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Wired and Dangerous : Maternal Bodies in Cyber

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Wired and Dangerous : Maternal Bodies in Cyber Wired and Dangerous: Maternal Bodies in Cyber(cultural)space by Anitra Goriss-Hunter, BA Hons, BA, Dip Ed Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _ University of Tasmania August, 2010 60-ell'ce__ -I~ .s·).J C. <::>(il l ,s- 1-1 tAN,~ p~~ . LJO}O Tf-:E UNIVERS11Y Ot TAS(v'!ANIA LIE RARY A 7002 21786516 b\SlooSlur- This thesis contains no material which has been accept�d for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of backgroundinformation and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis. Anitra Goriss-Hunter 17/08/2010 This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 Anitra Gonss-ttunter 17/08/2010 iii Abstract Maternity, like cyber(cultural)space, is contested terrain. Despite challenges from feminism contemporary discussions, images and experiences of maternity are all too often still haunted by notions of the self-sacrificing, domestic and natural Good Mother. In the hope of something different this thesis turns to an investigation of the cyber-realm and the potential of this new domain to overturn dominant discourses of motherhood. Scholarship investigating intersections of maternity and technology, usually concerned with reproductive technologies, is expanded in this thesis into cyber(cultural)space as the cyber-domain increasingly engages with and is infiltrated by maternal bodies. This thesis draws on conceptualizations of cyber(cultural)space as culture and artefact to extend the popular notion of the cyber-realm as the Internet to include CD ROMs and galleries that display digital art. The thesis initially considers websites concerned with maternity and their virtual communities. This section begins by investigating commercial maternity sites and focuses on the intertwining of maternity with consumption and the surveillance and commodification of the pregnant and maternal body. It then examines two less commercial and more 'alternative' maternity sites - The Bad Mothers Club, with its signature of maternal humour and the e-zine Hip Mama and its political debates. The thesis then turns to two sites of cyber-culture where maternity has not thus far been the focus of critical discussion. It interrogates the capabilities of hypertext in Shelley Jackson's widely distributed CD ROM, Patchwork Girl. The focus of discussion about this cyber-feminist re-working of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is its construction of maternity as hybrid, monstrous, fragmented and queer. Shifting further along the spectrum of cyber( cultural)space the thesis visits the works of acclaimed Australian multi-media artist Patricia Piccinini. Her work inspires multiple readings and the discussion teases out the complex possibilities of monstrosity through which it constructs techno-maternities. The methodology employed owes a debt to Christine Hine's "virtual ethnography" - sustained and deep involvement with and analysis of online interactions and the meanings generated from the resulting connections and disconnections. The analyses rely upon discourse analysis and semiotic analysis in order to access the epistemological and ontological assumptions attached to the texts. Cyber( cultural)space is no guarantee of subversion and it is not only the commercial websites that make this clear. Nevertheless, the thesis concludes that cyber(cultural)space abounds with possibilities for the overturning of restrictive traditional tropes of mothering. In these cyber-spaces of subversion monstrous outlaw mother-bodies laugh at conventional motherhood as they write a techno-charged, queer and feisty maternity for the twenty-first century. Acknowledgements Images of a journeyare oftenused to describe the process of writing a thesisand what a journeythis has been forme! Spanning ten years of teaching, researching, writing and mothering work this thesis is like another one of my children to me - sometimes a delight, sometimes sheer hard work without any reward and always requiring energy, creativity, thought and time. There are so many people to thank. In no particular order at all but always expressed with love and good vibes here are the "Thank yous". "Thank you" is a completely inadequate forthe response I feel is in order formy main supervisor Associate ProfessorBarbara Baird who is - by her informedcritical analysis, straight-shooting comments and nurturing style of supervision - in spirit a Mother Outlaw. Barbara has been an indefatigablereader of many draftsof the thesis over many years. Her assistance in keeping me on track with my academic work during some tumultuous lifeevents - the birth of three children, illness and interstate relocations - has been invaluable. Barbara has been incredibly generous with her time and energy oftenpondering an issue or problem and later contacting me to suggest some