of military or non-military threats. , terrorism and cyber crime Some asymmetrical threats that occur in which are asymmetrical threats and have Southeast Asia and become the object of the potential to disrupt regional security. research are terrorism, transnational Especially in Southeast Asia, armed crime, and illegal migration. The piracy and kidnappings by asking for utilization of advance information ransom are two threats that have technology as a tool of propaganda plays potential to support terrorism. Although a significant role as a method for it has experienced a decline, countries in occurring asymmetrical warfare. To that the Southeast Asia Region continue to end, researcher will further elaborate the anticipate terminating the spread of the asymmetrical threats that occur. asymmetrical threats. First, terrorism is one of the Illegal migration is human asymmetrical threats that occur in the movement that occurs outside the Southeast Asian Region. The norms of the sending, transit and

Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement as The ... | Primayanti, Legionosuko, Waluyo | 85 recipient countries. The incident Marawi, the Trilateral Cooperation occurred in the Sulu Sea, especially on Arrangement cooperation began to be the border of Indonesia and the used as well to overcome the threat of Philippines. this is evidenced by the terrorism, especially foreign terrorist thousands of undocumented citizens in fighter. both countries. An interesting The Trilateral Cooperation characteristic of population status is that Arrangement consists of Coordinated there are residents who have dual Sea Patrol, Air Patrol, Information and citizenship. They can vote in two Intelligence Sharing and Land Exercise. countries, at the time of the general a. Coordinated Sea Patrol election, this group is said to have the b. Air Patrol potential to have a spirit of divided c. Information and Intellijent Sharing nationalism. d. Land Exercise

Implementation of the Trilateral Indonesia's Defense Strategy in Cooperation Arrangement in the Sulu Overcoming Asymmetrical Threats Sea Through Trilateral Cooperation The asymmetrical threat that occurred in Arrangement the Sulu Sea resulted three countries, Indonesia's defense strategy in namely Indonesia, Malaysia, and the overcoming asymmetrical threats Philippines, to formulate a cooperation through the Trilateral Cooperation of those three states called the Trilateral Arrangement is carried out with Cooperation Arrangement. The Sulu Sea diplomacy and softpower among partner is an important sea for the three countries, but towards the actors are countries because it is related to the coal used both softpower and hardpower. export-import routes of the three Conducting operations that are part of countries. But the development of the this collaboration is a strategy currently strategic environment that occurred in used to ward off asymmetrical threats in 2017 where the situation in the the Southeast Asian Region. This Philippines began to flare up with the collaboration has a deterrence effect for emergence of war between the terrorists, transnational crime, and illegal government and the radical groups in migration.

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Theoretically, strategy can be Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, understood as an art or a plan carried out which has succeeded in reducing the to achieve a goal.17 This is in line with number of asymmetrical threats in the Indonesia making a defense strategy Southeast Asian Region, especially the used to achieve national defense Sulu Sea. Since 2016, crimes such as objectives in accordance with the Law of bombings, kidnappings by asking for the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of ransom, piracy and shootings. This can 2002 concerning National Defense and be seen in the Figure 3. the objectives of the Indonesian state Although there has been a listed in the Preamble to the 1945 significant decrease in transnational Constitution. crime in the Sulu Sea, in 2017, the Marawi Trilateral Cooperation battle have raised concerns on the Arrangement (TCA) defense cooperation influence of radicalization and the threat is one of the strategies implemented by of ISIS expansion through foreign

Figure 3. Data on Incidents Statistics in the Sulu Sea and the Sulawesi Sea Source: Indonesian Army HQ, 2019

