Environmental Litigation in China: a Study in Political Ambivalence Rachel E

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02002-3 - Environmental Litigation in China: A Study in Political Ambivalence Rachel E. Stern Index More information

Index

“A case has to be challenging before it’s Aristotle, 221n10 interesting” (you weidao), 170 Ashio copper mine, 216–217 Activism, 158–168, 159n17, 160n19, Asia Foundation, 168, 186n12 161nn20–21, 162n23, 164n24, 165n25, Asia Law Initiative, 184 167nn26–27, 168n28, 222–223, 223n15 Assistant division heads (fu ting zhang), A declaration of war (zhandou xiwen), 120 134n17 Administrative Litigation Law (ALL) Attorney fees, 51, 51n17, 69, 69n43, 1990, 39n36, 102 160–161, 160n19, 161nn20–21.Seealso Advocacy journalism, 64–65, 64n38, 65n39, Lawyers 171n35 Authoritarian states. See also Political Agricultural bureau (nongye bu), 57 ambivalence Air Pollution Law, 38, 38nn31–32 courts relationship to, 3, 8, 11, 97–99, Aizheng cun (“cancer villages”), 73–74, 228–230, 229n20 74n5 deﬁned, 1n2 All-China Environment Federation urbane, 228–229 (ACEF), 48, 71, 118, 120–121 All China Lawyers Association (ACLA), Bahrain, 198n27 114–115, 161, 169n30, 213 Baohu san (“protective umbrella”), 174 Ambivalence. See Political ambivalence Baozhu qing shan lu¨ shui ye shi zhengji American Bar Association (ABA), 184, (“protecting green mountains and 186, 187 blue water is a political American Republic, 167n27 achievement”), 37 American rights revolution, 224 Basic People’s Courts, 46, 55, 114 Anjian shouli fei (case acceptance fees), Beida Fayi, 123n2 53–56, 54nn22–23, 54t, 115, 153, 153n6 Beijing court, 115 Anquan dai, 2 Beijing Evening News, 22 Anti-Rightist Movement, 19 Beijing Lawyers Association, 214 Anxiety, 230–231 Biaoxin Chemical Company, 41 Appraisal organizations (jianding jigou), 59 “Big Four Pollution Suits,” 217 Appraisals, 58–60, 58n27, 59nn28–29 Bleuler, Eugen, 99n2 Aquinas, Thomas, 200 “Blind” (mangmu), 68

287

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02002-3 - Environmental Litigation in China: A Study in Political Ambivalence Rachel E. Stern Index More information

288 INDEX

Bourdieu, Pierre, 193n21 formal law development in, 18–20, 19n1, Brazil, 102, 215, 227 20n3 “Breakthrough point” (tupokou), 157 industrial parks (gongye qu), 29–30, Bright Day, 164–165, 165n25 29n18 Bulgaria, 113 internal policing budget, 7 Burden of proof, 58, 131–132, 132nn13–14 legal aid system, 112–113, 121, 121n23, Bush, George W., 187 164, 164n24, 167–168, 167n27, 168n28 legal awareness in, 23, 23n7 Caixian bu yue xian (“step on the line but legal dissemination campaigns, 22–23, don’t cross it”), 95–96 22nn5–6, 23n7 Canadian International Development legal system re-establishment, 20–23, 21t, Agency, 168 22nn5–6, 23n7, 100–103, 101n4, 103n5 “Cancer villages” (aizheng cun), 73–74, loyalty oaths, 107 74n5 per-capita consumption in, 27 Cankao de zuoyong (reference value), pollution-related mass incidents in, 123n2 103–104, 104n7 Case acceptance fees (anjian shouli fei), pollution severity in, 2, 2n3, 17–18, 53–56, 54nn22–23, 54t, 115, 153, 153n6 25–26, 25n11 Case filing divisions (li’an ting), 46, 46n6 China Development Brief, 189, 189n16 Center for Legal Assistance to Pollution China Environment Yearbook, 9n12 Victims (CLAPV), 75, 75n7, 77n13, China Labour Bulletin, 183n8 137, 169n30, 183n8, 195–197, 196n24 China Legal Aid Foundation, 113 Center for the Defense of Environmental China Youth Daily, 64 Rights (weihu huanjing quanli Chinese Academy of Social Sciences zhongxin), 118 (CASS), 192 Central Propaganda Department, 171n35 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Challenger explosion, 127, 127n10 accountability, enforcement by, 33–35, Changzhou court, 115 34nn27–28, 35t “Cheerleaders” (lala dui), 169, 169n32 dissemination of legal code by, 22–23, Chemical spil, PetroChina, 84–88, 86n21, 22n6, 23n7 87nn22–24, 88n25 environmental policy statement, 6 Chengjiu gan (“feeling of success”), 82 feedback solicitation by, 103 Chen Guangcheng, 106, 229 legitimacy of, 19, 36, 102 Chen Xunru, 111 prioritization of environment by, 32–33, Chen Yueqin, 222–223 32n24, 36–37, 103, 111–113, Chile, 126, 128 112nn11–12, 134, 219 China relationship of law to, 23–25, 25n10, 45, affluence of, 27 45nn4–5, 108, 126–127, 126n8, 127n10, Constitution of 1994, 18–20, 25 232–234, 233n24, 234n25 fiscal decentralization in, 5, 5n7 Chinese People’s Political Consultative foreign investment in, 27, 97, 101, 101n4, Conference (CPPCC), 111, 219, 183–185, 183n8, 185–187, 186nn12–13, 222 186t, 187n14, 194(See also Chinese Sturgeon et al. v. PetroChina International NGOs (INGOs)) Company Limited, 84–88, 86n21,

