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Home , Hathigumpha inscription, Purana Kassapa, Shyamji Krishna Varma

R.C. Reddy IAS Study Circle Indian History and Culture PART TEST - 03 Key with Explanation 1B on a fixed date as land revenue to the trea- sury, irrespective of what they could col- It enacted the Indian council Act, 1909 and not GOl Act, 1909, it retained official ma- lect. Slowly the Zamindars brought more jority in the Central Legislative Council but areas under cultivation and made more allowed the provincial legislative councils money while they paid the same fixed to have non-official majority. Hence only amount to the company and company can- statement 2 is correct. not claim any share of surplus. Under this, the zamindars were deprived of their judi- 2C cial and police powers. The new class of "Vaikom " was a temple entry landlords became strong political allies of movement in Kerala. The Satyagraha was the British. The worst affected people were started to establish the right for all people the cultivators who were left at the mercy to walk through the temple roads. Leaders of the zamindars and moneylenders, they like K.P. Kesava Menon and T.K. Madhavan had no ownership rights over land led the agitation. E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker 5C led Self Respect movement. Hence, state- ment 1 is not correct. The Satyagraha was CR Das resigned from the presidentship of reinforced by jathas from Punjab and the Congress in 1922 Gaya session and Madurai. Mahatama Gandhi undertook a along with Moti Lal Nehru, N C Kelkar tour of Kerala in support of the movement. launched their own political outfit called Hence, statement 2 is correct. Finally, in "Congress Khilafat Swarajya Party" or sim- 1936 the Maharaja of Travancore issued a ply the "Swarajya Party". They contested proclamation throwing open all government the elections as an integral part of Con- controlled temples to all Hindus. A similar gress. In the elections they got elected in step was taken by the C. Rajagopalachari the councils and one among them administration in Madras in 1938. Hence, Vithalbhai Patel became the President at statement 3 is correct. the Central Legislative Assembly. But the party was degenerated due to the members 3B showing alegiance to the loyalty to the Brit- Tej Bahadur Sapru was a liberal who broke ish and also on the issues of Comunalism. openly with Congress over non-violent civil 6A disobedience. He opposed CDM and salt satyagraha. He participated in First Round Many inscriptions found at Aihole, but the Table Conference and also participated in inscription which found at Meguti Temple central and provincial legislatures set up popularly known as Aihole inscription, by British. He mediated between Gandhi which has the significance in the history and viceroy Irwin for Gandhi Irwin Pact. of , witnessed for the many historical events of Chalukyas. The inscription writ- 4B ten in and it is in Kannada script The Permanent Settlement was introduced by his court poet Ravikiriti. There is a by Cornwallis in 1793 in Bengal and Bihar mention about the defeat of Harsha and a little later in Orissa with the help of vardhana by Pulikeshi II and there is a Sir John Shore. Under this, the company mention about the victory of Chalukyas on concluded a kind of long term revenue con- Pallavas, also mentioned about the shift- tract with the zamindars. The Zamindars ing of the capital from Aihole to Badami by were required to pay a fixed amount in cash Pulakesin.