17 Houghton Mifflin Company, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000), p.29

Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement as The ... | Primayanti, Legionosuko, Waluyo | 87 terrorist fighter. This expansion can be during wartime but also during done by becoming a refugee. However, peacetime and post-war.19 Therefore, there are around 7894 refugees who do the Indonesian government encourages not own citizenship documents and conducting air patrols and joint land become illegal immigrants. It is these exercises with member states. This people without documents who are action is the development of marine feared that they will become an patrols and intelligence in the Trilateral asymmetrical threat because they can Cooperation Arrangement (TCA) easily be ideologically influenced to cooperation and improving facilities and become terrorists.18 The following is data infrastructure in border areas. from Undocumented Citizens. In discussing Indonesia's defense Table 1. Undocumented Citizens 2019 strategy in pre the asymmetrical threat in No. Confirmed Citizenship Count the Southeast Asian Region through the 1. Indonesian 2.619 2. Filipino 2.655 Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement 3. Dual 422 (TCA), the researcher will implement the 4. Not 1.006 Sure/Undetermined concept of strategy concept developed 5. For INS Confirmation 99 by Lykke in which state that strategy is a 6. Not Appearance/Non- 1.944 Completion process that involves identifying ends, Total 8.745 Source: Indonesian Army HQ, 2019 means and ways specifically designed to achieve an objective. Systematically the Based on the facts above, the formula is defined as "Strategy = Ends + development of the strategic Ways + Means"20. Ends are the expected environment is in line with the threats. objective of the strategy, ways are The Indonesian government is preparing actions required to achieve the strategy, the management of human resources and means are resources may be and all potential to defend not only deployed to achieve the main objective.

18 Kementerian Pertahanan Indonesia, Laporan 19 Makmur Supriyatno, Tentang Ilmu Traffic of Undocumented Citizens di Wilayah Pertahanan. (Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Perbatasan Indonesia-Filipina, (Jakarta: Indonesia, 2014), p.68. Kementerian Pertahanan Indonesia, 2019), p. 20 Arthur Lykke, Military Strategy: Theory and 29 Application, (Pennsylvania: U.S. Army War College, 2010), p. 13.

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Ends Means Is the objective to be achieved through The resources may be deployed to the strategy. Referring to the point of achieve the objectives of the view of Indonesia, the aforementioned implemented strategy. Resources objective is divided into the national deployed in the Trilateral Cooperation objectives and national defense Arrangement are Ministries and agencies objectives. Indonesia's Objective is to as policymakers, as well as the protect the whole people of Indonesia Indonesian Army (TNI) and local and the entire homeland of Indonesia governments as operational and to advance general prosperity, to implementers. Moreover, it is also develop the nation's intellectual life, and required proper defense equipment to to contribute to the implementation of a provide a deterrence effect for world order based on freedom, lasting asymmetric war actors. Military and non- peace and social justice.21 Furthermore, military strength are the required Indonesia's defense objective within the resources. The Indonesian Army (TNI) is Article 4 of Law Number 3 of 2002 is to not only the main panty in charge, it is preserve and protect the sovereignty of also needed to empower the supporting the country, the integrity of the Unitary parties. Republic of Indonesia and the safety of In this part, the Ministries and all nations from all threats22. One non- agencies make the policies and military threat is asymmetrical. supporting regulations in the Trilateral Furthermore, the main purpose of Cooperation Arrangement cooperation, this research is to analyze the Trilateral as they are newly formed cooperation so Cooperation Arrangement cooperation that there are still many supporting rules to face the increasing security challenges such as operational procedure rules that arising from robberies of the ships, need to be made. While the Indonesian kidnapping, transnational crime, and Army (TNI) and local government as terrorism in the Sulu Sea maritime zone operational implementers conduct

21 Preamble of Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 4th 22 Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 3 paragraph. Tahun 2002 tentang Pertahanan Negara

Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement as The ... | Primayanti, Legionosuko, Waluyo | 89 training to be able to adjust to the protocols or communication and development of threats that occur. coordination centers, as in international Operational support tools and law, will require multilateral support, the inscriptions are the resources needed to sustainable focus of national, achieve the strategic objectives. operational capabilities and legal mechanisms concerning the banning and Ways prosecution action. These are being Ways are the required action to achieve pursued by the Indonesian government the strategy. The actions taken are to to support the implementation of the carry out effectively and efficiently all of Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement23. its operations, such as coordinated sea Following the Law of the Republic patrol, air patrol, information and of Indonesia Number 3 of 2002 in article intelligence sharing, and joint land 3 in the nature, basic, objectives, and exercises. Furthermore, strengthening functions of the national defense. The facilities and infrastructures in the objectives include preserving and border zone. The Manado regional protecting the sovereignty of the government has increased the efforts to country, maintaining the integrity of the strengthen immigration to decrease the Unitary Republic of Indonesia, and illegal immigrants and refugees’ maintaining the safety of all Indonesians. numbers that migrate to Indonesia There are two strategic objectives to be illegally who are allegedly related to the achieved as follows: foreign terrorist fighter. First, Realizing the national Then, member countries defense that leads to world peace cooperating with communication through active free politics. Following protocol may create networks of the Indonesian foreign policy principle countries that coordinate in real-time “independent and active” in which and work across legal and jurisdictional independence is described as lines to ensure collective action against determining its path, free from other maritime threats. The development of party influence while being active is