INDEX 289

87nn22–24, 88n25, 205–206, 206n32, “Created an example” (chuangzao le 207n33 dianfan), 147 Chinski, Sara, 156n14 Criminal liability, 39–41, 39n36, 40t, Chongqing Green Volunteers, 120, 120n21 41n37 Chouhua, 173 Cultivated hope, 200–204, 202n30 Chuangxin (new ideas), 116 Cultural Revolution, 20 Chuangzao le dianfan (“created an Cuo an (“wrong decisions”), 136, 136n21 example”), 147 Czechoslovakia, 113, 127n10 Citizen representatives, 50, 50n16, 85 City on the hill bias, 204–207, 206n32, Dachuan village, 72n3 207n33 Daibiao ren (representatives), 53, 85 Civil Procedure Law, 49n13, 55, 87, 87n23, Dailici (closing statements), 60–62 107, 111, 219 Dalian court, 115 CLAPV (Center for Legal Assistance to Danwei (places and work units), 112–113 Pollution Victims), 75, 75n7, 77n13, Death penalty cases, 46 137, 169n30, 183n8, 195–197, 196n24 Decision-making quality (shenpan zhiliang Class action (collective) lawsuits, 49, pinggu zhibiao), 136 49nn13–14, 51–53, 51n18, 55, 114–115, Deng Xiaoping, 17, 20, 25, 26, 100–101 153, 153n6 Dianxing anli, 8, 123n2 Closing statements (dailici), 60–62 Difang baohu zhuyi (economic Cloward, Richard, 233n24 protectionism), 50, 52 Coal as source of pollution, 25n11, 31, “Discretion” (zhuoqing), 139 31n23 Dispute pyramid, 71–72, 73n2 Collective (class action) lawsuits, 49, Division heads (ting zhang), 134n17 49nn13–14, 51–53, 51n18, 55, 114–115, Divorce disputes, 135 153, 153n6 Diwei mashang shang lai le (“suddenly had Color revolutions, 7, 104, 104n8 status”), 37, 88 Communist Revolution, 165, 184 Dongfang Public Interest and Legal Aid Compensation. See Financial Law Firm, 162 compensation “Do thought work” (zuo sixiang gongzuo), “Comprehensive” (quanmian), 56 93 Conﬁdential regulations (neibu guiding), Down-and-out masses (laobaixing), 135 48, 48n10 “Dr. Water” (shui bo), 220, 220n9 Confucius, 221n10 Cong gongping heli de jiaodu (“from the EcoLinx, 186 perspective of justice and Economic growth reasonableness”), 139 as cause of pollution, 25–27, 25n11, Congressional-Executive Commission on 26n12, 27n13 China, 187 investors as gods, 30 Control parables, 173–176, 173nn37–38, local revenue building, 30–32, 30n20 174nn39–40, 175n41, 176n44 overview, 17–18 Court adjudication committee (shenpan state encouragement of, 27–30, weiyuanhui), 126 28nn14–17, 29n18 Court president (yuan zhang), 134n17 tax revenue, 30, 30n20, 50

