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India's Struggle for Freedom and the Role of Indian

India's Struggle for Freedom and the Role of Indian

The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO: 0886-9367

INDIA'S STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM AND THE ROLE OF INDIAN DIASPORA * Rama Ranjan Upadhyay *Research Scholar, Department of History, University of Lucknow, Lucknow (India) Email: [email protected]

Abstract:

The Indian National Movement has a great importance in the . This was due to the exploitative nature of the colonial government. Colonial intervention took place in almost every aspect of Indian life during the colonial period. Due to these interventions, the Indian public started a movement against the colonial government. Many Indian reformers and leaders like Raja , Dada Bhai Noriji, , Drs. BR Ambedkar, Shyamji Krishna Verma, etc. saw the freedom of citizens by going abroad. They were influenced by the freedom enjoyed by the citizens of these countries. This spirit of independence inspired Indian reformers and leaders to make India free from colonial government. These leaders organized movements to make India independent so that Indians could enjoy the same freedom. Many leaders like Gandhi started their political life in foreign (South Africa) and devoted their lives for the independence of India. Many Indian leaders like Shyamji Krishna, LalaHarDayal, BhikajiCama etc. traveled abroad and started the movement in favor of Indian freedom struggle. He founded several organizations like India Home Rule Society, Ghadar Party and and supported the national movement. Therefore, this research paper is an attempt to see the role of the Indian diaspora in the Indian national movement. This research paper has mainly two objectives. First the role of reforms and leaders who toured overseas and tried to improve Indian society and participated in the freedom struggle of India from overseas. And, second, the role of organizations that were established abroad by Indians during the Indian National Movement.

Key Words: Diaspora, Indian National Movement, , , Indian National Army

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Introduction:

The Indian National Movement was fought on two fronts. The first front was in India, where the national movement was fought under the leadership of the and the second front was overseas, from where many Indians contributed to the Indian independence movement. The Indian national movement was a long journey of Indian independence. The movement against colonial rule started just after the establishment of British rule in India. However, these movements took nationalistic shape after the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885. The Indian National Congress led the protest movements against the colonial government. Most of the nationalist leaders of the Indian national movement were Western educated and belonged to certain castes, communities, linguistic and economic groups. These leaders were mainly the three presidents of India such as Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. According to ShekharBandyopadhyay, he was more concerned about creating his elite society and culture. These nationalist leaders not only had limited goals, but also had unnatural achievements (Bandhopadhyay, 2009). , Ferozeshah Mehta S.N. Like a liberal leader. Banerjee etc. mainly focused on economic reforms, constitutional reforms and administrative reforms. But the main weakness of the liberal leaders was that they could not influence the common people of India (Chandra, 2009). Liberal leaders were of the view that gradually the British government would give rights to Indians. However, in 1907 the Congress split in two. The other part of nationalist leaders did not believe in liberal leaders. They were known as extremist leaders. Bal GangadharTilak, LalaLajpat Rai, and Arvind Ghosh etc. were prominent extremist leaders. Lack of success of British policies and liberal leadership led to the rise of extremism in India. The extremist leaders made their primary objective. He focused on indigenous and cultural revivalism. The partition of Bengal in 1905 became an important reason for the rise of extremism in India. The was led by extremist leaders after 1905. However, the extremist movement could not be more successful and by 1917, the extremist movement had lost its strength (Bandyopadhyay, 2009). The time when Gandhi came into Indian politics was a very important time as the First World War was going on. In such a situation, the government did not want any challenge within the country. Therefore, the government was ready to give some relaxation to Indians. The Champaran peasant movement, the Kheda movement and the Ahmedabad mill strike were examples where the government agreed to give comfort to Indians. On the other hand, the government

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was not tolerating any violent agitation. The extremist leaders planned a revolt against the government on 19 February 1915 under the leadership of Ras Bihari Bose. When the government came to know about this rebellion through CID, it crushed the rebellion. According to Chandra, 42 extremist leaders were hanged and 200 were sent to jail (Chandra, 1998).

