Emerging Scholars 20 13 2013 Editors Mhairi Cowden Eva Entenmann Alix Kearney Supervising Editor Melissa Conley Tyler © 2013 Australian Institute of International Affairs 32 Thesiger Court, Deakin ACT 2600, Australia Phone: 02 6282 2133 - Facsimile: 02 6285 2334 Website: www.aiia.asn.au - Email: [email protected] ISBN: 978-0-909992-96-5 EMERGING SCHOLARS 2013 Edited by Mhairi Cowden, Eva Entenmann and Alix Kearney Supervising Editor: Melissa H. Conley Tyler Review Panel: Chad J. Mitcham and Melissa H. Conley Tyler Project Assistance: Sophie Gammage, Chelsea Jacka and Christopher Lever. Cover Design: Thu Lam Australian Institute of International Affairs November 2013 Copyright © The Australian Institute of International Affairs 2013 This publication may be distributed on the condition that it is attributed to the Australian Institute of International Affairs. Use for educational purposes is not allowed without the prior written consent of the Australian Institute of International Affairs. Any views or opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily shared by the Australian Institute of International Affairs or any of its members or affiliates. Cover design copyright © Thu Lam 2013 Australian Institute of International Affairs 32 Thesiger Court, Deakin ACT 2600, Australia Phone: 02 6282 2133 Facsimile: 02 6285 2334 Website: www.aiia.asn.au Email: [email protected] ISBN: 978-0-909992-96-5 CONTENTS Foreword 1 About the Editors 3 Acronyms and Abbreviations 5 Katherine Elizabeth Gordon 7 Scot Free: The Implications of Scotland’s 2014 Independence Referendum Eloise Johnston 23 A Clarification of Uncertainty: The International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organisation Virgil Tomlian 39 International Discourse: Stresses Importance in English Communication Oliver Theobald 65 Strengthening Australia-China Relations with Track II Diplomacy Julian Butler Tettmar 81 Changing Strategic and Security Climates in the Indo-Pacific: Prospects for and Challenges to Stability Khemta Hannah Jose 105 MAD in South Asia: Ambiguity and Instability in the India-Pakistan Dynamic Simon Speldewende 127 Evaluating Moro Nationalism in the Philippines Kate Fuller 141 Illegal Immigration into Australia, the US and the UK . Felicity Driver 163 Minerals, Security and Aid: Implications for the Democratic Republic of Congo Simon Alexander Asfour 183 How Untouchable are the Untouchables? An Analysis of PMFs and their Accountabilities in the Modern Era FOREWORD The Australian Institute of International Affairs (AIIA) was established in 1924 with to promote public understanding and interest in international affairs. The AIIA works actively to engage younger people in the community in its work by coordinating events such as careers fairs, school events, mentoring, internships and the Young Diplomats Program. For more information, visit www.aiia.asn.au. As part of the AIIA’s commitment to engage youth in international affairs, AIIA National Office launched an internship program in 2006. Since the commencement of the program, National Office has hosted more than 100 interns from Australia and overseas. Internship and volunteering opportunities also exist in the State and Territory branches. Anyone who interns at one of the AIIA branches or the National Office is eligible to submit a paper for publication in Emerging Scholars. For the first time this year, not only are the contributing authors former AIIA interns, but the Editorial team are also from the AIIA family. My sincere thanks go to Mhairi Cowden, Eva Entenmann and Alix Kearney for their efforts editing and coordinating this volume. Their achievements since their time as AIIA interns and their willingness to continue to contribute to the organisation is a testament to the AIIA’s engagement with young people in international affairs. This year saw a particularly high standard of submissions. Submissions are subject to an academic review system prior to publication. This volume of Emerging Scholars presents the reader with a variety of topics in international affairs including foreign policy, diplomacy, security and finance. This volume begins with an insightful analysis of next year’s Scottish Independence referendum. There is a focus on Australia’s region with articles examining the Australia-China relationship, security in the Indo- Pacific, nationalism in the Philippines and the Indian-Pakistan dynamic. 