innovative solutions. Discussions with Barbara concerningmy work always left me feelinginspired to go out and tackle the topic in engaged and creative ways. Our supervisory meetings were also always filledwith lots and lots of laughter. Thank you to my Associate Supervisor Dr Llewellyn Negrinwho read and commented upon a number of drafts.Her friendly anddown to earth approach was greatlyappreciated. Thank you to the academics that have supported my work especially Dr Elizabeth McMahon, Dr JenniferLivett, Dr Felicity Plunkett, ProfessorJeff Malpas and ProfessorIan Buchanan. So many thanks need to be offeredto my fellowGender Studies colleagues Miranda Morris and Louise North fortheir support and advice. To the occupants of Room 360 in the School of Philosophy, especially Tessa, Bruce and Eliza thank you foryour academic support and camaraderie. Break times and lunch were always times of discussion and laughter. Thank you to the computer technical support people and administrationstaff in the School of Philosophy for promptly dealing with problems as they arose. Many thanks to the Carers at Lady Gowrie Battery Point Child Centre, Hobart - especially Dominic, Katherine, Katrina, Sue, Sebastian and Renee - and The Little V Graduates Children's Centre, Mount Helen especially Jody and Naoma. I could concentrate on writing, thinking and teaching knowing that my children were well­ cared for and having a great deal of fun. While I was engaged in my exciting journey of learning it was good to know that my children were also enjoying their own travels among different knowledges at school. So many thanks to all the teachers who inspired and nurtured my children at school especially Jo Nolan, Nancy Schaffner, Scott McGlynn, Mark Muldoon, Debbie Finlay and Matt Reyntjes. As dance, music and drama are as important as the air that we breathe to my children I want to thank all those wonderfully creative people who teach at the Ballarat Centre of Music and the Arts ( our second home). Thank you to teachers Jade, Emma, Kylie, Airleigh, Luke and Terri. Thank you to the Junior and Senior Hip Hop Troupes and the Junior Neo-Classical Troupe. And, of course, Paula who runs the show! Thank you to all the people involved in the Ballarat Light Opera Company's junior production of Peter Pan who helped Uisce find his inner Pirate. My PhD candidature would certainly have been a dry old time without friends to share it with and so I thank those people who patiently listened to many of my debriefings about my thesis and often enjoyed a drink or two along the way. Thank you to my breastfeeding buddies, - Fiona P, Leigh, Fiona H, Sara and Carolyn. Many thanks to my Facebook buddies for great, often late night, discussions about a wide range of topics. Thank you to Frances for words of encouragement and offers of babysitting. Many thank yous and hugs to my ever-supportive, and now interstate besties: Nerine for chatting to me over the phone even while cooking dinner. Melissa for her supportive words and always being ready to have a chat about academic and/or mothering things and/or anything at all really. Sara for our regular Monday morning walks on the beach, cafe time and great family get-togethers while we were all in Hobart. And now our loooooooooong long distance phone calls. Susan, my long-time friend, for all of your thoughtful and funny phone calls, sms messages, and good vibrations (I felt them and they helped). As well as friends my family was a great source of support, love and fun throughout my candidature. VI A purry thank you to Griffin our cat who often curled up in my lap or draped himself across my keyboard as I tried to type. And thank you to the guinea pigs Bushy, Tinky and the Tinkettes for your noisy company every day as I worked. It is fitting that having expended a considerable amount of time and energy thinking, writing and doing maternity that I thank the two primary mother figures in my life - my grandmother, Sybil and my mother Dolores. With huge hugs and kisses I thank my children Uisce, Akalia and Jayva for the unwavering love and joy they give to me. My children are the inspiration for this thesis on cybermaternities and I dedicate it to them. If not for those tender little questioning bodies I would have given up long ago at one of the many obstacles I have encountered in completing this thesis. Becoming a mother has firmed my resolve to write as a maternal body while undertaking investigations of a range of issues pertaining to maternity. There is much work still to be done researching, writing and thinking about the various ways that mothers do maternity and the structural and cultural issues that impact upon these activities. And, to Richard, my partner who deserves not only a paragraph but a thesis of thanks for not only supporting me emotionally through this difficult time but also taking on board all the myriad household tasks and child-caring that enabled me to think and write.
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