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Smith, Newman (1988) Politics, Industrial Policy and Democracy: the Electricians' Union, 1945-1988

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Smith, Newman (1988) Politics, Industrial Policy and Democracy: the Electricians' Union, 1945-1988 Smith, Newman (1988) Politics, industrial policy and democracy: the Electricians' Union, 1945-1988. PhD thesis http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3937/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] POLITICS, INDUSTRIAL POLICY AID DEXOCRACY: THE ELECTRICIANS' VlIOI, 1945 - 1988, by NEVKAN SKITR, K,A, K,Se, A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosoph~y. University of Glasgo~ Department of Sociology. August 1988. ~ Newman Smith 1988. i CONTENTS SUMMARY p. iii. ABBREVIATIONS p. v. TABLES p. vi. INTRODUCTION p. 1. PART ONE THE TRIAL CHAPTER ONE p. 15 THE RISE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY IN THE ELECTRICAL TRADES ~NION CHAPTER TWO p. 36. BALLOT RIGGING AND THE CO__MJruNIST PARTY CHAPIER THREE p. 74. THE TRIAL AND ITS AFTERMATH PART TWO THE NEW MODEL UNION CHAPTER FOUR p. 111. THE REMDDELLING OF THE UNION CHAPTER FIVE p. 149. CONSOLIDATION CENTRALISATION AND GROWTH PARI THREE ~IH.....E~C<.LHIJjAJ.<LJ..L.liEOONG;ljEUOlEF~liE..JJ.lm1Sl11QRTHE OPPOS ITION CHAPIER SIX _SI~R......A",-,Iu.EOJGu.I..l:<Ej;;iS~FElOllRUlliEDRMl-REEORM; THE~""--,,,u....:t.tLJ..lE..JJ.lR~Gl1AUiNUI.zZE.EDD..JOllP:IP1:0lliSU.I1.T~IODNNRISE OE 0 p. 168. CHAPIER SEVEN p. 219. THE EEIPU AND THE_ INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT ii CHAPTER EIGHT p. 249. THE EETPU AND THE SOCIAL CONTRACT PART FOUR STRIKE FREE CHAPTER NINE p. 275. BALLOTS AND UNION DEMOCRACY CHAPTER TEN p. 303. THE EETPU AND THE WAPPING DISPUTE CHAPTER ELEVEN p. 332. SINGLE UNION STRIKE FREE AGREEMENTS CONCLUSION p. 368. APPENDIX p. 381. THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF THE UNION REFERENCES p. 386. BIBLIOGRAPHY p. 420. iii SUMMARY The post-war history of the Electricians' union has been a very stormy one indeed. During the 1950s, when the union was controlled by the Communist Party, there began a stream of allegations from within the union and from the press that the leaders of the ETU were engaged in electoral malpractice. Eventually, in 1961, the High Court did find that some ETU leaders, who were also members of the Communist Party, had used "fraudulent and unlawful devices" to secure the re-election of the Communist General Secretary of the union in 1959. Following the trial the ETU was expelled both from the TUC and the Labour Party, but they were re-admitted in 1962 after a new right-wing leadership was elected to office. Since 1962 the right-wing has enjoyed an uninterrupted control of the Electricians' union. Its opponents claim that this control has been maintained because, under the name of reforms, a huge reshaping of the union's internal democracy has occurred which has been effective in undermining any oppositional challenge and has placed more and more power in the hands of the Executive Council. The thesis is an examination of these two periods of the union's history, and the different strategies pursued by the Communist and right-wing leaderships. It details the rise of the Communist Party in the ETU, and considers the allegations of ballot-rigging that led to the 1961 trial. It examines the remodelling of the union in the 1960s, charts the rise of the organized opposition to the leadership in the 1970s, and considers the controversial "strike-free" agreements that the union has negotiated in recent years. However, the thesis attempts to do more than just chronicle particular episodes in the post-war history of the Electricians' union: it also attempts to understand this history by the use of two broad theoretical approaches. Firstly, the union's internal history is considered in the light of the wider political and industrial factors that have shaped and re-shaped that history. In other words, the union's democracy cannot be understood by solely examining its internal workings, "external" factors also have to be considered. From this perspective it is argued that the ballot-rigging and bureaucratic manipulation that took place under the Communist leadership cannot iv be understood simply in terms of a faulty electoral process open to abuse by unscrupulous men. Rather, those factors that allowed the CP to legitimately take charge of the union in the first place, and those which compelled some members of the ETU to eventually abuse the union's electoral process, were intimately linked to the post-war industrial climate and in particular the political and industrial strategies of the Communist Party. Similarly, the remodelling of the union's democracy in the 1960s, and the history of the union up to the present day, has to be understood not just in terms of an authoritarian leadership, but by reference to the particular circumstances that allowed the right-wing to take control of the