290 INDEX

Economic protectionism (difang baohu as expressive function, 159–160, 159n17 zhuyi), 50, 52 financial compensation (See Financial Economy, Elizabeth, 114n13 compensation) Egyptian Lawyers’ Syndicate, 213 influence of, 224–225 Embarrassing (ganga), 119 legacy, 96–98 Emotional damages (jingshen sunhai outcomes generally, 211–212 peichang), 76, 76n10 overview, 2–3, 7–10, 9nn11–13 Encouragement (guli de zuoyong), 201 political sensitivity of, 113–114, 114n13 Endangered species, suing of behalf of, procedure (See Litigation procedure) 41n38, 85, 205–206, 206n32, 207n33 protest, 72, 72n3 Endangered Species Act of 1973 (US), 206 rights revolution, 212–214, 214n2 “Enterprise quiet days” (qiye anjing ri), 57, risk aversion in, 225–228 57n26 sources, 10–13, 11nn15–17, 12n18 Environmental courts types of, 39, 40t as innovation, 115–122, 115n15, 116n16, “Environmental protection” (huanjing 118n17, 119t, 120nn19–21, 121nn22–23 baohu), 32 protection of environment by, 215–217 Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) specific courts by name, 115–121 availability of information to, 101–102 Environmental Defense Fund, 186 enforcement by, 28–32, 39, 215–216 Environmentalists (huanbao zhuyizhe), funding of, 31, 31n21, 36–37 156 pollution fees and fines, 31, 31nn21–22 Environmental Legal Services Bureau responsiveness of, 56–57, 94–95, 201 (falu¨ yuanzhu bu), 118 selection of heads of, 28, 28n15 Environmental litigation. See also specific as source of evidence, 56–57, 94–95 cases standing, 88 anxiety in, 230–231 Environmental Protection Law of 1979, benefits of to state, 101–103, 101n4, 37–38, 37n30, 47, 131 165–166, 215–216 Epp, Charles, 180, 183 challenges in, 222–225 Erin Brockovich (Yong Bu Tuoxie), citizen involvement in, 8–9, 9n11, 9n13 202–203, 202n30 civil, 1, 1n1, 40t, 41–42, 41nn38–39 Escalation (keneng naoshi de anzi), 143 class dimension, 10, 10n14 Europe, 181n4 comparative research, 220–221, Evidence, 56–58, 57n26, 132–134, 132n15 221n10–13 “Fair” (gongping), 83, 141 criminal liability, 39–41, 39n36, 40t, 41n37 Falu¨ guiding de jiguan (lawful authorities), democracy’s relationship to, 113–114, 87n23, 111, 219 114n13 Falu¨ luoji (“legal reasoning”), 192 enforcement, 28–32, 39, 215–216 FalunGong,2,6,227 environmental law and, 37–42, 37n30, Federalist Society, 224 39nn34–36, 41nn37–39 “Feeling of success” (chengjiu gan), 82 establishment of policy generally, Fee waivers, 53–54, 54n23 217–221, 218n5, 219n7, 220n9, Feichang quanwei (“very authoritative”), 221nn10–13 56

INDEX 291

Feisu xingzheng zhixing anzi Gongyi susong (“public interest (“non-litigation” administrative litigation”), 218 execution cases”), 39, 39n35, 40t, Grave legal error (yanzhong falu¨ cuowu), 119 55 Feynman, Richard, 127, 127n10 Green Earth Volunteers, 64, 64n38 Financial compensation. See also specific Green GDP, 28n14 cases Green space (ludi),¨ 58, 223, 223n15 as deterrent, 118 Guiyang court, 115, 117, 118, 119t, 120n20 enforcement of, 216 Guli de zuoyong (encouragement), judge’s awarding of, 138–144, 138n22, 201 139n23, 140nn29–30, 144n43 Guming diaoyu (“fishing for fame and lawyers, 51, 51n17, 69, 69n43, 160–161, compliments”), 169 160n19, 161nn20–21 Guojia shi zai fan zui (“the state is overview, 8–10, 9nn1–13 breaking the law”), 90–91 Fish farming. See Sun Youli et al. v. Guoqing (national situation), 192, 221 Qian’an Number One Paper Mill et al. Guo Xizhe, 110 “Fishing for fame and compliments” (guming diaoyu), 169 Halliday, Terence C., 152, 158n15 Five-Year Plan (eleventh), 35, 38, 215 Han Feizi, 221n10 Five-Year Plan (twelfth), 34–35, 35t Han Zheng, 105 Flaws (quexian), 139 Harassment, intimidation, 52–53, 52n19, Ford Foundation, 7, 167–168, 167n27, 64, 66, 72, 72n3 168n28, 183n8, 186 Harbin court, 115n15 Foreign investment, 27, 97, 101, 101n4, Heilmann, Sebastian, 5 183–185, 183n8, 185–187, 186nn12–13, Hen linglei (“outcasts”), 200 186t, 187n14, 194 He Weifang, 166 Franco, Francisco, 129 Hilbink, Lisa, 128 Freud, Sigmund, 99n2 Hildebrant, Tim, 176 “From the perspective of justice and Hirschl, Ran, 137 reasonableness” (cong gongping heli Holmes, Olliver Wendell, 221n10 de jiaodu), 139 Hong Kong, 159 Hope, cultivated, 200–204, 202n30 Ganga (embarrassing), 119 “How Public Interest Litigation Can Act as Gao Zhisheng, 106 a Shield for Malicious Accusations,” Georgia, 104n8 220, 220n9 Germany, 92, 129, 218, 218n5 Huanjing wuran sunhai peichang jiufen Geti hu, 160n19 (pollution compensation disputes), Ginsburg, Tom, 130 123, 123n2 “Glimpsing flowers from horseback” (zou Huibao, 173 ma kan hua), 198 Hu Jintao, 6, 24, 33, 104, 107 Global Greengrants Fund, 186 Hundred Flowers Campaign, 19, 19n1 Gongye qu (industrial parks), 29–30, 29n18 Hungary, 113 Gongyi lushi¨ (public interest lawyer), 158, 162, 201, 222–223, 226–227 Identity building, 200–204, 202n30

