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Lord Minto and the Indian Nationalist Movement, with Special Reference

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Lord Minto and the Indian Nationalist Movement, with Special Reference Lord Minto and the Indian Nationalist Movement, with Special Reference to the Political Activities of the Indian Muslims, 1905-1910. Syed Razi Wasti Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies. February 1962 ProQuest Number: 11010616 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010616 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 CONTENTS Page Abstract List of Abbreviations........* ................. Introduction...... ... ... ... ... ........... 5) Chapter I. Minto and the Indian National Congress, 1906-1907.......... ... Chapter II. The Origin and Growth of the All- India Muslim League, 1906-1910 ... go Chapter III. Minto and Militant Nationalism, 1907-1909............................ i 1 o> 0 Chapter IV. The Origin and Growth of the Reforms............................ Chapter V. The Muslims Secure Separate Representations 1906-1910. ........ 2 5 0 Chapter VI. Enactment and Enforcement of the Indian Councils Act of 1909 ....... 287 Conclusion......................................... 33 i Bibliography 3 ABSTRACT Lord Minto's policy towards the Indian Nationalist movement has heen examined in this thesis. Curzon had ignored the Indian National Congress. Minto, on the other hand, recognized it as an important factor in Indian political life. Besides his policy towards the » Congress, we have diaoussed his attitude towards the partition of Bengal and Puller's administration of East Bengal and Assam. Special attention has heen paid to Minto's policy towards various 'interests' in India, particularly tKe. Muslim*. An attempt has heen made to trace the origin and growth of the Simla Deputation of 1 October 1906, with particular reference to the hypotheses of previous writers, and the Muslim political awakening as a whole. Muslim efforts to secure separate representation have also heen discussed. Unrest in the Punjab, the growth of a militant group in Bengal and Maharashtra and Minto's policy towards militant nationalism has heen studied in the light of new materiaj. The origin and growth of the reforms and the enactment and enforcement of the Indian Councils Act of 1909 have heen discussed in great detail. This thesis is hased on the unpublished private papers of Minto and Morley, the official records of the Government, parliamentary papers and debates, newspaper reports and other sources. ABBREVIATIONS B.N.N.R Bengal Native Newspaper Reports. B.M. British Museum. Dept, Deptt. Department. E.B. & A* East Bengal and Assam. H. of C. House of Commons, H, of L. House of Lords. Home Misc. Home Miscellaneous. I.N.C. Indian National Congress, 1.0 • L. Indian Offioe Library. N.L.S. National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh. Offg, Officiating. Parly Papers. Parliamentary Papers. Pol Political Prog Proceeding(s) P.N.N.R. Panjab Native Newspaper Reports, Sect. Secretary, 6 Introduction On Curzonfs resignation, Minto was appointed the Viceroy of India in 1905. Although Lady Minto was "immensely proud that the choice should have fallen upon" him, she thought his appointment "most unexpected" and "a bolt from the blue". She was pleased because it meant Minto's following in the footsteps of his great-grandfather. But the reasons why she thought this appointment "a bolt from the blue" were that Minto had "no parliamentary experience" and "disliked politics and the methods of politicians" and that he was succeeding "one of the most brilliant men of the day". Minto was also conscious of the fact that the Conservative Government which had appointed him was tottering and that 2 soon "he would be the servant of a very different government". He knew that the task before him was not an easy one. In India there was no Parliament but there was the problem of British parliamentary interference in Indian administration; there were no party politics as such but there was a political party with aspirations, and there was the aftermath of Curzon's administration. Curzon had ruled India, "but without the necessary sympathy which would have 1. Mary, Countess of Minto - India^ Minto and Morley, 1905- 1910, London 1934, p.6 . Minto himself was surprised on his appointment though it was "the greatest appointment I have ever hoped for", John Buchan - Lord Minto, London, 1924, p.210. 2. John Buchan - op.cit. p.210. 7 endeared him to the people."