DOCSLIB.ORG

Presenting Severed Head As a Memento to a Bard: Depicted Legend of Bijal and Rai`-Dyach in Kalhora Tombs, Sindh (Pakistan)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Presenting Severed Head As a Memento to a Bard: Depicted Legend of Bijal and Rai`-Dyach in Kalhora Tombs, Sindh (Pakistan) 1 1 Presenting Severed Head As A Memento To A Bard: Depicted Legend of Bijal And Rai`-dyach In Kalhora Tombs, Sindh (Pakistan) *Zulfiqar Ali Kalhoro Abstract This paper deals with paintings of folk tale of Bijal and Dyach which are found in many tombs of Kalhoras. In this paper, I have only focused on the Jamali tombs which are believed to have been built during the Kalhora period. Some of the buried dignitaries served the Kalhoras. Jamali tombs are decorated with paintings of folk romances, battle scenes and social life in eighteenth- century Sindh. The First part of the paper deals with folk tales and the second discusses about the depictions found in three tombs of Jamali tribe. Keywords: Sindh, Tombs, Kalhoras, Legend, Bijal-Rai Dyach In the past few years funerary monuments in rural Sindh have attracted more attention. The distinctive feature of these structures is mural paintings that represent social history of eighteenth and nineteenth century Sindh. Folk legends that were main source of entrainment for rural population have survived on the walls of Kalhora and Talpur period funerary monuments. I have discussed elsewhere that like poets of eigheenthen century, painters also found themes in these folk legends to paint on the walls of tombs of tribal chiefs and nobility who served the Kalhoras. They liberally allowed this art of painting to flourish (Kalhoro 2010). There were a few rural art centers in the eighteenth century. The artists of these centers painted the folk romances, battle scenes and rural life on the walls of tombs. The painters of Garhi Center focused on socio-political history of Kalhoras depicting battle scenes, music and dance, folk legends, rituals, customs and rural Note - Research Paper Received in January 2016 and Reviewed in January 2016 *Antropologist and Head of Departmental Studies, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics(P.I.D.F.), Islamabad, Pakistan 2 Zulfiqar Ali Kalhoro Presenting Severed Head As A Memento To A Bard...... 3 life. We know that Sindh has a rich tradition of folklore which includes all myths, As fate would have it, King Ani Rai had a daughter born to him at about the legends, ballads, folktales, riddles, proverbs and superstitions. But folk tales same time that Bijal was born. But he already had sixty daughters, and so in sheer dominate social life of people and are still one of the principle forms of disgust, he put this new born girl child in a wooden chest and entrusted it to the entertainment and education for larger proportion of Sindh’s inhabitants. river. Floating away, the chest reached the kingdom of Rai Dyach, where a rich Folk tales also influenced the poets, folk story tellers and the painters alike potter Ratna Kumbhar found the chest and adopted the child as his own daughter. who expressed their feelings through paintings. The celebrated painters of eighteenth The child was named Sorath, and when she reached her adolescence she was and nineteenth centuries who executed depictions of Sasui – Punhun, Momal- Rano, known far and wide for her incomparable beauty (Khamisani 2003). Suhni`- Mehar, Leila- Majnun, Nuri`- Jam Tamachi, etc, were Piyaral Mashori, Miral King Ani Rai, not knowing that Sorath was his own daughter, and learning Mashori, Jurio Mashori, Tooh Mashori, Imam Bakhsh Mashori, Koral Mashori, about her beauty, asked Ratna Kumbhar for her hand in marriage for himself. Dodo Chandio, Gul Mohammad Vighio, Qadir Bakhsh Kalhoro, Chakar Khan Jamali Ratna agreed to this proposal and was taking the marriage procession to King Ani etc. Piyaral Mashori, Imam Bakhsh Mashori, Tooh Mashori and Koral Mashori Rai, when Rai Dyach came to know of this and was greatly annoyed to learn that were the inhabitants of Mian Nasir Mohammad Kalhoro Village in Khairpur Nathan a beautiful girl from his kingdom was going to King Ani Rai for being married to Shah and were buried in the necropolis of the same village (Kalhoro 2010). him. He immediately stopped the procession and took Sorath as his own wife and Chakar Khan Jamali who was the resident of Mured Dero