R.C. Reddy IAS Study Circle 1 7A It gives a clear and methodological analy- sis of economic and political conditions of First Buddhist council was held soon after the Mauryan period. the Mahaparinirvana of the Buddha, around 483 BC under the patronage of king The Arthasastra refers to a state monopoly Ajatshatru with the monk Mahakasyapa of mines (khani), and the manufacture presiding, at Rajgriha, in the Sattapani of salt and wine. According to Cave. The idea was to preserve and codify Megasthenes, shipbuilding and manufac- Buddha's teachings (Sutta) and rules for ture of arms were royal monopolies. About disciples (Vinaya). Ananda, one of the great the practice of usury, Megasthenes states disciples of Buddha recited Suttas and that Indians neither put out money at Upali, another disciple recited Vinaya. usury, nor know how to borrow. Kautilya The second Buddhist council was held in deals with organized money lending in the 383 BC. This idea of this council was to Arthasastra. Fifteen percent per annum settle a dispute on Vinaya Pitaka, the code appears to have been the average rate of of discipline. It was not settles and Bud- interest on borrowed money. dhism sects appeared for the first time. The 9A subgroups were Sthaviravada, Maha Acc to Samkhya school, world owes its cre- sanghika and Sarvastivada. It was held at ation and evolution mote to nature than to Vaishali under the patronage of King God. Later, the creation of world was attrib- Kalasoka and the presidency of Sabakami. uted to both nature and spirit. Thus in the Third Buddhist council was held in 250 BC beginning this school was materialistic and at under the patronage of King later becomes spiritualistic. Whereas, ac- Asoka and under the presidency of Mogga cording to Vedanta philosophy, brahma is liputta Tissa. The teachings of Buddha reality and everything else is unreal. By the which were under two baskets were now knowledge of self, one can attain salvation. classified in 3 baskets as Abhidhamma Hence statement (a) is not correct. Pitaka was established in this council Vaisheshika school also put forward the The fourth council The Fourth Buddhist materialistic view of life. According to Council was held at Kundalvana, Kashmir vaisheshika school, material objects are in 72 AD under the patronage of Kushan made up of atoms. Hence it propounded the king Kanishka and the president of this atom theory. Nyaya school was developed council was Vasumitra, with Asvaghosa as as a system of logic. According to Nyaya his deputy. This council distinctly divided school, salvation can be attained through the Buddhism into 2 sects Mahayana & the acquisition of knowledge. Hinayana. 10 D 8C The interests of the Vijayanagar rulers and Arthshashtra was written in Sanskrit by the Bahamani sultans clashed in three separate and distinct areas: in the Chanakya / Kautilya / Vishnugupta / In- Tungabhadra doab, in the Krishna-Godavari dian Machiavelli. It contains 15 books & 180 delta, and in the Marathwada country. The chapters; with main theme divided into 3 Tungabhadra doab was the region between parts the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra. On > King & his council and departments of gov- account of its wealth and economic re- ernment sources, it had been the bone of contention > Civil & criminal law between the western Chalukyas and the Cholas in the earlier period and between • Diplomacy of war the Yadavas and the Hoysalas later on.

R.C. Reddy IAS Study Circle 2 11 D 16 A During of 1905,corps Gupta rulers issued three types of land of volunteers of samitis were used as an grants. First was the religious grants to another medium of mass mobilization and brahmans, individually or collectively, building social awareness along with per- known as brahmadeya or agrahara grants. forming social work Swadesh Bandhab Second was the grants to religious institu- Samiti by Ashwini Kumar Duttin Barisal tions such as temples and monasteries was the most famous samiti at that time. known as devagrahara or devadana Third The samiti took swadeshi message to ru- were secular grants to crown officers, craft ral villages through magic lantern lectures. guilds or also military commanders in rare It provided training in swadeshi craft ,physi- occasions. cal and moral training along with social The objective of giving land grants, in case work during famines. They formed an arbi- of Brahmadeya might be religious. How- tration committee which sorted out several ever, the more pressing reason for the same disputes of the villagers. appears to be the weakening of the mon- 12 A etary economy mainly because of collapse of international trade. This system of the The armies of the Indian states were dis- land