^ Curzonfs lack of'Isympathy" had enraged a number of Indians, There was little that Curzon did which did not cause these Indians, Congressmen mostly, to pile up resentment not against individuals only but against 2 the entire regime and the system of government, Gokhale, in his presidential address to the twenty first Congress, 1905, summed up Curzon's achievement and administration and found a parallel in Aurangzeb, It was "an attempt at a rule excessively centralised and intensely personal". According to Gokhale it had "the same strenuous purpose, the same overpowering consciousness of duty, the same marvellous capacity for work, the same sense of loneliness, the same persistence in a policy of distrust and repression, resulting in bitter exasperation all round". His conclusion was that "the most devoted admirer of Lord Curzon cannot claim that he has strengthened the foundations of British rule in India," Gokhale was conscious of the new Viceroy's difficulties as well. He knew that these difficulties of the situation were not of Mintofs creating and that he had a right to expect the co-operation of both the officials and 1, Lady Minto - My Indian Journal, Vol.I. 1905-6, pp.5-6. Indian Institute, Oxford. This Journal was a record of views and events which she started compiling even before the Mintos left for India, 2, Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915). Moderate Indian Congress leader; a Maharashtra Brahman, started his career as a teacher. Took a keen interest in the Congress since 1899. Member Bombay Legislative Council, 1900-1901; Viceroy's Legislative Council, 1902, President of the Congress 1905. the public in his endeavours to terminate a state of tension# Minto realized that it was his responsibility to restore the confidence of Indians in the British Government, He, therefore, decided to base his administration on the maxim "that many a race has been won by giving the horse a p rest in his gallops." While Curzon*s watchword was "efficiency", Minto, without proposing to sacrifice efficiency, adopted "sympathy" as his watchword.*^ In India, after a succession of religious and social reform movements, a political party had been founded in 1885. A.0.Hume ^ a retired Civil Servant, was one of its founders and Lord Dufferin, the then Viceroy of India, showed great interest in its origin, because he was anxious to ascertain the wishes of the people, which in the absence of a political party was not possible. The Congress started as an association of moderate Indians who met annually at different places, debated certain problems, passed a number of resolutions and dispersed# Its membership was small and its 1. Report of the I.N.C. 1905. Gokhale'a Address, p.7. 2. Speeches by the Earl of Minto, Calcutta, 1911. p.8 . 3. The earliest mention of this word "sympathy" is found in Lady Minto's Journal. Vol.I, 1905-6, pp.5-6. 4. Allan Octavian Hume (1829-1912). Civil Servant, 1849-1882; awarded C.B. in i860. Served mostly in North West Provinces (later U.P.). On 1 March 1883 addressed a circular letter to the graduates of the Calcutta University. Called the first session of the I.N. Congress in December 1885. Left India in 1894. Continued working for the Congress until his death in 1912. 5. Sir William Wedderburn - Allan Octavian Hume, C.B., London 1913- pp.59-60, s members enjoyed good social positions. Most of them were liked by the officials in their individual capacities. Its resolutions, meetings and particularly its activities in England did unnerve a number of bureaucrats, yet on the whole this organization worked well and grew steadily. Besides securing political concessions from the Government, its aim was to develop into a national organization embracing all Indians, irrespective of sect, caste and religion. It was an uphill task, yet some of its leaders worked to achieve this end. What it required was a first class political slogan to bring itself closer to the masses. There was another snag. The Muslims had not taken very kindly to the Congress and refrained from joining it in any number.1 Thus before Curzonfs regime though the Congress had grown in size it had not become a popular or national organization. Its reaction to Curzon*s administration and particularly to the Partition of Bengal made it popular amongst the Hindus, but further disillusioned the Muslims. Whatever justifications and reasons might be put forward for it, the partition and the way it was carried out gave a stimulus to the Congress activities. The Russian defeat at the hands of the Japanese in 1905 further encouraged Indian self-confidence, as a success of Asians over Europeans, Hence on his arrival Minto found the Congress a very o r 1. See Appendix I. p. O formidable factor in Indian political life. Prom its very early days the Congress had been asking for certain political reforms. The methods its leaders adopted to achieve these demands were constitutional and moderate.
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