23 Brian Wilson, “Responding to Asymmetric Threat in the Maritime Domain: Diplomacy, Law, and Naval Operations”. Maritime Affair. Vol.5, No.2, 2009, p. 68

90 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2020, Volume 10 Number 1 described as leading action to world political agreements aimed at the peace and being solid with all nations. advancement of countries in the world National sovereignty and integrity are and protecting world peace. the essences of national defense. Many Through the implementation of aspects support and influence the foreign policy principles “independent realization of an optimal national and active”, countries in the world may defense that drives the country's growth share the ideas concerning the in a positive direction. National defense appropriate strategies to be is essentially the basis of world peace implemented to prevent problems that achievement generated from solid may impair the international sovereignty cooperation and harmony among and apply corporative action to seek countries in the world, such as effective solutions in resolving existing developed, developing, or least conflicts. independent and active policy developed country. As the basis of world principle not only gives more rights to peace, national defense is the initial every nation in the world to develop and fortress for the great nation which participate in the international domain determines as a nation that respects and but also the mass media to play an active protects every individual in it as part of role in exposing the actual issues22. its citizens. Through several international National defense is realized by conferences such as the UN meeting, the optimizing the role of national defense APEC and IMF conferences, the agencies such as the Indonesian Army realization of world peace is a balance in (TNI) and Polri, and in the context of the various fields and environmental aspects Unitary Republic of Indonesia is a nation of all citizens in the world. that embraces pluralism and is capable of Second, to create a strong, democracy and creating a proper independent and competitive defense political climate. The Alignment among industry. Another objective to achieve these factors will create social and the national defense policy principle is to economic welfare for the nation and create a strong, independent and state. Furthermore, the nations of the competitive defense industry. Through world on a larger scale are cooperating in the national defense policy in 2015-2019, various sectors including creating it is described that a strong, independent

Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement as The ... | Primayanti, Legionosuko, Waluyo | 91 and competitive defense industry is forces and PT. Pindad as the national required to be carried out by fostering defense industry known as defense the potential of technology and the equipment and military products defense industry, implementing local manufacturers for a good quality and offset content, selling the defense product.24 industry products, international Then, through Indonesia's cooperation, promoting the defense readiness for national defense, it may be industry and technology development stated that Indonesia as a developing program and the defense industry. country and one of the rich countries It is undeniable, countries in the have been able to be independent and world continuously try to strengthen have high competitiveness in the military their defense through adequate human sphere. certainly, the existence of resources and defense equipment. The national military producers such as PT strong defense industry is a combination Pindad, a military unit that is trained and of national defense availability such as has international achievements is a great the police, army, or state intelligence asset for Indonesia to realize the national services as well as defense equipment defense objectives and play a role to such as weapons, ships, and advanced realize and protect world peace. combat aircraft. It is important to As changing the pattern of underline that the basis of defense is to terrorism activities, the strategy in prevent threats and harassment to the combating terrorism must also be country affected by terrorism and crime. adjusted to be more effective and The state that has a strong defense efficient. The strategy is required to be industry is the state that is capable to flexible so that it may promptly adapt to develop the resources either weapons or changes in the strategy applied by another defense equipment. Indonesia terrorist groups. Terrorism prevention as one of the respected countries that strategies are the use of all potential are known as a country that has national forces that exist to reduce the professional and strong national defense existence and power of terrorist groups

24 Pindad, “Kontribusi Berkelanjutan untuk https://www.pindad.com/downloads/article/a Kemandirian Alutsista Indonesia”, retrieved r2016pindad_low4.pdf, December 2016, on 18 from June 2019.