grants got further accelerated in Post- banded and hence this increased unem- Gupta period and created ideal conditions ployment. The high cost of subsidiary force for development of Indian feudalism. increased the debt burden. Though the Brit- ish promised non-interference in internal 17 C matters, they seldom kept it. According to , asceticism and pen- 13 C ance are required to free oneself from the cycle of karma. This can be achieved only Liaqat Ali - Allahabad by renouncing the world; therefore, monas- Maulavi Ahmadullah - Faizabad tic existence is a necessary condition of Khan Bahadur - Bareilly salvation. The three jewels in Jainism are Right faith, Right knowledge and Right ac- and Birzis Kadi - tion. accepted mostly the reli- Lucknow gious doctrines of Parshva but certainly 14 D made some alterations and fifth doctrine of Jainism, Brahmacharya (celibacy) was The was fought in 1757 in added by Mahavira. which Siraj ud duala was defeated and com- pany got monopolistic trade privileges in 18 C Bengal but it certainly didn't mark the end Stupa represents 'Mahaparinibba', while of the Mughal rule in Delhi. The Battle of empty seat indicates meditation. The Buxar resulted in introduction of dual ad- wheel is also called the chakra. It ministration in Bengal (authoritarian head has eight spokes, which represent Buddha's is the company & responsible head is the Eightfold Path. The Eight-Spoked Dharma nawab) Wheel or 'Dharmachakra' (Sanskrit) 15 B symbolises the Buddha's turning the Wheel of Truth or Law. Muslim League observed day of deliverance after Congress ministers resigned in 1939 19 C on account of Britain declaring India a party Pattachitra is a traditional painting style to war without asking Congress. B. R. that originated and flourished in . Ambedkar supported and joined the 'day of The painting depicts mythological charac- deliverance'. ters on treated cloth. Patua art belongs to

R.C. Reddy IAS Study Circle 3 Bengal and goes back to 1000 years. The body would be set up to frame a constitu- typical paintings of Sikkim are the tion for India. thangkas, originally a medium of reverence • Viceroy's Executive Council would be ex- through which the highest ideals of Bud- panded without delay. dhism were evoked. Kohvar and Sohrai paintings from Jharkhand are delicate and • The minorities were assured that the beautiful. government would not transfer power "to any system of government whose author- 20 D ity is directly denied by large and power- Rise of Mauryan empire is not a reason for ful elements in Indian national life." the decline of Jainism, in fact the founder • A war advisory Council would be set up. of mauryan empire Chandragupta Maurya was a great patron of Jaininsm. 24 C 21 B Individual Satyagraha took place in 1940- 41. Aruna Asaf Ali was associated with Quit In- dia Movement and underground revolution- took place in 1942. ary activities during 1942 revolt. Annie C.Rajagopalachari plan (CR Plan) proposed Besant was associated with Home Rule in 1943. Movement, founded in 1916(it demanded self-rule for India). Formation of Constituent Assembly took place on 9th December, 1946. 22 A Mountbatten Plan was proposed in 1947 Linlithgow served as Governor-General and Viceroy of India from 1936 to 1943. 25 C Linlithgow implemented the plans for local Both and Tilak chalk out self-government embodied in the Govern- their territories and implemented home ment of India Act 1935, which led to pro- rule movement Exclusively The reason for vincial governments led by the Congress not merging it was that some of the follow- Party in five of the eleven provinces of Brit- ers of annie besant disliked tilak and vice ish India. On 8 August 1940 Lord Linlithgow versa So, to ensure smooth functioning made a statement on behalf of the British without any attrition among the workers government. It was known as the August separate regions were defined. Offer. Disputes between the British admin- 26 A istration and Congress ultimately led to massive Indian civil disobedience in the Iltutmish, the ruler under the slave dynasty Quit India Movement in 1942. Linlithgow has averted an invasion from the famous suppressed the disturbances and arrested Chengiz khan because of his strong and the Congress leaders. His seven-year ten- credible armed forces. ure as viceroy, the longest in the history of 27 A the Raj, ended in 1943. The Sudarshana lake was an artificial res- 23 D ervoir. We know about it from a rock in- The declaration marked an important ad- scription (c. second century CE) in Sanskrit, vance over the existing state of things, as composed to record the achievements of the it recognised at least the natural and in- Shaka ruler Rudradaman. The inscription