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Part Test Key Indian History and Culture (Explanation.P65 R.C. Reddy IAS Study Circle Indian History and Culture PART TEST - 03 Key with Explanation 1B on a fixed date as land revenue to the trea- sury, irrespective of what they could col- It enacted the Indian council Act, 1909 and not GOl Act, 1909, it retained official ma- lect. Slowly the Zamindars brought more jority in the Central Legislative Council but areas under cultivation and made more allowed the provincial legislative councils money while they paid the same fixed to have non-official majority. Hence only amount to the company and company can- statement 2 is correct. not claim any share of surplus. Under this, the zamindars were deprived of their judi- 2C cial and police powers. The new class of "Vaikom Satyagraha" was a temple entry landlords became strong political allies of movement in Kerala. The Satyagraha was the British. The worst affected people were started to establish the right for all people the cultivators who were left at the mercy to walk through the temple roads. Leaders of the zamindars and moneylenders, they like K.P. Kesava Menon and T.K. Madhavan had no ownership rights over land led the agitation. E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker 5C led Self Respect movement. Hence, state- ment 1 is not correct. The Satyagraha was CR Das resigned from the presidentship of reinforced by jathas from Punjab and the Congress in 1922 Gaya session and Madurai. Mahatama Gandhi undertook a along with Moti Lal Nehru, N C Kelkar tour of Kerala in support of the movement. launched their own political outfit called Hence, statement 2 is correct. Finally, in "Congress Khilafat Swarajya Party" or sim- 1936 the Maharaja of Travancore issued a ply the "Swarajya Party". They contested proclamation throwing open all government the elections as an integral part of Con- controlled temples to all Hindus. A similar gress. In the elections they got elected in step was taken by the C. Rajagopalachari the councils and one among them administration in Madras in 1938. Hence, Vithalbhai Patel became the President at statement 3 is correct. the Central Legislative Assembly. But the party was degenerated due to the members 3B showing alegiance to the loyalty to the Brit- Tej Bahadur Sapru was a liberal who broke ish and also on the issues of Comunalism. openly with Congress over non-violent civil 6A disobedience. He opposed CDM and salt satyagraha. He participated in First Round Many inscriptions found at Aihole, but the Table Conference and also participated in inscription which found at Meguti Temple central and provincial legislatures set up popularly known as Aihole inscription, by British. He mediated between Gandhi which has the significance in the history and viceroy Irwin for Gandhi Irwin Pact. of India, witnessed for the many historical events of Chalukyas. The inscription writ- 4B ten in Sanskrit and it is in Kannada script The Permanent Settlement was introduced by his court poet Ravikiriti. There is a by Cornwallis in 1793 in Bengal and Bihar mention about the defeat of Harsha and a little later in Orissa with the help of vardhana by Pulikeshi II and there is a Sir John Shore. Under this, the company mention about the victory of Chalukyas on concluded a kind of long term revenue con- Pallavas, also mentioned about the shift- tract with the zamindars. The Zamindars ing of the capital from Aihole to Badami by were required to pay a fixed amount in cash Pulakesin. R.C. Reddy IAS Study Circle 1 7A It gives a clear and methodological analy- sis of economic and political conditions of First Buddhist council was held soon after the Mauryan period. the Mahaparinirvana of the Buddha, around 483 BC under the patronage of king The Arthasastra refers to a state monopoly Ajatshatru with the monk Mahakasyapa of mines (khani), and the manufacture presiding, at Rajgriha, in the Sattapani of salt and wine. According to Cave. The idea was to preserve and codify Megasthenes, shipbuilding and manufac- Buddha's teachings (Sutta) and rules for ture of arms were royal monopolies. About disciples (Vinaya). Ananda, one of the great the practice of usury, Megasthenes states disciples of Buddha recited Suttas and that Indians neither put out money at Upali, another disciple recited Vinaya. usury, nor know how to borrow. Kautilya The second Buddhist council was held in deals with organized money lending in the 383 BC. This idea of this council was to Arthasastra. Fifteen percent per annum settle a dispute on Vinaya Pitaka, the code appears to have been the average rate of of discipline. It was not settles and Bud- interest on borrowed money. dhism sects appeared for the first time. The 9A subgroups were Sthaviravada, Maha Acc to Samkhya school, world owes its cre- sanghika and Sarvastivada. It was held at ation and evolution mote to nature than to Vaishali under the patronage of King God. Later, the