92 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2020, Volume 10 Number 1 when communicating and implementing terrorists to interpret the their plans and separating them from communication unknowingly. This their allies.25 gives authority regarding potential In the counter-terrorism process, attacks and takes appropriate five ways in counterterrorism may be precautions. The information and implemented in the Trilateral intelligence sharing may help the Cooperation Arrangement, such as:26 interpretation of communication a. Law enforcement. International and d. Controlling and surveillance. domestic terrorism may be conquered Interpretation of communication is by appropriate law enforcement. only one aspect of counterterrorism. Indonesia and the member countries While sea and air patrols may conduct of this cooperation and ASEAN controlling and surveillance in the Sulu members, in particular, have made Sea several legal regulations regarding e. Training and infiltration. Conducting combating terrorism training and infiltration to terrorism b. Terrorism funding Analysis. Terrorist groups is necessary if the land patrol actions are expensive and require has been carried out saving funds that are essential for The main point considered as a their actions. Law enforcement and weakness of the ASEAN Convention on intelligence agencies may trace Counter-Terrorism (ACCT) strategy in terrorist finances. Trilateral combating terrorism in the ASEAN Cooperation Arrangement which region is the structural constraints of includes information and intelligence ASEAN countries regarding political sharing can help to analyze the policies between countries. terrorism funding Furthermore, the political policy-making c. Communication Interpretation. A process of ASEAN countries is relatively leading benefit of the global war on slow so that it is oftentimes ineffective in terrorism is the capability of anti- tackling and preventing terrorism action.

25 Forest Makarenko, The Crime-Terror 26 Zoran Pavlovic, Global Connections: Terrorism Continuum: the Interplay between ans Security, (New York: Infobase Publishing, Transnational Organised Crime and Terrorism. 2009) (USA: Global Crime Inc, 2009), p.98

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Furthermore, other weaknesses are the regional cooperation of defense.27 The legal effect impairment regarding culture-based approach implementation terrorism, the domestic political turmoil has successfully proven, for example in of ASEAN countries, the territorial 2016, there were 10 hostage cases of 12 dispute among an ASEAN country that Brahmin crew members by the Abu creates an entry gap for terrorism Sayyaf group. While sailing on Tambulian groups, and the lack of prevention Island for transporting coal , 2 members strategies for terrorism action of the boarded and then Also, remarks from the world's pointed a Then 10 ABK were leaders of ASEAN member states regard taken hostage by the Abu Sayyaf group. the need for a joint agreement and The terrorist group then asked for a strategy to fight terrorism. The form of ransom of 10 million pesos to release 10 cooperation of the ASEAN Convention ABK. The ransom will be used to fund the on Counterterrorism (ACCT) is campaign of an Independent Islamic considered as a classic approach to State. The Indonesian government conflict resolution, especially political refuses to pay the ransom as the money conflict and terrorism. However, it will fund the campaign to establish an should be considered that the act of Islamic state. embedding radical ideologies in the But Indonesia is obliged to protect social sphere and religious community all its citizens wherever they are. requires ASEAN Countries to have Therefore, the Indonesian Government comprehensive value strategy in aspects decided to use peaceful means through of ideology, politics, economics, social, diplomacy with the Abu Sayyaf group. In culture, defense and security as well as this case, the Government of Indonesia technology not only limited to coordinates with the Sukma Bangsa emphasize the political problems that Foundation, which was founded by Surya trigger the terrorism action. Paloh. The foundation then sent several Then a culture-based approach is people to meet the Abu Sayyaf group. required as the basis for implementing Baedowi and Samsu Rizal were sent to

27 Kementerian Luar Negeri RI, “Masyarakat https://www.kemlu.go.id/Majalah/ASEAN%20 ASEAN: Aman dan Stabil, Keniscayaan bagi Edisi8-All.pdf, on 29 November 2018. ASEAN”, retrieved from

94 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2020, Volume 10 Number 1 approach and negotiate with the Abu provide a solution to the terrorism Sayyaf group to release 10 ABKs taken conflict by making instruments or hostage. provide preventive action and resolve The Sub-regional Meeting on terrorist conflicts in the Philippines.29 Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTF) and This strategy may be a reliable action Cross Border Terrorism, which was held that may be implemented respectively in Manado, North Sulawesi in 2017 with other when dealing with a problem. created an acceleration initiative to There is a diplomatic norm applied by prevent terrorism in the Southeast Asian ASEAN namely the ASEAN Way which region. With the presence of delegations contains norms of non-intervention, non- from Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, the use of the armed forces, pursuing Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand, regional autonomy, and avoiding this form of defense diplomacy shows collective defense. The principle of non- the awareness and desire of each intervention is a principle that country, especially ASEAN member guarantees the recognition of the countries, for threats of terrorism.28 sovereignty of member states, as well as The existence of foreign terrorist guarantees protection from the fighter’s forum has encouraged the interference of one-member countries application of ADMM mechanisms or against the domestic politics of other other Indonesian defense diplomacy member countries. instruments. Besides, through the The principle of non-intervention ASEAN Institute for Peace and makes a country to have domestic Reconciliation (AIPR) it is also expected authority in order to decide whether the to reduce and prevent segregation and country has a problem or not. If a country armed conflict in the region through does not allow other ASEAN member reconciliation. Also, AIPR is expected to states to take care of the domestic