herent right of the people of the country to mentions that the lake, with embankments determine the form of their future consti- and water channels, was built by a local gov- tution, and explicitly promised dominion ernor during the rule of the Mauryas. How- status. The following proposals were put in: ever, a terrible storm broke the embank- ments and water gushed out of the lake. • After the war a representative Indian R.C. Reddy IAS Study Circle 4 Rudradaman, who was then ruling in the as discreet class but as having a tribal area, claimed to have got the lake repaired identity. At this level the solidarity shown using his own resources, without imposing was of a very high order. Fellow tribals were any tax on his subjects. Another inscrip- never attacked unless they had collabo- tion on the same rock (c. fifth century) men- rated with the enemy. At the same time tions how one of the rulers of the Gupta not all outsiders were attacked as enemies. dynasty got the lake repaired once again They identified their enemies in the out- siders (dikus) like landlords, money-lend- 28 A ers, thekedars and missionaries and Eu- The years of the organisations founded by ropean government officials. Dr. Ambedkar 32 B 1. Depressed classes Institute - 1924 Gandhiji founded Satyagraha Sabha in 2. Independent Labour Party - 1936 1919 to protest against the . Gandhiji was aroused by the Rowlatt Act. 3. All India Schedule Caste Federation - In February 1919 he founded the 1942 Satyagraha Sabha. Its members took a 4. People’s Education Society - 1945 pledge to disobey the Act and thus to court arrest. Here was new method of struggle. 5. Republican Party of India - 1956 Big meetings and demonstrastions, refusal 29 A to cooperate with the government, boycott of foreign cloth and schools or individual Mahabhasya written by Patanjali in the sec- acts of terrorism were the only forms of ond century B.C., is a commentary on political work known to the nationalists. Panini's Asthadhyayi. 33 C 30 B The people of India affected by the Russian Rishabhdev (Rishabhanatha) was the first revolution and other nationalist move- of Jains. Mahavir the 24th ments, coupled with failure of party Tirthankara was contemporary of Buddha. to make impact, Establishment of indus- Purana Kassapa was an Indian ascetic tries during and after led to cre- teacher who lived around the 5th or 4th ation of labour class, right to self-deter- century BCE, contemporaneous with mination advocated by Marxian ideology Mahavira and the Buddha. Purana taught attracted youth, Great depression literally a theory of "non-action" where by the body demonstrated the callousness of capitalism acts independent of the soul, or de- which resulted in the rise of in merit. In the Canon, Purana ( is iden- India. tified as an ahetuvadin, "denier of a cause". 34 C was an ancient Indian philosopher a contemporary of Buddha and Jallianwalah bagh massacre occurred Mahavira. It has frequently been noted that when people assembled to protest against the doctrines of the Lokayata school were arrest of Saifuddin kitchlow and Satyapal. considerably drawn from Ajita's teachings. They were arrested in connection with or Manthaliputra rowlatt agitations. Goshalak was an ascetic teacher of ancient 35 B India. He was a contemporary of Buddha and 31st December 1929 - session of INC of Mahavira. He is considered as founder of presided by J L Nehru. Ajivika philosophy. Adopted. 31 A 12th March 1930 - Ethnic ties were a basic feature of the tribal Launces Civil Disobedience movement rebellions. The rebels saw themselves not with epic Dandi march.

R.C. Reddy IAS Study Circle 5 30th November 1930 - First round table con- that was universally applicable. Abul ference begins in to consider Fazlhelped Akbar in framing a vision of gov- report ernance around this idea of sulh-i kul. This 5th March 1931 - Gandhi-Irwin pact signed. principle of governance was followed by Civil disobedience movement suspended Jahangir and Shah Jahan as well. 7th September 1931 - Gandhi attends II 40 B Round table conference 36 D M.S Subbulakshmi is a name that is syn- onymous with the world of Carnatic music. The sculpture of Amaravati school differs The UN on October 2nd 2016 released a from the other schools of sculpture by de- picting Buddha and his tales in a combined postage stamp to honour India's most cel- platform rather than a stand-alone way as ebrated Carnatic music artist, who had per- depicted in the Gandhara and formed at the world body 50 years ago in schools of sculpture. The lotus and 1966. purnakumbha motifs which are evidently found in Amaravati school of sculpture were 41 B later on adopted by the Hindu temple sculp- The Prarthana Samaj was established