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Civil Supremacy of the Military in Namibia: an Evolutionary Perspective
~f Civil Supremacy of the Military in Namibia: An Evolutionary Perspective By Guy Lamb Department of Political Studies University of Cape Town December 1998 Town Cape of . ·-~\,1.~ l ~ -._/ I /- -....,,._,.,---, University r/ / ~ This dissertation is for the partial fulfillment for a Master of Social Sciences (International and Comparative Politics). The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Town Cape of University Table of Contents Page Abstract i Maps ii Acknowledgements VI List of Acronyms viI Introduction 1 Civil Supremacy in Namibia: An Evolution? 1 Civil Supremacy and its Importance 2 Focus on Namibia 4 · Why Namibia? 5 Chapter 1: The Historical Evolution of Civil Supremacy: A 6 Conceptual Approach Town 1.1 Introducing the Problem 6 1.2 Civil-Military Relations: Survey of the Discipline and 7 Review of the Literature Cape 1.2.1 Civil-Military Relations as a Field of Study 7 1.2.2 Review of Civil Military Relationsof Literature 8 1.2.3 Focus on Civil Supremacy 11 1.3 What is Civil Supremacy? 12 1.3.1 An Overview of Civil Supremacy 12 1.3.2 A Question of Bias 13 1.4 Civil Military Traditions 14 1.4.1 Colonial 14 1.4.2 Revolutionary/Insurgent 15 1.4.2.1 The InfluenceUniversity of Mao Tse-tung -
Democracy As a Fortuitous By-Product of Independence UN Intervention and Democratization in Namibia
Taiwan Journal of Democracy, Volume 5, No.1: 27-50 Democracy as a Fortuitous By-product of Independence UN Intervention and Democratization in Namibia Christof Hartmann Abstract Democratization of Namibia was a more or less fortuitous by-product of independence. Universal suffrage was the rallying cry in the racially dominated system of South African Apartheid rule in Namibia because it equalled independence. It was thus the participatory aspect of democracy which allowed the acceptance of a liberal constitution and a set of democratic institutions. Independence meant that the armed liberation movement simply took over the state. External UN intervention was still crucial in creating a level playing ground for the first free and fair elections. UNTAG success was helped by a clear Chapter VI mandate, decisive leadership, a thinly populated country, and a South African administration which was no longer controlled by hardliners. International negotiations over Resolution 435 started fifteen years before their implementation, and international actors were integral to keeping the parties to its promises. External actors thus played a major and supporting role in the background. Key words: Namibia, independence, democratization, South Africa, UNTAG. There was a time when the promotion of democracy after civil wars seemed to be a manageable task. It was a time in the early 1990s when the United Nations was believed to finally assume its role as a powerful promoter of peace and security and to be able to shape the political destiny of populations toward a peaceful co-existence; this included the right to democratic governance. The UN experience in Namibia was partly responsible for this euphoria. -
The Chair of the African Union
Th e Chair of the African Union What prospect for institutionalisation? THE EVOLVING PHENOMENA of the Pan-African organisation to react timeously to OF THE CHAIR continental and international events. Th e Moroccan delegation asserted that when an event occurred on the Th e chair of the Pan-African organisation is one position international scene, member states could fail to react as that can be scrutinised and defi ned with diffi culty. Its they would give priority to their national concerns, or real political and institutional signifi cance can only be would make a diff erent assessment of such continental appraised through a historical analysis because it is an and international events, the reason being that, con- institution that has evolved and acquired its current trary to the United Nations, the OAU did not have any shape and weight through practical engagements. Th e permanent representatives that could be convened at any expansion of the powers of the chairperson is the result time to make a timely decision on a given situation.2 of a process dating back to the era of the Organisation of Th e delegation from Sierra Leone, a former member African Unity (OAU) and continuing under the African of the Monrovia group, considered the hypothesis of Union (AU). the loss of powers of the chairperson3 by alluding to the Indeed, the desirability or otherwise of creating eff ect of the possible political fragility of the continent on a chair position had been debated among members the so-called chair function. since the creation of the Pan-African organisation. -
UNPLAN Republic of Congo 2002 English