1 Along with this there are also articles that examine topics as diverse as minerals and aid in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the role of discourse in diplomacy, private military firms and illegal immigration. All of these papers deserve an audience. Please note that the opinions contained in this volume are those of the authors alone and do not represent the views of the AIIA. I sincerely thank Dr Chad Mitcham for acting as a reviewer for this volume. I also thank interns Sophie Gammage, Chelsea Jacka and Christopher Lever for their assistance. We congratulate the authors on their work and hope this further stimulates their interest in careers in international affairs. Melissa H. Conley Tyler National Executive Director, Australian Institute of International Affairs November 2013 2 ABOUT THE EDITORS Publishing is a difficult business and the three editors of this edition of ‘Emerging Scholars’ believe that this publication presents an important opportunity for early career researchers to experience the publishing process. The editors hoped to not only provide this opportunity through the AIIA, but to also give useful feedback for young authors on how to improve in future. The editors thoroughly enjoyed working with the authors and would like to thank Melissa Conley Tyler and Chad Mitcham for their invaluable help and support. Mhairi Cowden Mhairi Cowden was an intern at the AIIA National Office in 2009. Following her internship, she worked as the Executive Officer for the AIIA ACT Branch and then served on its Council until the end of 2012. She completed her PhD at the School of Politics and International Relations at the Australian National University in 2012. During her candidature Mhairi published a number of peer review papers and is currently working on a book proposal arising from her thesis. Since graduating Mhairi has moved back to her hometown of Perth to a policy position at the Department of Premier and Cabinet, Government of Western Australia. Although moving out of academia in the formal sense, she wants to keep publishing and continue her involvement with the academic community. Currently she is on the National Committee of Defence for Children International (DCI) Australia and editor of the DCI publication ‘Australian Children’s Rights News’ (ACRN). Eva Entenmann Eva was born in Germany and moved to Adelaide in 2002 to complete highschool. After graduating from Adelaide University with a double- Bachelor degree in media and international relations, she undertook an internship at the AIIA National Office in Canberra in 2009. Eva returned to Europe one year later, studying a Master of Laws in Amsterdam, where she also worked for the Public International Law and Policy Group and completed an internship at the International Bar Association’s International Criminal Court Programme in The Hague. 3 Following her studies, she conducted research at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Currently, Eva is working at the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism in The Hague. Alix Kearney Alix Kearney completed a Bachelor of Arts (global) at Monash University with a double major in Politics and International Studies. During her undergraduate degree, she spent a semester abroad at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver. Alix then completed a Masters of International Relations with a focus on counter-terrorism studies. She wrote a Politics Research Dissertation in 2011 which was titled ‘Terrorism, Violence and Animal Rights: Case Studies of the Animal Liberation Front and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society’. She moved to Canberra in July 2012 to begin her internship with the AIIA National Office. Her main interest is animal protection and she has been involved with Animal Liberation ACT since she arrived in Canberra. In 2013 Alix presented her dissertation at the Institute for Critical Animal Studies (ICAS) Oceania conference held in Canberra. 4 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ACYD Australia China Youth Dialogue ADF Australian Defence Force AFP Australian Federal Police AGD Attorney General’s Department AIIA Australian Institute of International Affairs ANU Australian National University ANZUS Australia New Zealand United States Security Treaty APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum APT Association of East Asian Nations + 3 ARF Association of East Asian Nations Regional Forum ARMM Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao ASEAN Association of East Asian Nations ASG Abu Sayyaf Group AU African Union AUSTRAC Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre AusAID Australian Agency for International Aid and Development CACI California Analysis Center Incorporated CEJA Civilian Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act CFR Council on Foreign Relations CNDP Congres Nationale pour la Defense du Peuple CSCAP Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific DAC Development Assistance Committee DIAC Department of Immigration and Citizenship DDR Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration DHS Department of Homeland Security DOD United States Department of Defence DRC Democratic Republic of Congo ED Executive Director ESDP European Security and Development Policy EU European Union FARDC Forces Armee de