in Johi, Dadu, kept her in his own palace (Komal 1994; Hussain 2001). built tomb of Sobder Jamali which is situated about 20 km northwest of Shahdadkot King Ani Rai felt greatly incensed and with his army, he laid siege to the in small village of Imam Bakhsh Jamali. He also painted folk tales inside the kingdom of Jhunagarh, and when after a full year even, he could not succeed; he tomb which includes the folk tales of Sasui`-Punhun, Momal Rano, Nuri Jam drew back to his own kingdom, but was full of thoughts of revenge against Rai Tamachi, Leila -Majun, Suhni`- Mehar, Lila- Chanesar and Bijal-Rai Dyach. The Dyach. After some time, he filled a large platter with gold sovereigns, and story of Rai Dyach is very popular in Sindh. People remember him as generous proclaimed in his kingdom that he would give away the gold to the one, who king who cut off his head simply on the demand by a bard. would bring him the head of Rai Dyach. It is said that Bijal’s wife accepted the Legend has it that no body had ever returned empty handed from his palace. platter of gold sovereigns, and promised the head of Rai Dyach in return, claiming The story of Bijal and Rai Dyach is still popular pastime for people living in that her husband Bijal would bring back the head of Rai Dyach (Komal 1994). Sindh-Kohistan. Kachho and Tharparkar regions of Sindh According to legend, Bijal then proceeded to Jhunagarh, and there he so charmed King Rai Dyach Rai Khanghar was ruler of Jhunagarh. He was very generous and nobody returned with his heavenly music, that Rai Dyach urged him to ask whatever he wanted, and empty handed from his palace, people called him Rai Dyach ( the giver). He had he shall have it. Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai has beautifully put the event in his poetry: a sister, who was married but had no child. One day she sought the blessings of an “An inspired bard came to Jhunagarh, itinerant sage and prayed for a child. The sage told her “indeed a son would be He took his harp and played on it, born to you, but in due time he would cause the death of your brother Rai Dyach.” All the people of the city were with music enthralled, Hearing this, she was greatly distressed. So, when in due time a son was born to Palace maids were perplexed, the queens did cry, her, she put him in a wooden chest, and entrusted the chest to the currents of the The harp’s strain was, “this bard’s aim is the head river flowing nearby. The chest floating along, reached the adjacent kingdom of of the King.” King Ani Rai, where one minstrel and his wife found the chest, and adopted the child as their own and named him as Bijal (Khamisani 2003:237). Bijal asked Rai Dyach for his own head, and the story is that Rai Dyach When Bijal Charan grew up, he used to go to the forest and graze the cattle took up his sharp sword, and with his own hand cut off his head, and it fell into the of his adoptive father. One day he heard some heavenly melody coming from a lap of Bijal. distant tree, and on reaching there, found that somebody had killed a deer, and Bard! I salute you ten times”, says the king, hung up its entrails from a high branch of the tree, where they had dried up, and You ask for that head which is not one grain of when the wind blew, a beautiful melody emanated from the entrails, and this melody Peppers’ worth, attracted birds and animals from all around who gathered there to hear the heavenly If you are in need of my head, I would offer it ten times. music. He climbed the tree and secured these dried intestines, and strung them on (Bhitai) his fiddle in place of the usual wire, and when he played on the fiddle with his bow, wonderful heavenly melodies came forth, and Bijal became a famous musician Bijal brought the head of Rai Dyach to King Ani Rai, who was so struck by the throughout the region (Komal 1995:7). generosity of Rai Dyach that he felt ashamed of his action and turned away Bijal. 