UN PLAN 2002 Together... Republic of Congo (Brazzaville) UN COUNTRY TEAM Published by the Office of the United Nations Resident Coordinator and Humanitarian Coordinator BP 465, Avenue Foch, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo Telephone: (242) 81 03 88 Facsimilie: (242) 81 16 79 E-mail: [email protected] REPUBLIC OF CONGO FAO ILO IOM UNDP UNESCO UNFPA UNHCR UNICEF WFP WHO ...from the ground up Congo is located in western central Africa astride the equator. It borders Gabon, Cameroon, the Cen- tral African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda, with a short stretch of coast along the South Atlantic. Congo is divided into 11 administrative regions (Brazzaville, the Capital, constitutes a region). C INTRODUCTION ONTENTS Foreword 4 Executive Summary 5 UN Country Team Goals 6 COUNTRY BRIEF History 9 Civil War 10 Foundations for Peace 11 Building Democratic Institutions 12 Economic Management 13 CROSS-SECTOR THEMES Responding to Emergency 16 Gender Equity 17 HIV/AIDS 19 Human Rights 20 Poverty Reduction 22 SECTORS Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition 23 Children and Family 25 Culture and Communications 26 Education and Science 27 Employment and Income-Generation 29 Environment 30 Health 31 Refugees 33 Reintegration Ex-Combatants 34 Water, Hygiene and Sanitation 35 UN PROJECTS FOR 2002 UN PROJECTS FOR 2002 Project Index 38 Project Index PARTNERS NGOS 82 FOREWORD This is the second year that we have produced an all-in-one ‘UN Plan’ for our work in Republic of Congo, fusing together the elements of the United Nation’s humanitarian OREWORD appeal, its common assessment, and its development framework into a unitary approach. -
Mohamed Osman Omar Somaliasomalia a Nation Driven to Despair
SOMALIA : A Nation Driven to Despair Qaran La Jah-Wareeriyay MOHAMED OSMAN OMAR SOMALIASOMALIA A NATION DRIVEN TO DESPAIR A Case of Leadership Failure SOMALI PUBLICATIONS Mogadishu 2002 SOMALIA: A NATION DRIVEN TO DESPAIR Published in 1996 Reprint 2002 SOMALI PUBLICATIONS e-mail: [email protected] mosman [email protected] © Mohamed Osman Omar, 1996 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy or any information storage and retrieval system, with- out permission in writing from the publishers. Typeset by Digigrafics, D-69 Gulmohar Park, New Delhi, 110049 Printed in India by Somali Publications at Everest Press, New Delhi Sources which have been consulted in the preparation of this book are referenced in footnotes on the appropriate text pages. Cover design: Nirmal Singh, Graphic Designer, New Delhi. Cover photo: Somalis on boat by UNHCR/P. Moumtzis-July 1992 Dedicated To The Somali People Contents Acknowledgement viii Foreword ix Preface xiii Prologue xvii After the Fall of Siad Chapter 1 Djibouti Conferences One & Two 1 Chapter 2 The Destructive War 9 Chapter 3 The World is Horror-Struck 19 Chapter 4 Attempts to End the Crisis 56 Chapter 5 Reconciliation Steps 67 Chapter 6 Addis Ababa Conference 81 Chapter 7 To Say Good-bye 109 Chapter 8 The Aftermath 142 Chapter 9 From Cairo to Nairobi 163 Chapter 10 Leadership Failure in Africa 168 Chapter 11 The African Initiative! 210 Chapter 12 Addis Ababa and Mogadishu: A Comparison 223 Chapter 13 Caught in the Fire 238 Chapter 14 Deepening the Crisis 257 Chapter 15 The Confrontation 278 Chapter 16 Conclusion 294 Songs of a Nomad Son 297 Appendices 299 Addis Ababa Agreements Interview UN Resolutions Index 379 ACKNOWLEDGMENT First and foremost I would like to express my profound gratitude to my mother, Sitey Sharif, my wife Mana Moallim, my children, my brothers and my sister for their moral support, although we are scattered, due to the difficult circumstances, in many places. -
Republic of Congo
PICSim 2005 Republic of Congo Background Guide Princeton Interactive Crisis Simulation 2005 Republic of Congo Chair: Tom Trapnell ‘05 Director: Lauren Pflepsen ‘07 International Relations Council Princeton University 1 PICSim 2005 Republic of Congo Dear Delegates: Welcome to the Garden State, welcome to PICSIM, and most importantly, welcome to the Republic of Congo. We are very excited about this committee and we hope that you will enjoy all that is in store. Before you arrive, we hope that you will take the time to read this background guide and do some further investigation of your own. Now, time to introduce ourselves, your fearless Chairs for the weekend. We first worked together in the Republic of Uzbekistan committee at Princeton's college Model UN conference last spring. We also co-chaired the Balance of Power: East Asia in 1900 Committee at Princeton’s high school conference this fall. As propriety dictates, ladies first, so without further ado, my name is Lauren Pflepsen, and I am a pre-med sophomore from Rockville, Maryland. I participated in Model UN all throughout high school and during my first year at Princeton. I also serve as an Athletic Chair for my residential college's College Council and am on the Student Health Advisory Board. During this past summer, I interned for a marine biology company in Bethany Beach, Delaware. Hi, I’m Tom Trapnell, your other chair. I’m a senior from Virginia Beach, although I went to prep school up in Boston. Now, I’m majoring in history and getting a certificate in Russian studies. -