292 INDEX

Impact Law, 162 state surveillance of, 189 Impact litigation (yingxiang xing susong), successes, benefits of, 190–191, 190n17 159 symbolic capital, 193, 193n21 Important cases (zhongda anjian), 55–56 training of lawyers by, 183, 183n8, 193, “Independent journalists” (duli jizhe), 66 193n21, 195–197, 196n24, 197nn25–26 Industrial and Commercial Bureau, 31n22 Internet, 64, 66 Industrial parks (gongye qu), 29–30, 29n18 Intimidation, harassment, 52–53, 52n19, 64, INGOs. See International NGOs (INGOs) 66, 72, 72n3 “Insider” (zaihang), 81 Intermediate People’s Courts, 46, 55 Japan, 102, 112, 181n4, 216–217 Internal Security Act, 105 Jianding jigou (appraisal organizations), 59 International NGOs (INGOs). See also Jiang Ping, 159 specific INGOs Jiang Zemin, 17, 22 challenges locally, 188–191, 188n15, Jingshen lingxiu (“spiritual leader”), 53 189n16, 190n17 Jingshen sunhai peichang (emotional Chinese demand for, 191–193, damages), 76, 76n10 192nn18–20, 193n21 Jiujiang court, 115 city on the hill bias, 204–207, 206n32, Journalists, 64–65, 64n38, 65n39, 171n35 207n33 Judges conversion limits, 195–197, 195n22, autonomy, fluctuating, 131–137, 131n12, 196n24, 197nn25–26 132nn13–15, 134n17, 136n21 cultivated hope, 200–204, 202n30 bribery of, 46, 46n6, 133–134 cultural issues, 198–200, 198n27, 199n28 case refusal by, 47–49, 47n9, 48nn10–11 democracy’s relationship to, 113–114, case sampling, 123–124, 123nn1–2 114n13 collective lawsuits, 49, 49nn13–14 epistemic communities, 182, 182n5 common sense test, 142–143 evaluation and measurement of, compensation of plaintiffs (See Financial 208–210, 210n37 compensation) funding of, 188, 209, 209n35 corruption of, 46, 46n6, 133–134 identity building, 200–204, 202n30 decision making generally, 123–125, impacts of generally, 207–210 123nn1–2, 124n4 judicial influence of, 137 de facto discretion of, 125–127, 132–133, litigation by, 120, 120nn19–21 132n15 opening of in Beijing, 162, 162n23 due diligence, 140 operation of, 188–189, 189n16 evaluation, bases of, 136 overview, 7, 179–181 evidence, 132–134, 132n15 registration of, 18n15, 188, 219n7 guiding cases, 146–147, 146n53 resistance to, 194–195 imposed solutions, 128f, 129–130 as rights revolution leaders, 214, 214n2 individual autonomy, 125–130, risk aversion, 189, 194 126nn8–9, 127nn10–11, 128f social problems, diffusion of, 182, 182n6 investigative responsibilities, 132–133, soft support generally, 181–185, 181n4, 132n15 182nn5–7, 183n8 legal formality, 125–130, 126nn8–9, standing, 41, 41nn38–39, 219–220, 219n7 127nn10–11, 128f

INDEX 293

legal innovation zone, 128f, 130, Kunming Daily, 117 143–149, 144n43, 146n53, 148n59 Kyoto Protocol of 2002, 39 legalism (autonomous law), 128, 128f Kyrgyzstan, 104n8 legalized subservience, 128f, 129 modernization of, 102–103, 103n5 Lake Poyang Ecological Economic Zone, motivations generally, 226–227 119 national judicial examination, 86–87, Lala dui (“cheerleaders”), 169, 169n32 87n22 Law ﬁrms, 21t numbers of, increase in, 21t Lawful authorities (falu¨ guiding de jiguan), politics, hidden transcripts of, 148, 87n23, 111, 219 148n59 Law schools, departments, 21t, 166–167 requests for advice by, 134–135 Lawson, Gary, 224 rewards and punishments system, Lawyers 136–137, 136n21, 212 bar associations, 212–213 rights-based claims, 144–145 causation, proving, 143–144 role of, 24, 117 collective cases, 153, 153n6 rough justice, 128f, 129, 137–143, 138n22, contingency fees, 153, 153n6 139n23, 140nn29–30 control parables, 173–176, 173nn37–38, state control of, 105–106, 106n9, 127, 174nn39–40, 175n41, 176n44 127n10, 134–135, 134n17 de facto pro bono work, 155–156, in Tanzania, 192n18, 201 155n11, 155n13, 161, 162, 223 telephone justice, 97, 126 do-gooders (cause lawyers), 154–158, training of, 22, 22n5 155n11, 155n13, 156n14, 158n15, written decisions by, 124, 124n4 163–168, 164n24, 165n25, 167nn26–27, Judges Law of 1995, 22 168n28, 222, 222n14 Jun Jing, 8 identity building in, 200–204, 202n30 Justice incomes, 51, 51n17, 69, 69n43, 160–161, “from the perspective of justice and 160n19, 161nn20–21 reasonableness” (cong gongping heli international practice reformers, de jiaodu), 139 167–168, 167n27, 168n28 “justice for the people” (sifa weimin), law as expressive function, 159–160, 112 159n17 rough, 128f, 129, 137–143, 138n22, legal activism, 158–168, 159n17, 160n19, 139n23, 140nn29–30 161nn20–21, 162n23, 164n24, 165n25, telephone, 97, 126 167nn26–27, 168n28, 222–223, 223n15 Justice Bureau, 45n5 licensing requirements, 106 in litigation procedure, 50–53, 50n16, Karpik, Lucien, 152 51nn17–18, 52nn19–20, 67–68 Kekao (“reliable”), 81 loyalty oaths, 107 Keneng naoshi de anzi (escalation), motivations generally, 151–152, 151n1, 143 155n13, 170–171, 170n33, 176–177, Korea, 181n4 193, 226–227 Kunming court, 115, 116, 118, 119t, national judicial examination, 86–87, 121 87n22