Indian Diaspora before Independence:

The year 1905 was a turning point in the history of the Indian freedom struggle, as this year saw major political changes not only in India but also in the world. In India, Bengal was divided into two parts this year and for the world, Japan defeated Russia in the same year. In 1905, the Bengali people organized the first nationalist mass movement against the British government. Therefore, prominent Indian intellectual Benoy Kumar Sarkar stated that the year 1905 was the beginning of a new era for India (Sarkar, 1922). In the same year, the Swadeshi movement emerged in Bengal and several protest movements took place. The British government reacted vigorously to suppress the Swadeshi movement. Due to this response, many educated Indians left India and moved to different countries and led the Indian independence movement from those countries (Tyne, 2007). The diaspora played a very important role in the Indian national movement. The British had established several colonies in many countries of Africa, Asia and American continents. The British moved many Indian people to various colonies. These Indians were sent to various colonies as a laborer, but some of them Indians were well educated and started their trade in those colonies. In this way, he had made a lot of money. During the 20th century, Indian leaders visited various colonies and met with Indian diaspora and requested them to help in the Indian national movement. LalaLajpat Rai went to Canada and the United States and requested Indians to participate in the Indian freedom struggle. Because of this, these Indians focused on Indian nationalist movements (Jafferlot, 2007). By 1914, North America had become home to Punjabi Diaspora. A large Punjabi population settled in this part of the US from Jalandhar and Punjab in Hojarpur district. Most of them were farmers and soldiers of the British Army. The Punjabis who worked as an army man had an opportunity to understand the conditions of their contemporary world. These Indians faced many problems in their colonies because; The white people did not like these Indians. Many Indians settled in Canada but the Government of Canada made many rules for Indians. Indian diaspora did not like such treatment and decided to support the Indian freedom struggle (Chandra, 1998). In the 19th and 20th centuries, a large number of Punjabi populations settled in the US and

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Canada. He went there in search of better employment opportunities. Many of these Punjabis were former soldiers of the British Army in Singapore and Hong Kong. They believed that the British government would treat them better, but Great Britain declared that every Indian would be treated equally in all its colonies. In this way, these soldiers faced discrimination, injustice and inequality. The first group of Sikhs entered Canada in 1897 when they were on an official visit. Many of them settled in Canada and invited their relatives and friends. Until 1906, Sikhs wandered into Canada, but after 1906 the Canadian government stopped their emigration. This led to the appearance of the Ghadar movement (Nahal, U. D.). South Africa was also one of the most important colonies of the British Empire. When the British established their colonies in South Africa, they sent negroes there. These colonies required more workers; Therefore, the British authorities requested the British Indian government to send more workers. The first batch of indentured laborers arrived in Natal on 16 November 1860. After that, a large number of Indian laborers were sent to India from South Africa. Indentured laborers in South Africa were called 'kulis' by Europeans (Gandhi, 1928). These were from different parts of the Indian country like United Provinces, Bihar, Maharashtra, Coromandel Coast, Malabar and Orissa. While many of them were sent directly from India; Some of them were laborers who were already working in different colonies. According to Hugh Tinker, between 1830 and 1917 1.3 million Indians were sent out of India as indentured laborers. More than one and a half million Indian workers were sent to Natal only. During the 20th century, the total Indian population in South Africa was 3 percent of the total population of South Africa (Tinker, 1974). At the time of , a large number of Indians were recruited in the British Army. AK Tiwari is of the view that the total number of Indian troops sent to different parts of the world during World War I was around 5, 52000 (Tiwari, 2019).

Leaders of Indian Diaspora in Indian National Movement:

The leadership of the Indian diaspora played an important role in the Indian national movement. Many Indian leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, B.R. Ambedkar, Ras Bihari Bose, Mohan Singh, TarakNath Das, LalaLajpat Rai, LalaHardayal, Subhash Chandra Bose, V.D. Savarkar etc. went to different parts of the world and enjoyed from the citizens of those countries. These leaders dreamed of making India free from colonial rule. Mahatma Gandhi went to South Africa in 1893 as a lawyer. Gandhi saw the exploitative form of colonial government in South Africa. Many Indians were facing the exploitation of the colonial government. Gandhi visited South Africa for only a few days but he stayed there for over 20 years. Between 1894 and 1906, Gandhi led his movements in South Africa like moderates.