4 Zulfiqar Ali Kalhoro Presenting Severed Head As A Memento To A Bard...... 5 Bijal rushed back to Jhunagarh, and found that Sorath was ready to step into maid is also holding a platter of money to offer him but Bijal knew that Rai Dyach the funeral pyre of Rai Dyach and burned herself along with him, and even as she was generous and he would present him his head. As Bijal was busy in talking jumped into the fire, Bijal also jumped into the fire and was burned to death with the maids, in the meantime Rai Dyach cut his head and presented him. (Khamisani 2003; Komal 1994). There is also a similar depiction in tomb of Shakal Khan Jamal which shows Jamali Tombs - The legend of Biial-Rai Dyach is represented in the Jamil Rai Dyach with severed head. It is also the imitation of the one painted in the tombs. There are five tombs of Jamali tribe which are located in Shahdadkot tehsil tomb of Mir Sobdar. Four characters are shown in the painting with Rai Dyach of Shahdadkot-Qamber district. Of these, three tombs are adorned with figural sitting on the cot and presenting his severed head to Bijal.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Contributions of Lala Har Dayal As an Intellectual and Revolutionary
    CONTRIBUTIONS OF LALA HAR DAYAL AS AN INTELLECTUAL AND REVOLUTIONARY ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF ^ntiat ai pijtl000pi{g IN }^ ^ HISTORY By MATT GAOR CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2007 ,,» '*^d<*'/. ' ABSTRACT India owes to Lala Har Dayal a great debt of gratitude. What he did intotality to his mother country is yet to be acknowledged properly. The paradox ridden Har Dayal - a moody idealist, intellectual, who felt an almost mystical empathy with the masses in India and America. He kept the National Independence flame burning not only in India but outside too. In 1905 he went to England for Academic pursuits. But after few years he had leave England for his revolutionary activities. He stayed in America and other European countries for 25 years and finally returned to England where he wrote three books. Har Dayal's stature was so great that its very difficult to put him under one mould. He was visionary who all through his life devoted to Boddhi sattava doctrine, rational interpretation of religions and sharing his erudite knowledge for the development of self culture. The proposed thesis seeks to examine the purpose of his returning to intellectual pursuits in England. Simultaneously the thesis also analyses the contemporary relevance of his works which had a common thread of humanism, rationalism and scientific temper. Relevance for his ideas is still alive as it was 50 years ago. He was true a patriotic who dreamed independence for his country. He was pioneer for developing science in laymen and scientific temper among youths.
    [Show full text]
  • Places in London Associated with Indian Freedom Fighters
    A SPECIAL TOUR OF PLACES IN LONDON ASSOCIATED WITH INDIAN FREEDOM FIGHTERS by V S Godbole 1 Preface Indian Freedom struggle went through four phases as described in the next few pages. The role of the revolutionaries has been wiped out of memory by various parties of vested interest. However, because of their sacrifices we have become independent. We now see increased prosperity in India and as a result, many Indians are now visiting England, Europe and even America. Some go around on world tour. And they are not all businessmen. The visitors even include school teachers, and draughtsmen who were once regarded as poorly paid. It is appropriate therefore that they should visit places associated with Veer Savarkar and other Indian freedom fighters who made today's changed circumstances possible. After the failure of the 1857 war to gain Indian independence from rule of the East India Company, some one said to Emperor Bahadurshah, Dum Dumaye Dam Nahi Aba Khaira Mango Janaki Aih, Jafar Aba Thandi Hui Samsher Hindostanki The valour of Indian people has now subsided. You better beg the English for your life. Bahadurshah replied Gaziame Boo Rahegi Jabtalak Eemanki Tabtak To London tak Chalegi Teg Hindostanki As long as there is a spark of self respect in the blood of our youth, we will carry our fight for independence even to doors of London. That fight was indeed carried in London 50 years later by Savarkar and others. Those patriots sacrificed their careers, their comfort, and their lives so that the future generations would live with dignity.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Students, 'India House'