28 Cahya Sumirat,“Kepala BNPT: Seluruh Negara 29 Riva Suastha, “RI Harapkan ASEAN Bisa ASEAN Harus Bersatu Lawan Terorisme”, Redam Konflik Lewat Rekonsiliasi”, retrieved retrieved from from https://nasional.sindonews.com/read/1225238 https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional /14/kepala-bnpt-seluruh-negara-asean-harus- /20180201161506-106-273231/ri-harapkan- bersatu-lawan-terorisme-1501331158, 29 July asean-bisa-redam-konflik-lewat-badan- 2019, on 24 April 2019 rekonsiliasi, 1 February 2018, on 24 April 2019.

Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement as The ... | Primayanti, Legionosuko, Waluyo | 95 problems of their country even though it consider terrorism basically a domestic is known that it will endanger the problem. Each member has a different Region. Other ASEAN member states will national defense doctrine. Some not do anything. member countries adopt a more The main point is considered as the militaristic approach to counter weakness of the strategy in combating asymmetrical threats, while others terrorism in the ASEAN region as the generally respond through the criminal structural constraints of ASEAN justice paradigm. countries related to political policies However, the difference between between these countries. Furthermore, members and the principle of non- the political policy making process of interference is among the biggest ASEAN member states is relatively slow obstacles to coordinate strategy. One of so that it is often ineffective in tackling the main difficulties in designing counter and preventing acts of terror. terrorism strategies or strategies for Furthermore, other weaknesses are the overcoming shared asymmetrical threats weak legal effect regarding terrorism, has been linked to developmental the domestic political turmoil of ASEAN differences, the economy, significant member states, the territorial debate political and social member countries, over an ASEAN member state that which produce various approaches for creates an opening for terrorism groups, combating terrorism at the national and the lack of prevention strategies for level.31 acts of terrorism.30 One of the concerns for the The emphasis on the national legal Indonesian government is to make framework reflects the broader regional or bilateral agreements as a challenges ASEAN will be facing in terms deterrence effect for asymmetrical or of strengthening regional cooperation in even other country for war perpetrators which a number of member countries with the aim to facilitating the

30 Marguerite Borelli, “ASEAN Counter- https://globalriskinsights.com/2017/10/asean- Terrorism Weaknesses”, Counter Terrorist anti-terror-coordination-problem/, 16 October Trends and Analyses. Vol.9, No. 9, 2017, pp.14- 2017, on 30 November 2019. 18.

31 Benedetta, “ASEAN’s anti-terror coordination problem”. Retrieved from

96 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2020, Volume 10 Number 1 achievement of country objectives and Conclusions, Recommendations, and national defense objectives. Indonesia Limitations has the Malacca Strait and the Sulu Sea After conducting research and discussing where the three-country agreement the formulation of the problem, the took place and which was copied and researcher draws a general conclusion appreciated by the countries in from the Trilateral Cooperation Southeast Asia. When talking about Arrangement research as the Indonesian regional security issues, it will indirectly Government's Strategy in Overcoming be affected to the agreements or Asymmetrical Threats in the Southeast cooperation events which will give Asian Region where the cooperation of impact to regional security and stability. three countries namely Indonesia, In the long run, it is expected that Malaysia and the Philippines may reduce there will not be a prolonged conflict in the asymmetrical threat which occurs in the Southeast Asian Region due to Southeast Asia region through reducing cooperation between the Region itself the level of terrorism, transnational and the regional organizations. In crime and maritime crime in the Sulu Sea. addition, the principle of ASEAN Ways Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement with its habit of dialogue and peaceful Cooperation is a deterrence effect for and settlement, which is if there is a transnational crimes, terrorism and conflict, the way to resolve is on the illegal migration which occurs in the Sulu negotiating table not on the ground Sea in particular and the Southeast Asia through the battlefield, due to in terms Region in general. of the losses will suffer greater if Based on the results of discussion resolved by the military. Security stability and data processing by researchers, the may also affect other aspects, if the following conclusions may be concluded. ASEAN region becomes insecure then a. The development of asymmetrical the economy and human security will be threats in the Southeast Asia Region threatened as well. Likewise, with has developed rapidly from 2015 to ASEAN Centrality because of the 2019. This threat is a threat which problems of one country it might involve could disrupts the stability of the and even become a common problem for Region and obstructs the other ASEAN member states achievement of the goals or interests

