Changes Between NAVCO 1.1 and NAVCO
NOTABLE CHANGES IN CAMPAIGN CODING BETWEEN NAVCO v1.1 AND NAVCO v2.0
Inclusion Criteria Note: For violent campaigns, NAVCO v2.0 continues the focus on “major” campaigns that are defined “at some point in the campaign” by 1000 battle deaths. However, for comparison and compatibility purposes, the start and end dates of these campaigns have been revised to include the time period during which the campaigns had 1000 “participants.” This makes the inclusion criteria and timelines of these campaigns consistent with the participant criteria used for nonviolent campaigns.
CHANGES IN CAMPAIGN CODING BETWEEN NAVCO v1.1 AND NAVCO v2.0
NAVCO ID 5. Albanian anti-communist
• Outcomes was changed to full success.
NAVCO ID 211. South African Anti-Apartheid
• Changed name to “South Africa Second Defiance Campaign”
NAVCO ID 7. Anti-Arap Moi
• Added the campaign years of 1990 and 1991; deleted 1989 from campaign. • Changed outcome to success.
NAVCO ID 11. Anti-Ceaucescu Rebels (Romania)
• Originally coded as a separate campaign from the nonviolent “first Anti-Ceaucescu.” These campaigns are now merged into a single campaign with a change in primary resistance method occurring in 1989. The first anti-Ceaucescu campaign has been deleted.
NAVCO ID 13. Anti-Diouf
• Outcome was changed to full success.
NAVCO ID 17. Anti-Gayoom (Maldives)
• Added this campaign to NAVCO 2.0 based on inclusion criteria and first person accounting. • Regime change campaign timeline is 2003-2008, but it is coded as a failure as of 2006.
NVCO ID 23. Anti-Milosevic
• Added 1996 and 1997, based on evidence of activity starting in 1996 (http://nonviolent- conflict.org/index.php/movements-and-campaigns/movements-and-campaigns- summaries?sobi2Task=sobi2Details&sobi2Id=16).
NAVCO ID 31. Anya Nya (Sudan)
• Originally coded as ending in 1973. Now ending in 1972 with signing of peace accords.
1 NAVCO ID 32. Argentina Anti-coup
• Originally listed as starting and ending in 1986. Corrected to 1987.
NAVCO ID 33. Argentina pro-democracy
• Originally coded as ending in 1982. Corrected to 1983 with complete cessation of campaign activities after full restoration of democracy.
NAVCO ID 37. Bangladesh Anti-military
• Name changed to Bangladesh Anti-Ershad • Campaign type changed to anti-regime • Timeline changed to 1987-90. • Outcome changed to success.
NAVCO ID 38. Belarus Anti-communist
• Changed the timeline on the campaign to 1988-1991. Changed the outcome to full success.
NAVCO ID 41. Benin anti-communist
• Changed outcome to full success.
NAVCO ID 47. Bulgarian anti-communist
• Outcome changed from Success in NAVCO 1.1 to “Significant Concessions Achieved” because elections were held in 1990 but government did not disintegrate per se.
NAVCO ID 48. Burma pro-democracy
• Added two additional campaign years from 1989-1990, because Ang Sung Suu Kyi mobilized for the elections of 1990 despite government harassment. They contested the election in a way that was not allowed at the time representing a form of ongoing resistance. See Shock Unarmed Insurrections as starting point.
NAVCO ID 52. Carnation Revolution (Portugal)
• Changed start date to 1973.
NAVCO ID 57. Contras
• The ultimate outcome of the FSLN campaign in Nicaragua was changed to a success. It was erroneously coded as a failure in NAVCO v1.1.
NAVCO ID 58. Convention Peoples Party movement (Ghana)
2 • Changed the start date for the campaign to 1949 with the start of the campaign focused on widespread strikes and nonviolent resistance.
NAVCO ID 63. Cultural Revolution (China)
• Changed name to “Cultural Revolution Red Guards” to state the intentions of the campaign.
NAVCO ID 65. Darul Islam (Indonesia)
• Changed the timeline of the campaign to include all of the dates in which there was significant participation.
NAVCO ID 67. Denis Sassou Nguesso
• Changed the campaign name from Denis Sassou Nguemo to the correct spelling.
NAVCO ID 75. East German pro-democracy movement
• Changed outcome to “significant concessions achieved.”