    Wesleyan University The Honors College Empire and Assassination: Indian Students, ‘India House’, and Information Gathering in Great Britain, 1898-1911 by Paul Schaffel Class of 2012 A thesis submitted to the faculty of Wesleyan University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Departmental Honors in History Middletown, Connecticut April, 2012 2 Table Of Contents A Note on India Office Records.............................................................................................3 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................4 Introduction-A Dynamic Relationship: Indian Students & the British Empire.....5 Separate Spheres on a Collision Course.................................................................................6 Internal Confusion ....................................................................................................................9 Outline...................................................................................................................................... 12 Previous Scholarship.............................................................................................................. 14 I. Indian Students & India House......................................................................... 17 Setting the Stage: Early Indian Student Arrivals in Britain .............................................. 19 Indian Student Groups .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Iasbaba's Prelims 60- Day Plan – Day 8
    IASbaba’s Prelims 60- Day Plan – Day 8 2017 Q.1) Consider the following statements with reference to the Famine Commission of 1880. 1. It was appointed by Lord Rippon. 2. It was headed by Richard Starchey. 3. The First famine code was formulated based on the commission’s report. Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) All of the above. Q.1) Solution (b) In 1880 the Governor General of India Lord Lytton appointed a Famine commission headed by Sir Richard Starchey. It recommended providing employment to the able bodied persons, and to provide relief to the physically infirmed, It suggested that the famine relief should be primary responsibility of the Provincial governments with the centre’s help wherever necessary. Based on the recommendations of the committee, First Famine Code was formulated in 1883. The second Famine Commission was appointed by Lord Curzon in 1901, after the draught of 1899-1900. Source: A New Look At the Modern Indian History by B.L. Grover and Alka Mehta. Q.2) Which of the following pairs is matched correctly? 1. Mayo’s resolution on financial decentralization : 1870 2. The Royal Commission on Decentralization : 1905 3. Ripon’s Resolution on Decentralization : 1882 Select the correct answer using the codes given below. a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) None of the above Q.2) Solution (c) IASbaba’s Prelims 60- Day Plan – Day 8 2017 Lord Ripon is known to have granted the Indians first taste of freedom by introducing the Local Self Government in 1882.
    [Show full text]
  • Iasbaba 60 Day Plan 2020 – Day 15 History
    IASbaba 60 Day Plan 2020 – Day 15 History Q.1) Consider the following pairs: Organisation Leader 1. Madras Mahajan Sabha P Ananda Charlu 2. Bombay Presidency Association K T Telang 3. All India National Conference Anand Mohan Bose Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched? a) 1 and 2 only b) 3 only c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3 Q.1) Solution (d) Pair 1 Pair 2 Pair 3 Correct Correct Correct Madras Mahajan Sabha was Bombay Presidency The Indian National formed in 1884 by a group of Association was formed in Association also known as younger nationalists of 1885 by popularly called Indian Association was the Madras such as M brothers-in-law – first avowed nationalist Viraraghavachariar, G Pherozeshah Mehta, K T organization founded in Subramaniya Iyer and P Telang and Badruddin Tyabji. British India by Surendranath Ananda Charlu. Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose in 1876. Q.2) Consider the following statements: 1. The first meeting of the Indian National Congress was organized by W. C. Banarjee in Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College of Bombay. 2. A resolution was passed in the first meeting of Congress demanding expansion of Indian Council of the Secretary of State for India to include Indians. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 only IASbaba 60 Day Plan 2020 – Day 15 History b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Solution (d) Statement 1 Statement 2 Incorrect Incorrect The first meeting of the Indian National Total 9 resolutions were passed.