union, and the political and industrial policies that underlay the reshaping of democracy in the union. Secondly, throughout the thesis there is an engagement with Robert Michels' "iron law of oligarchy". Michels' theory was expostulated in his Political Parties (1911) and can be summed up in his famous dictum "who says organization, says oligarchy", and in his assertion that in the trade union movement the "authoritative character of the leaders and their tendency to rule bureaucratic organizations on oligarchic lines, are even more pronounced than in political parties." This theory is critically considered in the context of the actual workings of the post-war Electrician's union. Overall, the thesis attempts to do a number of things: to give a particular account of the major episodes in the union's post-war history, which range from the ballot-rigging of the 1950s to the "strike-free" deals of the 1980s; to explore the relationship between the political and industrial policies of the CP and right-wing leaderships and the union's democracy; to offer a critical appraisal of Michels' "iron law of oligarchy; and, finally, as the union faces expulsion froID the TUC, to consider the future prospects for democracy in the EETPU. v ABBREVIATIONS Trade unions AEU Amalgamated Engineering Union AUEW Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers APEX Association of Professional, Executive Clerical and Computer Staff ETU Electrical Trades Union EETPU Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and Plumbing Union EESA Electrical and Engineering Staff Association GMWU General and Municipal Workers Union GMBATU General, Municipal, Boilermakers' and Allied Trades Union NGA National Graphical Association NUGMU National Union of General and Municipal Workers NUM National Union of Mineworkers PTU Plumbing Trades Union SOGAT Society of Graphical and Allied Trades TGWU Transport and General Workers' Union TSSA Transport Salaried Staffs Association Other organizations ACAS Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service CP Communist Party IS International Socialists IWC Institute for Workers' Control JIB Joint Industry Board (for electrical contracting> LCDTU Liaison Committee for the Defence of Trade Unions NBPI National Board for Prices and Incomes NIRC National Industrial Relations Court SJIB Scottish Joint Industry Board STUC Scottish Trades Union Congress SWP Socialist Workers Party vi TABLES Table 1. Mergers with the EETPU 1971-1986 p. 163. Table 2. Executive Council elections 1970/71 p. 184. Table 3. Executive Council elections 1975 p. 202. Table 4. Postal ballots and elections p. 291. Table 5. Postal ballots and decisions p. 291. 1 INTRODUCTION Over the past few years the Electricians' union has gained a certain notoriety and has seldom been out of the public spotlight. The attention the union has received has been due to its signing of a number of highly publicized single union "no-strike" agreements and its controversial role in the News International dispute at wrapping. Because of these activities the Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and Plumbing Union (EETPU) now faces possible expulsion from the TUC, and is itself threatening to leave the TUC and form a rival trade union confederation. However, the Electricians' union is not unaccustomed to publicity or controversy: its post-war history is full of both. Few union leaderships can have had as much vilification directed at them from within their own ranks, as well as from the wider labour and trade union movement, than have the leaders of the post-war Electricians' union. The focus of this criticism has not only been the politics and industrial strategies of both the Communist leadership of the union in the 1950s and the right-wing leadership from 1962 onwards but, to an unprecedented degree, the internal democracy of the union. No post-war trade union seems to have spent as much time wrangling over its own democratic procedures as the Electricians' union, and, given the history of the union, this is hardly surprising. During the 1950s, when the union was controlled by the Communist Party (CP), the Electrical Trades Union (ETU) was regularly attacked in the popular press and by the right-wing of the labour movement as the union that automatically made every strike official, and, with some justification, as the union whose policies slavishly followed those of the British CP and the foreign policy of the Soviet Union. At the same time a systematic campaign was conducted in the media alleging that the CP held its leading positions in the union through ballot-rigging. In 1961 an internal opposition grouping centred around the former Communist Les Cannon took the union to court in the famous ballot-rigging trial, where it was proved (and later admitted by the CP) that certain members of the ETU, who were also members of the CP, did rig the 1959 ballot for the election of General Secretary of the union.
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