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of ASEAN member countries. Some c. Indonesia's defense strategy in asymmetrical threats may occur in overcoming asymmetrical threats in Southeast Asia, especially the Sulu Sea the Southeast Asian Region through and the research object are terrorism; the Trilateral Cooperation transnational crime usually is an Arrangement (TCA), the strategy is a armed piracy and kidnapping asking process that includes the for ransom; and illegal migration. In identification of ends, means and order to deal with asymmetrical ways that are specifically designed to threats that occur we need a strategy. achieve a goal. Systematically there is b. The Trilateral Cooperation a formula "Strategy = Ends + Ways + Arrangement was agreed in 2016 to Means". Ends is the intended purpose overcome asymmetrical threats, divided into two such as national namely robbery against ships (arm objectives and national defense robbery), kidnapping, transnational objectives. The main objective of the crime, and terrorism in maritime strategy in this research is to areas, as in the Sulu Sea. The overcome the asymmetrical threat in implementation of the Trilateral the Southeast Asian Region. The ways Cooperation Arrangement consists of consist of coordinated sea patrols, air coordinated sea patrol, air patrol, patrols, information and intelligence information and intelligent sharing sharing and joint land exercises. Along and land exercise. This collaboration is strengthening facilities and a functional collaboration because it infrastructures in the border area. has a special function for maintaining While Means is the Ministry and security in the Sulu Sea, meanwhile for Institution as policy makers relating to the actors involved, this cooperation international cooperation and is included in regional cooperation overcoming asymmetrical threats, as which only involves three countries. well as the TNI and local governments But in its implementation, the as operational implementers and Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement supporting rules such as operational faces several challenges that must be procedures. faced. While researchers provide

98 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2020, Volume 10 Number 1 theoretical and practical problematic in order to inhibits action. recommendations. Theoretical especially The communication way which still in for the University of Defense, this question is between the Military research is expected to provide Forces (the Army, , and Air Force) additional recommendations regarding and between member countries that the development of science in terms of are interconnected when the patrol managing asymmetric threats takes place. comprehensively. Specifically, in the case c. The Ministry of Defense should take of terrorism; transnational crime; and over this collaboration to become a illegal migration. The research locus of Leading Sector. Currently this Southeast Asia is to figure out and prove collaboration is handled by the that Indonesia is implementing the Indonesian National Army (TNI) country's goal of maintaining world Headquarters, but Malaysia and the peace. Philippines are handled by the As for practical, the researcher respective Ministry of Defense. It is recommends a number of things with feared that it will complicate in this collaboration will run more decision making, especially in the field efficiently and effectively for the stability of policy. of the regional security in general and d. The Indonesian Ministry of Defense is Indonesia's defense in particular. The also expected to pay attention to the recommendations shall include: supporting systems and coordinate a. Indonesia, Malaysia and the with technical implementers at the Philippines completed several regional level by strengthening operational procedures such as the aspects of personnel and defense Air Patrol SOP; cooperation equipment. agreements supporting the Status of e. Strengthen the synergy of relevant Visiting Force Agreement (SOVFA) Ministries / Institutions such as the and Rule of Engagement, and Ministry of Defense, Ministry of resolving disputes from each country. Foreign Affairs, Ministry of b. Improve the flow and defense Communication, Politics, Law and equipment associated with Human Rights (Kemenkopolhukam), communication which is still and Indonesian National Army (TNI)