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But, in 1906, Gandhi started the movement against the Black Act in South Africa in which every Indian had to register. Gandhi successfully compelled the colonial government to exempt Indians from the Black Act. In this way, Gandhi's political career began in South Africa. Gandhi created some principles and new methods in his political life such as Satyagraha, non-violence and non-cooperation. Gandhi used these new principles and methods for the first time in South Africa (Chandra, 1998). After coming back to India, Gandhi used his non-violent methods in the Indian freedom struggle which was not used by his contemporary Indian nationalist leaders. Gandhi did not participate in the movements after his return to India. He tried to understand the nature of Indian society and the condition of the Indian public. Therefore, he travelled to different parts of India to find out the true state of the country. In this way, Gandhi tried to understand the pulse of the nation. Hence Gandhi knew the importance of religion; many of his political views and methods were influenced by his religious views. After 1917, Gandhi became an important figure in Indian political history due to the philosophy of non-violence and its practice. Gandhi's political philosophy such as the idea of truth, non-violence, Satyagraha, Sarvodaya and creative works etc. made him a leading leader at that time. LalaHarDayal was born in 1884 in a Hindu family in Delhi. He received his higher education from Oxford University and did a double MA in English and History. He published a newspaper titled 'BandeMataram'. Prior to joining the Ghadar movement, LalaHarDayal briefly worked as a faculty member at Stanford University. He was known for his nationalist activities in America. He inspired many students of the University of California to join the Indian National Movement (Ghadar Centenary Year 2013). He settled in Western America and became the General Secretary of the Ghadar Party. He decided to lead Indians in America for India's independence. The 'Hindi Association' was established in Portland in May 1913. At the first meeting of this union, LalaHarDayal urged Indians to fight not against Americans but against the British. He was of the view that Indians were facing problems in various countries because India was under the control of the British Empire. The Indian people accepted his suggestions and formed a committee and published a newspaper 'Ghadar'. This newspaper became famous in various countries and inspired Indians to unite and fight against the colonial government. LalaHarDayal successfully led the Indian nationalist movement from the US but was arrested in March 1914, hence, the Ghadar movement slowed down (Chandra, 1998). Subhash Chandra Bose was one of the most important leaders of the Indian freedom struggle. He joined the Indian National Congress in 1921 and with the help of remarkable leadership ability; He was soon elected as the General Secretary of the Bengal Presidency. He was elected as the President of the Indian National

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Congress in 1938 and 1939. But, when Mahatma Gandhi did not accept him as president in 1939, he left the Indian National Congress and formed the 'Forward Bloc'. Throughout his political career, Bose's only goal was to liberate India from British rule. To accomplish his goal, Bose went to Singapore in July 1943 and met Ras Bihari Bose. handed him control of the Indian Independence League. Subhash Chandra Bose led the Indian National Army for the first time with the help of thirteen thousand army men. He met many leaders from various countries like Hitler, Mussolini and Stalin and sought his support for India's independence. Bose speculated that the British would break out of India and that India would become a prosperous country under the government of an independent India. Bose had the power to mobilize the general public.He addressed the students of the University of Tokyo in 1944 where he presented the true image of India. He said that people of different countries consider India as a country of three things: snakes, fakirs and maharajas. He thought that this image of India was due to British propaganda before foreigners. He said that India is a country of great culture and is known for its rich philosophy (Singh, U. D.). Narendranath Dutta, commonly known as , was born on 12 January 1863 in Bengal. He joined the BrahmoSamaj and met Swami Ramakrishna Paramahamsa in 1881. Vivekananda is considered the father of Indian spiritual nationalism. He traveled to Asia, America and Europe. He attended the World's Columbian Exhibition in Chicago in the fall of 1893. On September 11, 1893, Vivekananda gave his world-famous lectures at the Parliament of Religions in Chicago. He lived in the United States and for more than three years. He gave many lectures in these countries. In 1897, he returned to India. He established the Ramakrishna Mission and served the Indian people. He went west again in 1899 for a year. He died in 1902 at the age of 39. Vivekananda taught peace and spirituality to India as well as the world. Vivekananda introduced the world to Indian spirituality. He provided a moral and spiritual foundation to the Indian National Movement (Gokhale, 1964). Mohan Singh was an officer of the British Indian Army. He fought against the Japanese Army in World War II but when he saw that the British Army was about to lose, he supported the Japanese Army. More than 45 thousand Indian soldiers were arrested by the Japanese Army in World War II. Mohan Singh organized these army men and formed the Indian National Army. provided new energy to the Indian National Army as many young Indians joined it. In December 1942, Mohan Singh was arrested. After him, Subhash Chandra Bose became the chief of the Indian National Army (Chandra, 1998).