    [Show full text]
  • GSEB Class 8 Social Science Semester 2
    Standard - 8 Social Science Second Semester Pledge India is my country. All indians are my brothers and sisters. I love my country and i am proud of its rich and varied heritage. I shall always strive to be worthy of it. I shall respect my parents, teachers and all my elders and treat everyone with courtesy. I pledge my devotion to my country and its people. My happiness lies in their well-being and prosperity. 40.00 Gujarat Council of Educational Gujarat State Board of Research and Training School Textbooks Gandhinagar Gandhinagar © Gujarat State Board of School Textbook, Gandhinagar PREFACE Copyright of this book is reserved with Gujarat State Board of School Textbook. No reproduction of this book, in whole or in part, in any form is permitted without the written permission The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) of the Director, Gujarat State Board of School Textbook. 2005 and the Right to Education Act (RTE) 2009 recommend connecting knowledge that is Preparation and Planning provided in school to the life outside the school. Dr. T. S. Joshi Haresh Chaudhari This principle marks a departure from the legacy Iqbal D. Vora Chandresh P. Palia of book based learning which continues to Convener shape our education system and is creating a Dr. Sanjay B. Trivedi huge gap between the school, home and community. Co-convener M. G. Shaikh Rajnikant Raval The syllabi and textbooks developed on the Jeebhai Desai Dr. Akhil Thakar basis of above principle signify an attempt to Authors implement it with a considerable change in the Harjibhai Prajapati Nileshkumar Pandya textbooks, teaching - learning methods, Rajesh Sumera Rohitkumar Trivedi approaches, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges to Empire
    Pluto Press Chapter Title: Challenges to empire Book Title: Staying Power Book Subtitle: The History of Black People in Britain Book Author(s): PETER FRYER Published by: Pluto Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/j.ctt183gztr.13 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Pluto Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Staying Power This content downloaded from 86.161.91.160 on Mon, 15 Jun 2020 08:06:17 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 9. Challenges to empire The aim of this chapter is to describe the lives and achievements of some of the black people who lived in Britain between about 1830 and 1918. Some were born here; others, born in Africa, the West Indies, the United States, and India, made a permanent home here or stayed for months or years. They were active in politics, medicine, law, business, the theatre, music, dance, sport, journalism, local affairs. They included writers and men of God, orators and enter­ tainers, two editors, a nurse, and a photographer. One, born in Chatham, was transported for life as a working-class rebel.
    [Show full text]
  • Killensp, Dissertation, South Asians and the Creation of International
    Copyright by Sean Patrick Killen 2020 The Dissertation Committee for Sean Patrick Killen certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: South Asians and the Creation of International Legal Order, c. 1850-c. 1920: Global Political Thought and Imperial Legal Politics Committee: Mark A. Lawrence, Supervisor Gail Minault, co-Supervisor Michael R. Anderson Sumit Guha Jeremi Suri South Asians and the Creation of International Legal Order, c. 1850-c. 1920: Global Political Thought and Imperial Legal Politics by Sean Patrick Killen Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2020 Dedication I dedicate this work with love to Amy Ramsey, who has lived with it for many years, and to our families. Acknowledgements I could not have completed this dissertation at The University of Texas at Austin without the intellectual, financial, and emotional support of many people and institutions. The members of my dissertation committee deserve special thanks. Gail Minault and Mark Lawrence were patient advisors, generous with their time and insightful in their critical analyses of my work. Jeremi Suri provided constant encouragement for my project over many years. Michael R. Anderson, in addition to serving on my committee, helped me strengthen my teaching skills when I acted as a teaching assistant for him in numerous classes both in history and in international relations and global studies. Sumit Guha graciously joined the committee shortly before my defense, and his conscientious critique of my work was heartening as I think about the possibility of transforming the dissertation into a book.