294 INDEX

Lawyers (cont.) Li’an ting (case ﬁling divisions), 46, 46n6 networking by, 162, 162n22, 169, 169n30, Liebman, Benjamin, 146 169n32 Li Heping, 103 non-local, 52, 52n20 “Link up with the international track” (yu numbers of, increase in, 21t, 161–162 guoji jiegui), 192 oil spill cases, 153–154 Litigation procedure public interest lawyer (gongyi lushi),¨ accountability, 64 158, 162, 201, 222–223, 226–227 appraisal organizations (jianding jigou), publicity, advertisement, 154, 154n7, 193, 59 193n21 appraisals, 58–60, 58n27, 59nn28–29 resistance to INGOs by, 194–195 attorney fees, 51, 51n17, 69, 69n43, rights defense lawyer (weiquan lushi),¨ 160–161, 160n19, 161nn20–21 158, 162, 222 burden of proof, 58, 131–132, as rights revolution leaders, 212–214, 132nn13–14 214n2 case acceptance fees (anjian shouli fei), routine practitioners, 152–154, 152nn34, 53–56, 54nn22–23, 54t, 115, 153, 153n6 153n5 case refusal, 47–49, 47n9, 48nn10–11 self-censorship, 152, 171–176, 171n35, causation, proof of, 58, 131–132, 173nn37–38, 174n41, 175nn41–43, 132nn13–14 176n44 citizen representatives, 50, 50n16, 85 solidarity, 169–171, 169nn30–32, 170n33 closing statements (dailici), 60–62 state control of, 106–107, 114–115, 160 collective (class action) lawsuits, 49, symbolic capital, 193, 193n21 49nn13–14, 51–53, 51n18, 55, 114–115, training of by INGOs, 183, 183n8, 193, 153, 153n6 193n21, 195–197, 196n24, 197nn25–26 “comprehensive” (quanmian), 56 types of, 151n1, 158–159, 162 contacts, networking, 65n39, 66–67, unity, maintaining, 67–70, 68n41, 66n40 69nn42–43 court as dispute resolution mechanism, validation as reward, 200–203 44–45 Lawyers Law, amendments 2007, 103, court hearing, attainment of, 47–50, 115 47n9, 48nn10–11, 49n13–14 Lawyers Law, 160, 166 court system structure, 46, 46n6 “Learn from abroad” (jiejian guowai), 192 economic protectionism (difang baohu Legal activism, 158–168, 159n17, 160n19, zhuyi), 50, 52 161nn20–21, 162n23, 164n24, 165n25, “enterprise quiet days” (qiye anjing ri), 167nn26–27, 168n28, 222–223, 223n15 57, 57n26 Legal aid system, 112–113, 121, 121n23, evidence, 56–58, 57n26, 132–134, 132n15 164, 164n24, 167–168, 167n27, 168n28 fee waivers, 53–54, 54n23 Legal Daily, 64, 218 grave legal error (yanzhong falu¨ cuowu), “Legal reasoning” (falu¨ luoji), 192 55 Lei Feng, 192 harassment, intimidation, 52–53, 52n19, Liability, criminal, 39–41, 39n36, 40t, 41n37 64, 66, 72, 72n3 Liang Congjie, 111, 231n22 hearing, enforcement, 46–47, 46n8 Lianjiang Li, 61 important cases (zhongda anjian), 55–56