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Headquarters in making the Kementerian Pertahanan Indonesia. 2019. Laporan Traffic of implementation of cooperation more Undocumented Citizens di Wilayah effective. Perbatasan Indonesia-Filipina. Jakarta: Kementerian Pertahanan f. Enhanced supporting facilities and Indonesia. infrastructure that will be needed, Lykke Jr. Arthur. 2010. Military Strategy: especially in protecting borders in Theory and Application. Pennsylvania: U.S. Army War order to strengthen safeguards to College. minimize illegal immigrants. Makarenko, F. 2009. The Crime-Terror g. The involvement of Indonesian Continuum: the Interplay between Transnational Organised Crime and population in the border region as Terrorism. Global Crime In: USA. local wisdom in overcoming the Maleong, L. 2011. Metodologi Penelitian asymmetrical threat. The role of the Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya. population may be done by preserving Pavlovic. 2009. Global Connections: local wisdom that complicates foreign Terrorism ans Security. Infobase penetration related in order to Publishing:New York Thornton, R. 2007. Asymmetric Warfare. counter terrorism and combating Cambridge: Polity Press illegal migration. Due to that Sulistyaningtyas. 2015. Sinergitas cooperation is needed between Paradigma Lintas Sektor di Bidang Keamanan dan Keselamatan Laut. residents and officials who are tasked Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka with securing the border area. Utama Supriyatno, M. 2014. Tentang Ilmu Pertahanan. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia References

Book Journal Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. The Borelli, M. 2017. “ASEAN Counter- American Heritage Dictionary of the Terrorism Weaknesses”. Counter English Language. Houghton Mifflin Terrorist Trends and Analyses. Vol.9 Company: New York. (9), pp.14-20. Kementerian Pertahanan Republik Wilson, B. 2009. “Responding to Indonesia. 2015. Buku Putih Asymmetric Threat in the Maritime Pertahanan Negara. Jakarta: Domain: Diplomacy, Law, and Kementerian Pertahanan Republik Naval Operations”. Maritime Affair. Indonesia. Vol.5(2), pp. 68-85

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Law https://www.cnbc.com/2016/11/22/f Undang-undang Dasar Negara Kesatuan orget-trump-china-sulu-sea-piracy- Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. is-threat-to-asia-trade.html, on 30 November 2018. Undang–Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 2012 tentang Kementerian Luar Negeri RI. Pengesahan ASEAN Convention on “Masyarakat ASEAN: Aman dan Counter Terrorism. Stabil, Keniscayaan bagi ASEAN”. Retrieved from Undang–Undang Republik Indonesia https://www.kemlu.go.id/Majalah/ Nomor 5 Tahun 2018 tentang ASEAN%20Edisi8-All.pdf, on 29 Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana November 2018 Terorisme. Permanasari, S. “Perkembangan Terorisme di Asia Tenggara dan Website Relevansinya denganKebijakan Keamanan”. Retrieved from AMMTC. “ASEAN Plan of Action in repository.unpas.ac.id, on 3 July Combating Transnational Crime 2019. (2016-2015)”. Retrieved from https://asean.org/storage/2012/05/ PT Pindad, “Kontribusi Berkelanjutan ASEAN-Plan-of-Action-in- untuk Kemandirian Alutsista Combating-TC_Adopted-by-11th- Indonesia”. Retrieved from AMMTC-on-20Sept17.pdf, on 30 https://www.pindad.com/downloa October 2018. ds/article/ar2016pindad_low4.pdf, on 18 June 2019. ASEAN. “Asean Convention on Counter Terrorism”. Retrieved from Rabasa, A. “Non-Traditional Threats and https://asean.org/?static_post=ase Maritime Domain Awareness in the an-convention-on-counter- Tri-Border Area of Southeast Asia”. terrorism, on 29 October 2018. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/content/da ASEAN. “ASEAN Political-Security m/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/20 Community Bluepritnt 2015”. 12/RAND_OP372.pdf, on 13 Retrieved from December 2019. https://www.asean.org/wp- content/uploads/2012/05/ASEAN- Ramadhan. “Perang Asimetris, Ancaman APSC-Blueprint-2025.pdf, on 3 Keamanan Negara yang Wajib December 2019. Diwaspadai Menurut Panglima TNI”. Retrieved from ASEAN Community. “Fact Sheet-ASEAN https://www.asumsi.co/post/peran Community”. Retrieved from g-asimetris-ancaman- https://asean.org/storage/2012/05/ keamanannegara-yang- 7.-Fact-Sheet-on-ASEAN- diwaspadai-panglima-tni, on 3 July Community.pdf, on 30 November 2019. 2019. Sumirat, C. “Kepala BNPT: Seluruh Chandran, N. “Forget Trump and China, Negara ASEAN Harus Bersatu Piracy in the Sulu Sea is a Fresh Lawan Terorisme”. Retrieved from Threat to Asia Trade”. Retrieved https://nasional.sindonews.com/re from ad/1225238/14/kepala-bnpt-seluruh-

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