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BhimraoAmbedkar was born into an untouchable family in Maharashtra. He went to USA for higher education. He studied abroad for over ten years. He studied at Columbia University, from where he received his PhD. He earned a DSc degree from . During his residence abroad, he tried to understand about the Indian social system. After coming back to India, Ambedkar started social reform movements. He started the Mahar Satyagraha to uplift the conditions of the Dalits. He attended all three roundtable conferences and advocated for the rights of lower caste Indians. Due to his efforts, Poona Pact came into the limelight. This was the first time that lower caste people got reservation in India. When the Indians became independent in 1947, Ambedkar became the chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution. Ambedkar is called the father of the Indian Constitution because of his role in the Constitutional Committee (Shahre, 1988). (1857–1930) was also one of the most important leaders contributing to India's independence from abroad. He was from . He led the Indian freedom struggle from Europe from 1893 to 1914. He founded the India House in London in 1904, which became the center for Indian revolutionaries like Savarkar, Madam Cama, and etc. Shyamji Krishna Varma.DayanandSaraswati and Bombay became the first presidents of the . He worked as an assistant professor at Oxford University (Sundaram, 2015). Shyamji Krishna Varma published a monthly magazine called 'Indian Socialist' in 1905. This was also the time when Swadeshi movement was going on against the colonial government in Bengal. Through his magazine, Krishna Varma published articles critical of the British government in India. An organization called 'Indian Home Rule Society' was formed by Krishna Varma. He had a house at Highgate known as 'India House'. The house was a mess-less hostel for Indian students. Many revolutionary leaders like VinayakDamodarSavarkar stayed in this India House (Bakhale, 2010). Madame BhikajiRustomCama was a revolutionary woman of the Indian National Movement. He was born on September 24, 1861, into a wealthy Parsi family. He received English education in childhood. He had nationalist thinking from a young age. Madame Cama thought that the British had betrayed India and spread the worst form of imperialism. Madame Cama participated in many social activities. He hoisted the Indian tricolor in Germany in 1907 and said; Of this flag is of Indian independence! Behold, it is born! It has been sanctified with the blood of young Indians who sacrificed their lives. I call upon you, gentlemen, to rise and salute this flag of Indian independence. In the name of this flag, I appeal to lovers all over the world to support this flag '(Kamat, 2019). After Germany, she went to America and met Indians. He introduced the Indian diaspora to the US with the oppression of the voice of educated Indians in India. He toured England and continued the

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movements with the help of Shyamji Krishna Varma. Role of Migrant Organizations in Indian National Movement: Indian independence in 1947 was the result of a long freedom struggle. This freedom struggle was fought in India and abroad. Many Indians migrated to various countries as indentured laborers. He had various problems so he started a protest movement in those colonies. They formed several organizations to fight for their rights. Shyamji Krishna Varma founded the Indian Home Rule Society in London in 1905. Krishna Varma also established India House in London. Both organizations were opened to Indian students but were used for revolutionary activities. BhikhajiRustomCama joined the Indian Home Rule Society. After some time, she moved to Parish and started the Parish Indian Society and published the magazine BandeMataram. Taraknath Das formed the Indian Independent League in California (USA) in 1907. LalaHardayal formed the Ghadar Party in 1913 in the United States and Canada. These organizations played an important role in the Indian national movement. In 1942, Mohan Singh formed the Indian National Army in Singapore (Ghadar Centenary Year 2013).

Ghadar Party and its role in Indian National Movement:

The idea of Ghadar Party came to the mind of some Indians who settled in America and Canada. In July 1912, Indian mill workers gathered in Portland. He decided to establish the Pacific Coast Hindustan Association. On 1 November 1913, the Ghadar Party came into existence in San Francisco (Upadhyay, 2014). The Ghadar party was mainly dominated by Punjabis; It included Indians from different parts of the country such as Darcy Chenchaiya and Champak Raman from South India, Vishnu Ganesh Pingale from West India and Sadashiv PandurangKhankhose. Taraknath Dash and Jatinder Lahiri were from eastern India. Indian Muslims also joined the Ghadar Party. MaulviBarkatullah was an important active Muslim member of the Ghadar Party from central India. The name Ghadar became popular when the Ghadar Party published a magazine with the same name 'Ghadar' (rebellion). The headquarters of the Ghadar Party was known as the 'GhadarSmarak' (Lal, 2013). Sohan Singh Bhakna was appointed its president, Babu Guru Dutta became its general secretary, PanditKashiram was appointed its treasurer. He showed his solidarity with the Indians. Although the Ghadar movement emerged in North America, it still had influence in India. The Ghadar Party wanted to make India hook and crook free. Its primary goal was to provoke Ghadar's thinking in the minds of the Indian people and to attack British establishments (Nahal, U. D.). According to Chaman Lal, the Ghadar movement in India failed, as more than a hundred members of the Ghadar Party were killed in February 1915. One hundred of its