INDEX 295

jurisdiction, 52, 52n20, 56, 56n25 Milosevic, Slobodan, 201 lawyers, 50–53, 50n16, 51nn17–18, Minamata lawsuit, 217 52nn19–20, 67–68(See also Lawyers) Ministry of Environmental Protection, 33, legal system basis, 45, 45nn4–5 33n26, 107–109, 220 media exposure, 62–66, 63n35, 64n38, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural 65n39 Construction, 33n26 non-local appraisers, 60 Ministry of Human Resources and Social non-local lawyers, 52, 52n20 Security, 33n26 overview, 43–44, 43n1 Ministry of Industry and Information, political-legal committee, 45, 45n5 33n26 proof of poverty, 53–54, 54n23 Ministry of Justice, 103, 231 skipping levels, 55 Ministry of Transport, 33n26 standing, 47 Ministry of Water Resources, 231n22 statute of limitations, 47 Minow, Martha, 7, 68 unity, maintaining, 67–70, 68n41, “Misunderstanding” (wujue), 174n39 69nn42–43 Mixed signals, 6, 98, 100, 109–115, venue shopping, 55–56, 55n24, 80–81 112nn11–12, 114n13, 115n14, 225–232, “very authoritative” (feichang quanwei), 231n22 56 Mohajer, Fariba Davoudi, 194 Liu Sida, 158n15 Morton, Sierra Club v. (1972), 41n38, 85, Lora-Wainwright, Anna, 67, 134 205–206 “Low proﬁle” (didiao), 169 Moustafa, Tamir, 130 Luo Gan, 108 Mouthpiece (Houshe), 110 Mugabe, Robert, 105 Maglev train dispute. See Shanghai-Hangzhou magnetic NAACP-LDF, 167n27 levitation (Maglev) train Nanjing court, 115 Mahoney, James, 226n17 National Development and Reform Making a big deal out of nothing (xinwen Commission, 108 chaozuo), 66 National Development and Reform Mandela, Nelson, 128 Commission (NRDC), 88 Mangmu (“blind”), 68 National Endowment for Democracy, Manzullo, Donald, 208 186n12, 194 Mao Zedong, 18, 19 National Environmental Policy Act Marine Pollution Law, 38, 38n31 (NEPA) of 1969 (US), 207n33 Markovits, Inga, 155 National Legal Aid and Defender “Mastering new thinking” (zhangwo xin Association, 167n27 sixiang), 192 National People’s Congress (NPC), 22–23, Media exposure, 62–66, 63n35, 64n38, 22n6 65n39 National situation (guoqing), 192, 221 Mediation, 24, 46 Natsios, Andrew, 208 Merkel, Angela, 92 Natural Resources Defense Council, 186 Michelson, Ethan, 9n11, 71n1 Neibu guiding (conﬁdential regulations), Migdal, Joel, 99, 100 48, 48n10

296 INDEX

New ideas (chuangxin), 116 Pingnan case. See Zhang Changjian et al. v. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 168 Pingnan Rongping Chemical Plant NGOs. See International NGOs (INGOs) Pingnan Green Home, 76, 78 NIMBY. See Shanghai-Hangzhou Pinochet, Augusto, 126, 128 magnetic levitation (Maglev) train Piven, Frances Fox, 233n24 Noise Pollution Law, 38 Places and work units (danwei), 112–113 Nonet, Philippe, 97, 128, 130 Poland, 113 Nongmin, 51 Political ambivalence “Non-litigation” administrative execution central bureaucracy, 107–109 cases (NAECs, feisu xingzheng described, 99–100, 99n2, 231n22 zhixing anzi), 39, 39n35, 40t, 119 environmental courts as innovation, 115–122, 115n15, 116n16, 118n17, 119t, “Objective” (keguanxing), 81 120nn19–21, 121nn22–23 O’Brien, Kevin, 61 everyday control, 104–107, 104n8, 106n9 Occupied Territories, 159 litigation’s relationship to, 100–104, “One line, two systems” (yixian liangzhi), 101n4, 103n5, 104n7 90–91 mixed signals, 6, 98, 100, 109–115, “One RMB and twenty cents case,” 163 112nn11–12, 114n13, 115n14, 225–232, Ong Ah Chuan decision, 105 231n22 Open Constitution Initiative, 162, 162n23, overview, 3–7, 5n7, 97 213–214, 233 repressive law, 97–98, 98n1 Open Society Institute, 194 Polletta, Francesca, 174 Orange Revolution, 104n8 “Pollute ﬁrst, control later” (xian wuran, “Outcasts” (hen linglei), 200 hou zhili), 25 Pollution compensation disputes (huanjing Pakistan, 213 wuran sunhai peichang jiufen), 123, Pan Yue, 26, 28, 104n7, 108 123n2 Park administrative committee (guanli Pound, Roscoe, 221n10 weiyuanhui), 29 Poverty, proof of, 53–54, 54n23 Peerenboom, Randall, 101n4 Procuratorate Peking University, 85–87, 166, 194, 205, 206 legal system basis, 45, 45nn4–5 People’s Daily (Renmin Ribao), 20n3, 113 numbers of, increase in, 21t People’s Liberation Army Daily standing, 41, 41n39 (Jiefangjun Bao), 20n3 Proof of poverty, 53–54, 54n23 People’s tribunals (renmin fating), 46 Property rights, 101n4 Perry, Elizabeth, 5 Proprietor’s ability to pay (jingying Pesticide runoff, 26n12 zhuangkuang), 139 PetroChina, 84–88, 86n21, 87nn22–24, “Protecting green mountains and blue 88n25, 205–206, 206n32, 207n33 water is a political achievement” PetroChina Company Limited, Chinese (baozhu qing shan lu¨ shui ye shi Sturgeon et al. v., 84–88, 86n21, zhengji), 37 87nn22–24, 88n25, 205–206, 206n32, Protectionism (difang baohu zhuyi), 50, 207n33 52 Pierson, Paul, 217 “Protective umbrella” (baohu san), 174