31 August 2001
JOURNAL of the WORLD CONFERENCE AGAINST RACISM, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, XENOPHOBIA AND RELATED INTOLERANCE Durban, South Africa 31 August -7 September 2001 No. 1 PROGRAMME OF MEETINGS Friday, 31 August 2001 Plenary 9:30 a.m. - 9:50 a.m. Opening ceremony Plenary Hall Dance programme by Ballet Theatre Afrikan 10:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. Opening session Plenary Hall Opening of the Conference [1] Opening statement by the Secretary-General of the United Nations Opening address by the President of South Africa Election of the President [2] Introductory statement by the President of the World Conference Opening addresses [3] Statement by the President of the General Assembly Statement by the Secretary-General of the World Conference * * * Adoption of the rules of procedure [4] (A/CONF.189/2) Election of other officers [5] (A/CONF.189/2) DUR.01-065 - 2 - Establishment of the Credentials Committee [6(a)] (A/CONF.189/2) Adoption of the agenda [7] (A/CONF.189/1 and Add.1) Organization of work [8] (A/CONF.189/3, A/CONF.189/6) 3:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m. Roundtable of Heads of State/Government Plenary Hall Roundtable under the Chairmanship of H.E. Mr. Thabo Mbeki, President of the Republic of South Africa and opened by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Mr. Kofi Annan. Participants are expected to include the following: H.E. Mr. Abdelaziz Bouteflika, President of the Democratic People’s Republic of Algeria H.E. Mr. Jozo Krizanovic, Chair of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina H.E. Mr. -
AC Vol 42 No 7)
www.africa-confidential.com 6 April 2001 Vol 42 No 7 AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL SOUTH AFRICA 2 UGANDA Rules of law Lawyers fear the government’s Ungracious winner draft legal practice bill could bring President Museveni’s crushing victory raises concerns about the their profession under state control return of personal rule through a council which would report to the Minister of Justice. ‘Losing is completely hypothetical. It will not happen,’ President Yoweri Museveni told journalists in Kampala on the eve of the presidential election on 13 March. He did not lose and his opponent, Kizza Besigye, is asking the Supreme Court to annul the result because of rigging and intimidation by KENYA 3 Museveni’s campaign team. Besigye’s court action started on 2 April and may last a month. The Court is likely to hear much about the Museveni team’s rough tactics and may see video and audio evidence of Leave it to Sally abuses. Few believe that Besigye will win but reporting of the proceedings will further damage New civil service chief Sally Kosgey Museveni’s reputation as a progressive reformer. He abandoned his revolutionary Marxist views shortly wasted no time in sacking the after winning power in 1986. senior officials installed by her predecessor, Richard Leakey. The Most Ugandans had never before witnessed real elections. Museveni’s first serious challenger - a civil service is safely back in the retired colonel, formerly his personal physician and government minister - is, like the President, Ankole hands of the Kalenjin elite under from the east of the country. He stood as a reformer of the ruling National Resistance Movement, gaining Moi and Nicholas Biwott. -
Resolutions of the Forty-Ninth Ordinary Session of the Council of Ministers As Adopted by the Council of Ministers
ORGANIZATION OF ORGANISATION DE L’UNITE AFRICAN UNITY AFRICAINE Secretariat Secretariat P.O. Box 3243 B. P. 3243 Addis Ababa COUNCIL OF MINISTERS CM/Res.1177 – 1205 Forty-ninth Ordinary Session 20 – 25 February, 1989 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia RESOLUTIONS OF THE FORTY-NINTH ORDINARY SESSION OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS AS ADOPTED BY THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS TABLE OF CONTENTS No. TITLE REFERENCE 1. Resolution on Namibia CM/Res.1177 (XLIX) 2. Resolution on South Africa CM/Res.1178 (XLIX) 3. Resolution against Military and Nuclear Collaboration with Apartheid South Africa CM/Res.1179 (XLIX) 4. Resolution on the Candidature of His Excellency Major-General Joseph Hanven Garba for the post of President of the Forty-fourth Session of the United Nations General Assembly CM/Res.1180 (XLIX) 5. International Conference on the Plight of Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Southern Africa CM/Res.1181 (XLIX) 6. Resolution on the Situation in the Middle East CM/Res.1182 (XLIX) 7. Resolution on the Question of Palestine CM/Res.1183 (XLIX) 8. Resolution on the Western Sahara CM/Res.1184 (XLIX) 9. Resolution on the People’s Republic of Angola CM/Res.1185 (XLIX) 10. Vote of Thanks to the People’s Republic of the Congo CM/Res.1186 (XLIX) 11. Resolution on the Programme and Budget for the Financial Year 1989/90 CM/Res.1187 (XLIX) 12. Resolution on Preparations for the Third General Conference of UNIDO and Ninth Meeting of the Conference of African Ministers of Industry (CAMI) CM/Res.1188 (XLIX) 13. Resolution on the Candidature of Dr. -