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members were imprisoned for long periods and sent to 'Kalapani' (Lal, 2013). Inder Singh believes that the Ghadar movement was the movement that produced the remarkable courage, determination and valor of the diaspora to liberate India from the British colonial government. Members of the Ghadar movements tried to influence the Indian people through GhadarPatrika. The magazine was published in Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi and Tamil. The magazine was sent to various countries such as Canada, Hong Kong, China, Malaya, Singapore, Egypt, Burma, Turkey, Afghanistan and the Philippines as many Indians settled in these countries as well. The British government was aware of the popularity of Ghadar magazine. The British government mainly tried to stop its spread in India. The British government felt that the capture of HarDayal would help end the Ghadar movement; Therefore, he forced the US government to arrest him. However, LalaHarDayal was soon released on bail. After getting bail, he left the US and moved to Germany. In the absence of LalaHarDayal, a void was created in the movement. But the Ghadar movement remained active for a long time (Inder Singh cited Ghadar Centenary in 2013). Indian Home Rule Society and India House in London: Indian Home Rule Society and India House was founded by Shyam Ji Krishna Varma in London. Both organizations played an important role in the Indian national movement as they provided shelter to revolutionary Indians in London. Krishna Varma published '', a monthly magazine for the promotion of revolutionary ideas among the Indian diaspora in England. Copies of it were distributed not only in India but also in various countries, where Indian expatriates were residing. The purpose of this paper, according to the Oxford graduate, was to make the British public aware of the grievances, demands and aspirations of the people of India and its millions. Shyamji Krishna Varma thought that India cannot do this. Achieve independence without the leadership of educated Indian intellectuals. India House became a famous place for Indian revolutionaries as many young Indians visiting England joined India House. V. D. Savarkar visited England in 1906 and joined the organization. Later, he was known as the father of Hindutva nationalism. M. K. Many other leaders like Gandhi, LalaHarDayal, LalaLajpat Rai and Asif Ali joined this organization (Tyne, 2007).

Indian National Army and Indian National Movement:

World War II was an important turning point of the Indian national movement as many Indian soldiers participated in this war. Indian soldiers were fighting in various countries in favor of the British government. But unfortunately, in 1942, Japan defeated the British Indian Army in northern Malay. Captain Mohan Singh and his 40,000 soldiers (Current Intelligence

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Study Number 24, 8 June 1945, suggest that the number of soldiers was 70,000) surrendered to the Japanese army. The Japanese Army suggested Mohan Singh fight against the British government for Indian independence and handed over the Indian soldiers to Captain Mohan Singh who commanded the Indian Army and established the Indian National Army. Meanwhile, visited Japan in February 1943 and was welcomed by Indians. He took charge of the Indian National Army and gave his famous slogan 'Delhi Chalo'. Japan handed over Andaman and Nicobar to the Indian National Army (Sajiva, 2017). Subhash Chandra Bose established the Provincial Government for Independent India in Singapore in October 1943. By 1944, Burma had become the headquarters of the Indian National Army because; A large number of expatriate Indians settled in Burma. When the Japanese captured Burma, about half a million Indians remained there. The Indians were engaged in various functions in Burma such as most of them were laborers, some of them traders and heavy financial stakeholders in the country. He supported the Indian National Army with sources of funds (Current Intelligence Study No. 24, June 8, 1945).

Japan was also in support of Indian independence, so, in early 1942, Japan launched a campaign to mobilize Indian prisoners of war in Shanghai, Hong Kong and Singapore to join the Indian National Army and fight for India's independence. This campaign led to 16000 war prisoners joining the Indian National Army. The first encounter between the British Indian Army and the Indian National Army occurred a few miles from Buhyeidung in Arakan. The Indian National Army successfully captured a divisional headquarters. Japanese troops entered the Indian border and reached Imphal but could not win as many Japanese officers died of illness. The Indian National Army could not sustain its victory for long because Japan did not support it for long due to the preoccupation with the Second World War (ibid, 1945). In 1945, Subhash Chandra Bose died in a plane crash. His death became one of the most important reasons behind the defeat of the Indian National Army but this army brought independence one step ahead.