INDEX 297

Public interest lawyer (gongyi lushi),¨ 158, Ruoshi qunti (weak and disadvantaged 162, 201, 222–223, 226–227 group), 61, 112, 151–152 “Public interest litigation” (gongyi susong), 218 San ge zhishang (“Three Supremes”), 24 Public Security Bureau (PSB), 45n5 Saro-Wiwa, Ken, 201 Pufa yundong campaign, 22–23, 22n6 Self-censorship Pu Zhiqiang, 158n15, 168 by judges, 105–106, 106n9, 127, 127n10, 134–135, 134n17 Qing Dynasty, 184 by lawyers, 152, 171–176, 171n35, Qinghianren Village Committee v. Shanxi 173nn37–38, 174n41, 175nn41–43, Luchang, 139n23 176n44 Qiu Jiandong, 163 mixed signals in, 6, 98, 100, 109–115, Qiye anjing ri (“enterprise quiet days”), 57, 112nn11–12, 114n13, 115n14, 225–228, 57n26 230–231 Quanmian (“comprehensive”), 56 rewards and punishments system, Quexian (ﬂaws), 139 136–137, 136n21, 212 Selznick, Philip, 97, 128, 130 Reagan, Ronald, 127, 127n10 SEPA (State Environmental Protection Red Flag Magazine (Hongqi Zazhi), Administration), 33, 64n38, 71n2, 20n3 87–88, 231n22 Reference value (cankao de zuoyong), “Serious consequences” (yanzhong 123n2 houguo), 76n10 Relevant organizations (you guan zuzhi), Shamir, Ronen, 156n14 87n23, 111, 219 Shanghai-Hangzhou magnetic levitation “Reliable” (kekao), 81 (Maglev) train Renmin fating (people’s tribunals), 46 allies, seeking, 91–92 Representatives (daibiao ren), 53, 85 banners, 92 Rewards and punishments system, demonstrations, 92–93, 93n27 136–137, 136n21, 212 dilemma of balance in, 105 Rights defense lawyer (weiquan lushi),¨ 158, legacy, 96 162, 222 litigation, 91 Rights revolution, 212–214, 214n2 media coverage, 91, 92 Roberts, Julia, 201 meetings, 93 Robinson, Mary, 201 overview, 88–91, 88n26 Rockefeller Brothers Fund, 186 petitions, 91 Rockefeller Foundation, 184 suspension of, 93–94, 94n28 Rongping Chemical Plant, 43, 43n1, 50.See Shanxi Luchang, Qinghianren Village also Zhang Changjian et al. v. Pingnan Committee v., 139n23 Rongping Chemical Plant Shapiro, Martin, 45, 124, 129 Rose Revolution, 104n8 Shenpan weiyuanhui (court adjudication Rough justice, 128f, 129, 137–143, 138n22, committee), 126 139n23, 140nn29–30 Shenpan zhiliang pinggu zhibiao “Rule by law” (yifa zhiguo), 21–22, (decision-making quality), 136 102–103, 103n5, 184 Shenyang court, 115, 115n15, 117

298 INDEX

Shijiazhuang court, 115 “Step on the line but don’t cross it” Show (biaoyan), 120 (caixian bu yue xian), 95–96 Sierra Club v. Morton (1972), 41n38, 85, Stockholm Convention of 2004, 39 205–206 “Stop the infringement” (tingzhi qinhai), Sifa weimin (“justice for the people”), 76 112 “Suddenly had status” (diwei mashang Simpson, O.J., 179 shang lai le), 88 “Simultaneous construct and pollute” Sulfur dioxide emissions, 31, 31n23, 34–35, (yibian jianshe, yibian wuran), 34n27, 35t 29 Sullivan, New York Times Co. v., 168 Singapore, 105, 229 Sun Youli et al. v. Qian’an Number One “Sleeping management” (xiumian guanli), Paper Mill et al. 35 accountability, 81–82, 82n17 Smelser, Neil, 99 appraisal, 81 Social change. See also Judges; Lawyers burden of proof, 81–82 INGOs See (International NGOs causation, 81 (INGOs)) compensation, 82, 82n18, 141 judges as tools of, 128f, 130, 143–149, evidence, 81 144n43, 146n53, 148n59 jurisdiction, 81 lawyers as tools of, 163–168, 164n24, lawyers, 80 165n25, 167nn26–27, 168n28 legacy, 82–83, 95, 146–147 mixed signals, 6, 98, 100, 109–115, legal strategy, 80–81 112nn11–12, 114n13, 115n14, 225–232, media coverage, 65 231n22 overview, 78–80, 79nn14–15 overview, 1–2, 6–7, 157–158 venue shopping, 80–81 Social organizations (you guan shehui “Supporting points” (zhichengdian), 61 tuanti), 118 Supreme People’s Court (SPC) Solid Waste Law, 38, 112, 131 case refusal guidelines, 47–48, 47n9, Songhua River case, 41n38, 85, 205–206, 48n10 206n32, 207n33 changes in practice by, 14–15, 108, South Africa, 128 111–112, 112nn11–12, 218 Southern Regional Council, 167n27 compensation statistics, 9, 9n12 Soviet Union, 45, 104, 113, 229 control of case acceptance by, 114–115, Spain, 129 121–122 “Spiritual leader” (jingshen lingxiu), 53 ﬁve-year plan, court reform, 22 Standing skipping levels, 55 Environmental Protection Bureaus, 88 structure, 46 INGOs, 41, 41nn38–39, 219–220, 219n7 written decisions guidelines, 124 in litigation procedure, 47 Supreme People’s Procuratorate, 107–108 procuratorate, 41, 41n39 Symbolic capital, 193, 193n21 State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA), 33, 64n38, Tai Lake, 117, 215 71n2, 87–88, 231n22 Tanzania, 192n18, 201 Statute of limitations, 47 Telephone justice, 97, 126