The Failure of Democracy in the Republic of Congo
EXCERPTED FROM The Failure of Democracy in the Republic of Congo John F. Clark Copyright © 2008 ISBN: 978-1-58826-555-5 hc 1800 30th Street, Suite 314 Boulder, CO 80301 USA telephone 303.444.6684 fax 303.444.0824 This excerpt was downloaded from the Lynne Rienner Publishers website www.rienner.com 00-FM-Clark 12/19/07 10:54 AM Page vii Contents Preface ix Map of the Republic of Congo: Regions and Ethnic Groups xii 1 The Republic of Congo: Failure of a Democratic Experiment 1 2 Structure, Agency, and the Collapse of Democracy 17 3 History and Political Culture as Context 37 4 Political Economy and the Trajectory of Multiparty Politics 83 5 The Challenge of Ethnic and Regional Identities 111 6 The Army and Militias: Forces in Conflict 143 7 The Constitution and Political Institutions 177 8 The Complex Impact of French Policy 205 9 Understanding the Failed Experiment in Congo 233 10 After the Experiment: Electoral Authoritarianism Since 1997 249 List of Acronyms 277 References 281 Index 299 About the Book 309 vii 01-Clark 12/19/07 10:56 AM Page 1 1 The Republic of Congo: Failure of a Democratic Experiment This book is an exploration of a specific, concrete question about the social world: why did the experiment in multiparty democratic government in the Republic of Congo1 fail in 1997? As with most questions about the social world, the answer can be either a simple, straightforward one or an elabo- rate dissertation. The more the striking complexity of the social world is appreciated, the more likely a detailed exposition is valued. -
South African Foreign Relations with Angola
SOUTH AFRICAN FOREIGN RELATIONS WITH ANGOLA, 1975 - 1988: A STRUCTURAL REALIST PERSPECTIVE by L.J.D. Devraun Thesis submittedUniversity in fulfilment of Cape of the requirements Town for the degree of Masters of Arts in International Relations in the Department of Political Studies at the University of Cape Town Cape Town Republic of South Africa September 1996 ~o:·•;:r.~c-.7".""-.x-·-..,··:;r.·,·,....-·-··c-:-;;-:e:r,.-::=-~ t~ Tht·: f?1·: ·r ... ,... ~{,· ri' ri·. · ·r,.-,.•:-, }.,_."~ !\··2-n ni"·nn ~ ~th~:;;;_·;~!_,:~:) .i::i~:i~·:\>.,.:,f:~>'.:;,~~.~---'_:1 _.·?;:~:~ ~ I or lfl r--·"· C,1,.•/ ';-;,h !,, ·---U ,_.,, .-.,.,.,.,r. ~ ·)~..);".:,.::.· :._-.·-~..,.,..- ;;,,";~,-~·;·t.• :,$>1'~·~-·."f·:--· •n.~w.... ·; ,,'•'•: The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town SOUTH AFRICA IN ANGOLA 1975 -1988 Copyright (1996) by L.J.D. Devraun D.D.D. to my Russian forbearers ABSTRACT: There are an enormous number of competing interpretations of South Africa's apartheid era policies both in the region and towards Angola. With South Africa's role in the Angolan civil war as its case study, this paper evaluates the relative utility of certain selected approaches to international relations theory. This paper evaluates the relative utility of system level versus unit level theories to explain the nature of South African involvement in the Angolan conflict. -
April 28, 1989 Joint Press Statement on Namibia
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified April 28, 1989 Joint Press Statement on Namibia Citation: “Joint Press Statement on Namibia,” April 28, 1989, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Reproduced from Namibia Communications Center. Included in "Southern Africa in the Cold War, Post-1974," edited by Sue Onslow and Anna-Mark Van Wyk. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/118292 Summary: Press release describing a tripartite meeting between delegations from Angola, South Africa, and Cuba about troop withdrawal from Namibia. South African and SWAPO forces are restricted to their respective bases. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the Leon Levy Foundation. Original Language: English Contents: English Transcription Joint Press Statement The Third Regular Meeting of the Joint Commission established in terms of the Brazzaville Protocol of 13 December 1988, took place in Cape Town, Republic of South Africa from 27 to 28 April 1989. Delegations of the Peoples’ Republic of Angola, the Republic of Cuba and the Republic of South Africa, the members of the Joint Commission, as well as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America, as observers, attended the meeting. During the course of the discussions it was decided to invite the Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations in Namibia, the Under-Secretary-General for Special Political Affairs and the Military Commander of UNTAG to attend the meeting. A similar invitation was extended to the Administrator General of the Territory. The Joint Commission considered that the presence of these officials would facilitate its work.