NAVCO ID 191. El Salvador Anti-Junta
• Originally coded as an independent NV campaign from 1979-81. Changed the timeline for the campaign to 1977-80, and merged into the FMLN violent campaign (commencing in 1980). Declaration of presidency to dictator (civilian junta) sparks large-scale protests in 1977. This continues through the seizure of power by the military junta in 1979, and the campaign continues until the restoration of civilian rule in 1981. However, in 1980, there was a shift to violence in response to the extreme regime repression. • Name of new combined campaign changed to “Salvadoran Civil Conflict.”
NAVCO ID 202. Estonia Singing Revolution
• Years updated from 1987 to 1991 based on evidence of activity at that time (http://nonviolent- conflict.org/index.php/movements-and-campaigns/movements-and-campaigns- summaries?sobi2Task=sobi2Details&sobi2Id=26).
NAVCO ID 80. FSLN
• The ultimate outcome of the FSLN campaign in Nicaragua was changed to a success. It was erroneously coded as a failure in NAVCO v1.1.
NAVCO ID 87. GAM
• Changed outcome to “significant concessions achieved.”
3 NAVCO ID 88. Gamsakhurdia & Abkhazia
• Timeline extended to 1989-1993.
NAVCO ID 89. Greek Anti-Military
• Changed start date of campaign to 1973.
NAVCO ID 90. Hizballah
• Changed outcome to “significant concessions achieved”
NAVCO IDs 81, 192, 225. Hutu rebellion (Burundi)
• Changed to First, Second, and Third Hutu Rebellions as distinct campaigns to account for stoppages in fighting.
NAVCO ID 113. Kachin rebels (Burma)
• Changed the end date of the campaign to 1994.
NAVCO ID 119. Kosovo Albanians
• In v2.0 we decided to merge the Kosovo Albanian campaign with the KLA campaign, which made the KLA a radical flank of the broader nonviolent movement from 1992-1997. In 1997, the campaign shifts from nonviolent to violent as the primary method of resistance.
NAVCO ID 129. Liberals of 1948 (Colombia)
• Added campaign years to account for ongoing violence. New time frame is 1949-1953. Amnesty program in 1953 reduced violence thereafter but did not eliminate it. • Considered but decided against including a period of organized nonviolent action from 1946-48 due to lack of evidence of coordinated civil resistance.
NAVCO ID 132. Mali Anti-military
• Changed name to Mali Anti-Military. • Timeline changed to 1990-92.
NAVCO ID 139. Moro Islamic Liberation Front
• Changed campaign to Moro National Liberation Front
NAVCO ID 138. Mongolian pro-democracy
• Changed name to Mongolian anti-communist.
4 • Changed outcome to success.
NAVCO ID 144. Naga Rebellion (India)
• Based on sources, expanded the timeline of this campaign to 1975 when a peace agreement was signed. This led to a split within the Naga faction and re-emergence of the campaign around 1980, but the campaign was pacified for a time after this peace accord and "acceptance of the Indian constitution” (see http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume16/Article4.htm).
NAVCO ID 145. National Resistance Army (Uganda)
• End date changed to 1986 with the overthrow of the Okello regime.
NAVCO ID 149. Nepalese anti-government
• Changed outcome to success.
NAVCO ID 151. Niger anti-military
• Changed outcome to success.
NAVCO ID 142. NFDLM Secessionists
• Changed the end year to 1968, deleted 1969.
NAVCO ID 155. North Vietnam Anti-Occupation
• Changed the end date to 1973 with the Paris peace accords and the official withdraw of the US from all direct military operations.
NAVCO ID 157. Nyasaland African Congress
• Changed outcome to “significant concessions achieved.”
NAVCO ID 159. Orange Revolution
• Outcome changed from Success in NAVCO v1.1 to “significant concessions achieved” since campaign forced a second round of elections but did not overthrow the government per se.
NAVCO ID 164. Palestinian Liberation
• Originally included three distinct campaigns – overall Palestinian liberation, violent first intifada, and nonviolent “Intifada.” Merged all of these campaigns into a single “Palestinian liberation” campaign. Administrators merged the data from 1987-1994. • The First Intifada period now represents a change in primary resistance method (from violent to nonviolent), with the PLO and other violent groups becoming a radical flank.
5 • The primary method of resistance changes back to violent resistance from 1994-2006.
NAVCO ID 179. People Against Violence (Slovakia)
• Name changed to “Public Against Violence”
NAVCO ID 169. People Power (first, Philippines)
• Changed the start date of this campaign to 1983 based on feedback from ICNC. 1983 marked the assassination of Aquino and the start of low-level mobilization in response to his killing.