    [Show full text]
  • Constructing Nation and History
    Constructing Nation and History Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India 1915-1930 Prabhu Narain Bapu Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Oriental and African Studies University of London November 2009 ProQuest Number: 11010467 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010467 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Dedicated to ... Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha, Southall, London Gurdwara Guru Nanak Nishkam Sewak Jatha [UK], Hounslow, London Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha, Hounslow, London Declaration for PhD thesis I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the School of Oriental and African Studies concerning plagiarism.I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part by any other person.I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged Iin present the
    [Show full text]
  • Iasbaba 60 Days 2020: History Compilation Week 3 and 4
    IASBABA 60 DAYS 2020: HISTORY COMPILATION WEEK 3 AND 4 IASBABA 1 IASBABA 60 DAYS 2020: HISTORY COMPILATION WEEK 3 AND 4 Q.1) Consider the following pairs: Organisation Leader 1. Madras Mahajan Sabha P Ananda Charlu 2. Bombay Presidency Association K T Telang 3. All India National Conference Anand Mohan Bose Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched? a) 1 and 2 only b) 3 only c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3 Q.1) Solution (d) Pair 1 Pair 2 Pair 3 Correct Correct Correct Madras Mahajan Sabha was Bombay Presidency The Indian National formed in 1884 by a group of Association was formed in Association also known as younger nationalists of 1885 by popularly called Indian Association was the Madras such as M brothers-in-law – first avowed nationalist Viraraghavachariar, G Pherozeshah Mehta, K T organization founded in Subramaniya Iyer and P Telang and Badruddin Tyabji. British India by Surendranath Ananda Charlu. Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose in 1876. Q.2) Consider the following statements: 1. The first meeting of the Indian National Congress was organized by W. C. Banarjee in Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College of Bombay. 2. A resolution was passed in the first meeting of Congress demanding expansion of Indian Council of the Secretary of State for India to include Indians. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 only IASBABA 2 IASBABA 60 DAYS 2020: HISTORY COMPILATION WEEK 3 AND 4 b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Solution (d) Statement 1 Statement 2 Incorrect Incorrect The first meeting of the Indian National Total 9 resolutions were passed.
    [Show full text]
  • Inside the Enemy Camp
    Inside the Enemy Camp Veer Savarkar www.savarkar.org Table of Contents Table of Contents ...........................................................................2 Preface ...........................................................................................5 1 CHAPTER ONE .....................................................................7 1.1 On board the ship s.s. Persia................................................................ 7 1.2 Experience of the Previous Travellers................................................... 8 1.3 We need to change when we go abroad............................................... 9 1.4 Harnamsingh....................................................................................... 10 1.5 I changed the mind of Harnamsingh ................................................... 12 1.6 Mazzini (1805-1872) ........................................................................... 14 1.7 Mr. Etiquette........................................................................................ 17 1.8 Tranquility at night time ....................................................................... 17 1.9 Suez and Marseilles............................................................................ 18 2 CHAPTER TWO...................................................................20 2.1 When I reached London...................................................................... 20 2.2 Dadabhai Naoroji the grand old man of Indian politics (1825 - 1917).21 2.3 London Indian Society........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dadabhai Naoroji and the Evolution of the Demand for Indian Self-Government
    The Grand Old Man: Dadabhai Naoroji and the Evolution of the Demand for Indian Self-Government The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Patel, Dinyar Phiroze. 2015. The Grand Old Man: Dadabhai Naoroji and the Evolution of the Demand for Indian Self-Government. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467241 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Grand Old Man: Dadabhai Naoroji and the Evolution of the Demand for Indian Self-Government A dissertation presented by Dinyar Patel to The Department of History In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2015 © 2015 Dinyar Patel All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professor Sugata Bose Dinyar Patel The Grand Old Man: Dadabhai Naoroji and the Evolution of the Demand for Indian Self-Government Abstract This dissertation traces the thought and career of Dadabhai Naoroji, arguably the most significant Indian nationalist leader in the pre-Gandhian era. Naoroji (1825-1917) gave the Indian National Congress a tangible political goal in 1906 when he declared its objective to be self-government or swaraj. I identify three distinct phases in the development of his political thought.
    [Show full text]