INDEX 299

Teng Biao, 172 Water Pollution Law, 38, 38n31, 107, 112, “The last road” (zuihou yitiao lu), 44 113, 131 Thelen, Kathleen, 226n17 Weak and disadvantaged group (ruoshi “The state is breaking the law” (guojia shi qunti), 61, 112, 151–152 zai fan zui), 90–91 Weiquan lushi¨ (rights defense lawyer), 158, “Three Supremes” (san ge zhishang), 162, 222 24 Weiwen, 7 Time, 170 “Well-off society” (xiaokang shehui), Tingzhi qinhai (“stop the infringement”), 33 76 Wen Jiabao, 6–7, 33, 34, 91 Tort Law of 2009, 112 “We suddenly had status” (diwei mashang Tort Liability Law of 2000, 131 shang lai le), 37 Township and village enterprises (TVEs), World Bank study, 229, 229n20 26, 26n12 World Trade Organization, 101 Translation, 166–167 “Wrong decisions” (cuo an), 136, 136n21 Transportation Bureau, 108 Wu, Timothy, 146 Tulip Revolution, 104n8 Wuhan court, 115n15 Tupokou (“breakthrough point”), 157 Wuhan University Center for the Protection of the Rights of Ukraine, 104n8 Disadvantaged Citizens, 168 Ulc, Otto, 127n10 Wujue (“misunderstanding”), 174n39 “Unbelievably irritating” (fan si le), 68 Wuran shouhaizhe (victims of pollution), United Nations Development Programme 47 (UNDP), 168 Wuxi court, 115–118, 119t, 121, 215 United States, 181, 181n4, 183–187, 186nn12–13, 186t, 187n14, 204–207, Xian wuran, hou zhili (“pollute ﬁrst, 206n32, 207n33 control later”), 25 Unity, maintaining, 67–70, 68n41, Xiaokang shehui (“well-off society”), 33 69nn42–43 Xie Zhenhua, 87, 88 USAID, 187, 187n14, 208 Xin He, 101n4, 135 Xinhua, 9 Venue shopping, 55–56, 55n24, 80–81 Xinwen chaozuo (making a big deal out of Vermont Law School, 186 nothing), 66 “Very authoritative” (feichang quanwei), Xiumian guanli (“sleeping management”), 56 35 Victims of pollution (wuran shouhaizhe), 47 Yangzonghai Lake, 117 Vietnam, 159 Yan Yiming, 52n19, 57, 63, 169n32 Yanzhong falu¨ cuowu (grave legal error), Wald, Patricia, 124n4, 138 55 Wan E’xiang, 110, 219 Ye Hanjia, 133 Wang Canfa, 60, 170 Yibian jianshe, yibian wuran Wang Shengjun, 108, 122 (“simultaneous construct and Wang Shouxiang, 140 pollute”), 29

300 INDEX

Yingxiang xing susong (impact litigation), emotional damages (jingshen sunhai 159 peichang), 76, 76n10 Yitong Law Firm, 233 evidence, 56–57 Yixian liangzhi (“one line, two systems”), harrassment, intimidation, 75–76, 76n9 90–91 judges, 77, 77n13 You guan shehui tuanti (social lawyers, 75, 75n7, 77n13 organizations), 118 legacy, 77–78, 95 You guan zuzhi (relevant organizations), letter-writing campaign, 74–75 87n23, 111, 219 media coverage, 63–65, 65n39, 73–75, You weidao (“a case has to be challenging 74n5 before it’s interesting”), 170 overview, 43, 43n1, 73–74, 73n4, You yidian mingan, 2 74nn5–6 Yuan zhang (court president), 134n17 Zhangwo xin sixiang (“mastering new Yu guoji jiegui (“link up with the thinking”), 192 international track”), 192 Zhongda anjian (important cases), 55–56 Zhongnan project, 10, 10n14, 59 Zaihang (“insider”), 81 Zhou Litai, 223 Zhang Changjian, 53, 57n26, 74–77, 76n9, Zhou Shengxian, 17–18 207n33 Zhu Jingwen, 161, 161n21 Zhang Changjian et al. v. Pingnan Zhuoqing (“discretion”), 139 Rongping Chemical Plant Zhu Rongji, 75 acceptance of case, 47 Zhu Suli, 166 appraisers, 59–60 Zou ma kan hua (“glimpsing ﬂowers from case acceptance fees, 53 horseback”), 198 citizen representatives, 50, 50n16 Zuihou yitiao lu (“the last road”), 44 compensation, 43, 43n1, 76–77, 76n10, Zuo sixiang gongzuo (“do thought work”), 77n13 93