Conclusion:

The Indian national movement emerged in India due to the exploitative nature of the British colonial government. The British conquered the Indian territories because they wanted to get more economic benefits. After the , the British government took control of the Indian bureaucracy. The British had many colonies in different countries. India was not only a large market for British goods, but it also had a large resource of laborers. Due to this,

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the British Indian government sent many Indians to various countries as indentured laborers. With the passage of time, these diaspora became financially strong and influenced the local governments. When these expatriate Indians came in contact with educated Indian leaders, they supported the Indian national movement. Along with this, many educated Indian reformers and leaders visited England, America and Canada and enjoyed freedom by the people. These reformers and leaders contributed to the Indian national movement. On the one hand, thinkers like Vivekananda and Ram Mohan Roy focused on the logical underpinnings of Indian philosophy. He worked for social reform within Hindu society dominated by many unnecessary social rituals. And, on the other hand, m. K. Gandhi and B. R. Leaders like Ambedkar focused on social reforms within the lower caste. Dr.Ambedkar is considered a pioneer of social reform within the subaltern section of Indian society. Gandhi gave a new philosophy to the Indian political leadership. Subhash Chandra Bose, LalaHardayal, Mohan Singh etc. adopted the extremist method to gain independence from the colonial government. He felt that Indians could not achieve independence without the use of force. In this way, we mainly use three types of ideologies in the Indian nationalist movement. The first ideology provided a spiritual foundation to the national movement, the second ideology provided a strong political base to the national movement within the Indian public and, the third ideology provided extremism to the Indian national movement. Many Indians settled in different countries and formed various organizations. These organizations played an important role in the Indian independence movements. These organizations gave the revolutionaries Indians a place in foreign.

Reference

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7. Current Intelligence Study Number 24. (June 8, 1945). The Rise and fall of Indian National Army. https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000709795.pdf (24-03-2019). 8. Dr.Sajiva. (2017). Indian National Army. https://www.sansarlochan.in/azad-hindfauj/ (24-03-2019). 9. Gandhi, M.K. (1928). Satyagraha in South Africa. Ahmedabad: Navajivan Trust. 10. Gandhi, M.K. (1955). My Religion. Ahmedabad: Navajivan. 11. Gandhi, M.K. (1968). The Selected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. III. Ahmedabad: Navajivan. 12. Gandhi, M.K. (1968). The Selected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. V. Ahmedabad: Navajivan. 13. Ghadar Centennial Commemoration. (2013). Global Organization of People of Indian Origin. www.gopio.net/gadarcommemoration. (09-03-2019). 14. Gokhale, B.G. (1954). Swami Vivekananda and . Oxford University Press, 32 (1), 35-42 15. Jaffrelot, C. (2007). . Delhi: Permanent Black. 16. Kamat, J. (2019). BhikajiCama: A Biography. http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/itihas/cama.htm (11-03-2019). 17. Lal, C. (2013). Gadar Party: The Centenary Year. Economic & Political Weekly. 48(29). 18. Nahal, T.S. (u.d.) Ghadar Movement: Its Origin and Impact on JallianwalaBagh Massacre and Indian Freedom Struggle. ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081 51 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/Ghadar_Movement_Its_Ori gin_and_Impact_on.pdf (09-03-2019). 19. Pandey, G. (2010). Peasant Revolt and Indian Nationalism: The Peasant Movements 20. Sarkar, B.K. (1922). The futurism of young Asia. And other essays on the relations between the East and the West. : J. Springer. 21. Shahare, M.L. (1988). Dr.BhimraoAmbedkar, His Life and Work. Delhi: NCERT 22. Singh, M.K. (undated). Encyclopaedia of Indian War of Independence Vol.3 23. Sundaram, V. (2015). PanditShyamji Krishna Varma. https://guy8461.wordpress.com/2015/02/18/18th-february-1905-home-rule-societyof- india-was-established-in-london/. (11-03-2019).

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24. Tine, H.F. (2007). Indian Nationalism and the ‘world forces’: transnational and diasporic dimensions of the Indian freedom movement on the eve of the First World War. Journal of Global History, 3, 325-344. 25. Tinker, H. (1974). A New System of Slavery: the Export of Indian Labour Overseas 1830-1920. London: Oxford University Press. 26. Tiwari, A.K. (2019). Indian National Congress and Eka Movement in Awadh. International Journal of Science and Research, 8(1), 1444-1454. 27. Upadhyay, N. (2014). Ghadar Movement: A Living Legacy. Sikh Formations Religion, CultureTheory. https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rsfo20. (09-03-2019).

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