creation of world was attrib- Kalasoka and the presidency of Sabakami. uted to both nature and spirit. Thus in the Third Buddhist council was held in 250 BC beginning this school was materialistic and at Pataliputra under the patronage of King later becomes spiritualistic. Whereas, ac- Asoka and under the presidency of Mogga cording to Vedanta philosophy, brahma is liputta Tissa. The teachings of Buddha reality and everything else is unreal. By the which were under two baskets were now knowledge of self, one can attain salvation. classified in 3 baskets as Abhidhamma Hence statement (a) is not correct. Pitaka was established in this council Vaisheshika school also put forward the The fourth council The Fourth Buddhist materialistic view of life. According to Council was held at Kundalvana, Kashmir vaisheshika school, material objects are in 72 AD under the patronage of Kushan made up of atoms. Hence it propounded the king Kanishka and the president of this atom theory. Nyaya school was developed council was Vasumitra, with Asvaghosa as as a system of logic. According to Nyaya his deputy. This council distinctly divided school, salvation can be attained through the Buddhism into 2 sects Mahayana & the acquisition of knowledge. Hinayana. 10 D 8C The interests of the Vijayanagar rulers and Arthshashtra was written in Sanskrit by the Bahamani sultans clashed in three separate and distinct areas: in the Chanakya / Kautilya / Vishnugupta / In- Tungabhadra doab, in the Krishna-Godavari dian Machiavelli. It contains 15 books & 180 delta, and in the Marathwada country. The chapters; with main theme divided into 3 Tungabhadra doab was the region between parts the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra. On > King & his council and departments of gov- account of its wealth and economic re- ernment sources, it had been the bone of contention > Civil & criminal law between the western Chalukyas and the Cholas in the earlier period and between • Diplomacy of war the Yadavas and the Hoysalas later on. R.C. Reddy IAS Study Circle 2 11 D 16 A During swadeshi movement of 1905,corps Gupta rulers issued three types of land of volunteers of samitis were used as an grants. First was the religious grants to another medium of mass mobilization and brahmans, individually or collectively, building social awareness along with per- known as brahmadeya or agrahara grants. forming social work Swadesh Bandhab Second was the grants to religious institu- Samiti by Ashwini Kumar Duttin Barisal tions such as temples and monasteries was the most famous samiti at that time. known as devagrahara or devadana Third The samiti took swadeshi message to ru- were secular grants to crown officers, craft ral villages through magic lantern lectures. guilds or also military commanders in rare It provided training in swadeshi craft ,physi- occasions. cal and moral training along with social The objective of giving land grants, in case work during famines. They formed an arbi- of Brahmadeya might be religious. How- tration committee which sorted out several ever, the more pressing reason for the same disputes of the villagers. appears to be the weakening of the mon- 12 A etary economy mainly because of collapse of international trade. This system of the The armies of the Indian states were dis- land grants got further accelerated in Post- banded and hence this increased unem- Gupta period and created ideal conditions ployment. The high cost of subsidiary force for development of Indian feudalism. increased the debt burden. Though the Brit- ish promised non-interference in internal 17 C matters, they seldom kept it. According to Jainism, asceticism and pen- 13 C ance are required to free oneself from the cycle of karma. This can be achieved only Liaqat Ali - Allahabad by renouncing the world; therefore, monas- Maulavi Ahmadullah - Faizabad tic existence is a necessary condition of Khan Bahadur - Bareilly salvation. The three jewels in Jainism are Right faith, Right knowledge and Right ac- Begum Hazrat Mahal and Birzis Kadi - tion. Mahavira accepted mostly the reli- Lucknow gious doctrines of Parshva but certainly 14 D made some alterations and fifth doctrine of Jainism, Brahmacharya (celibacy) was The Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757 in added by Mahavira. which Siraj ud duala was defeated and com- pany got monopolistic trade privileges in 18 C Bengal but it certainly didn't mark the end Stupa represents 'Mahaparinibba', while of the Mughal rule in Delhi. The Battle of empty seat indicates meditation. The Buxar resulted in introduction of dual ad- wheel is also called the dharma chakra. It ministration in Bengal (authoritarian head has eight spokes, which represent Buddha's is the company & responsible head is the Eightfold Path. The Eight-Spoked Dharma nawab) Wheel or 'Dharmachakra' (Sanskrit) 15 B symbolises the Buddha's turning the Wheel of Truth or Law.
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