NAVCO ID 189. People’s Revolutionary Party Rebels (Zaire)
• Name changed to Sacred Union. • Start date changed to 1991.
NAVCO IDs 171, 172, 173, 177, 206. Poland Anti-Communist Campaigns
• The Poland anti-communist campaign was divided into two separate campaigns – one by the students in 1968 (ID 171) and one by workers in 1970 (ID 172). • Also added a third “Poland Warsaw workers uprising” campaign beginning and ending in 1976 (173). However, there is a known mistake in the coding of this case; the rad_flank variable should be coded as a “1=no radical flank” rather than a “0=primarily violent campaign.” Moreover, this is a borderline case; some may argue that the workers had limited goals, where others have made the claim that the goals were related to regime change. We included it but may re-evaluate for v2.1. • Solidarity (ID 206) and Poznan protests (ID 177) are still coded as they were listed originally in NAVCO v1.1.
NAVCO IDs 193, 22. Second Khmer Rouge
• Begin year changed to 1979 when the Vietnamese installed the PRK and the Khmer rouge became an opposition movement. • 1978-79 split out as a new campaign (anti-Khmer Rouge campaign, ID 22), which was violent and ultimately successful. Some question as to whether this meets inclusion criteria since the PRK was installed by a foreign power. We opted to include it.
NAVCO ID 178. Secret Army Organization
• Name of the campaign was changed to “Pro-French Nationalists” to reflect the broad campaign to keep French control of Algeria (in both France and Algeria). The campaign started before the S.A.O. started.
6 • Time line was changed to 1960-62 to reflect riots in early 1960.
NAVCO ID 205. Slovenia Independence
• Added this campaign to the dataset to reflect a separate independence campaign conducted by the same actors that perpetrated the “Slovenia anti-communist” campaign. These two campaigns are related, but fundamentally different in nature because of the political goals.
NAVCO ID 208. Somali Clan Factions (SNM)
• End date change to 1991 with complete regime change, post inter-clan period is either new campaign, or part of subsequent campaign below. • Post 1991 years deleted from database.
NAVCO ID 209. Somalia militia insurgencies (against US / UN forces)
• Changed the start date to 1993, which was when the UNOSOM II (United Nations Operation on Somalia) was given a mandate. Peacekeepers were attacked in mid 1993, which provoked the hunt for militia leaders (http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unosom2facts.html).
NAVCO ID 213. South Korean anti-military
• Changed outcome to success.
NAVCO ID 224. Stir (Nepal)
• Outcome changed to success.
NAVCO ID 215. Taiwan pro-democracy
• Changed outcome to success.
NAVCO ID 218. Taliban
• Changed name to Taliban/ Anti-Government Forces
NAVCO ID 221. Thai – Communist Rebels
• Given data on how large the rebellion was during the 1970s, we have added years up through 1981, where it is believed that the communists had 12,500 members. • Changed start year to 1966; conflict now extends from 1966 on. This is because there was evidence of well over 1,000 active insurgents by 1966.
NAVCO ID 222. Thai pro-democracy
• Changed outcome to success.
7 NAVCO ID 235. Tutsi rebels (Rwanda)
• Changed outcome to success.
NAVCO ID 236. Tutsi Supremacists (Burundi)
• Changed start date to 1988. • Changed outcome to success.
NAVCO ID 238. Ukrainian rebellion
• Years changed from 1946-1950, with 1950 as end-year. Most sources say that the rebellion had stopped by then.
NAVCO ID 237. UNITA
• Added 2002 as a campaign year.
NAVCO ID 241. Watusi
• Extra year added to (1962), since there was evidence of raids in 1962.
NAVCO ID 248. Zambia anti-single party rule
• Changed outcome to success.
NAVCO ID 250. Zimbabwe African Peoples’ Union
• Changed outcome from full success in NAVCO 1.1 to “Significant Concessions Achieved” in NAVCO 2.0.
CAMPAIGNS DROPPED FROM NAVCO v1.1
Venezuelan anti-coup (2002)
• This campaign was omitted from NAVCO 2.v0 mistakenly. It will be added back in for NAVCO v2.1.
Colombia Conservative Movement (1940s)
• Deleted this campaign because it designated a nonstate paramilitary group that was targeting another nonstate group (the liberals), thus it did not fall within the inclusion criteria for the dataset. Additionally, this time period is also covered by the extended timeline of the “Liberals of 1948.” Overall that period covers the entire timeframe of La Violencia in Colombia.
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