in tures. Bombay by Dr. Atma Ram Pandurang (1825- 37 A 1898) in 1867 with the objective of rational Xuan zang visited India during the reign of worship and social reform. The two great Harshavardhana it was in 7th century AD members of this Samaj were Shri R.C. (Post Gupta period). He visited the Buddhist Bhandarkar and Justice Mahadev Govind institutions to study and collect original Ranade. Dr.B R Ambedkar founded the In- manuscripts of Buddhism. Further; he trav- dependent Labour Party in 1936 for protect- elled to Andhradesa to visit the Viharas at Amaravathi and Nagarjunakonda around ing the interest of the labour classes. In 640 C.E and stayed at Amaravathi for a 1942, he founded the Scheduled Caste Fed- couple of years to study the Abhidham eration as an all India party to promote the mapitakam. interests of his community. Ambedkar es- 38 A tablished the People's Education Society in 1945. World heritage sites are places of impor- tance of cultural or natural heritage as de- 42 C scribed in the UNESCO World Heritage Con- vention, established in 1972. Western Barackpur of Bengal saw the first spark of Ghats, Kaziranga Wildlife sanctuary and sepoy mutiny. On 29th March, 1857, Mangal Humayun's tomb have been recognised as Pandey of 34 NI Regiment, a sepoy World heritage sites, however remains at refused to use enfield rifle and murdered a Nalanda and Golden temple are part of the higher army official. was tentative list submitted by India to UNESCO arrested and executed. At Behrampur, for Acceptance. which also had disobeyed the authorities, 39 D were disbanded. Discussions of the various religion led 43 A Akbar to the idea of sulh-i kul or - univer- sal peace. This idea of tolerance did not dis- The British Government had formed Indian criminate between people of different reli- Statutory Commission in 1927 under Sir gions in his realm. Instead it focused on a John Simon. It is also called Simon Com- system of ethics - honesty, justice, peace - mission

R.C. Reddy IAS Study Circle 6 44 B 48 A Raja was considered as "fa- Megasthenes (302-298 B.C.) ther of modern Indian Renaissance." He de- Fahien (399-414 A.D.) nounced idolatry and preached monothe- ism. He was against social evils of the so- Cosmos (530-550 A.D.) ciety. He used Upanishads as the source of Huen Tsang (629-643 A.D.) knowledge to rebuke the orthodoxy. He be- came interested in Christianity and Itsing (671-675 A.D.) learned Hebrew and Greek in order to read 49 D the Old (see Hebrew Bible) and New Testa- Akbar commissioned Gulbadan Begum( sis- ments. In 1820 he published the ethical ter of Humayun) to chronicle the story of teachings of Christ, excerpted from the four his father Humayun. It was written in Per- Gospels, under the title Precepts of Jesus, sian. Alamgir Nama , a history of the first the Guide to Peace and Happiness. 10 years of Aurangzeb's reign was compiled 45 D by Muhammad Kazim. Akbar Nama, a his- tory of Akbar's reign was written by Abul Mirat-ul-Akbar was a Persian daily started Fazl. by Raja Rammohan Roy from Bengal. 50 B 46 B Mithila painting (also known as Madhubani Arundale is known for her work in reviv- painting) is practiced in the Mithila region ing the art form of the classical dance Bharatanatyam in south India, which was of India and Nepal. Painting is done with otherwise looked down upon as lowly and fingers, twigs, brushes, nib-pens, and an art form of the devadasis. So when matchsticks, using natural dyes and pig- Arundale, a 'high-caste' woman, got in- ments, and is characterized by eye-catch- volved to extricate the art form from the ing geometrical patterns. caste prejudices in was entangled in, there 47 D were a lot of protests. Both Nalanda and Taxila Universities were Originally known as sadhirattam, the renowned ancient institutions of higher name Bharatanatyam was given by E learning. However, while Nalanda was a for- Krishna Iyer and Arundale. She modified mal university in the modern sense of the the dance, brought it out of its shackles of word, Taxila functioned under more infor- caste-association into the global arena. mal conditions. Nalanda had almost all the 51 D infrastructure that associate with a good University in today's time. Since it Lord Canning was the governor general of collected revenue from more than 100 vil- India when the Government of India Act lages, it was financially autonomous. In 1858 was passed. Under this Act, he be- Nalanda, admission was made by means of came the first viceroy of India. The Gov- an entrance examination and had a ernment of India Act 1858, marked the centralised system of teaching. Taxila fol- beginning of new chapter in the constitu- lowed no system of examinations, and did tional . The Act known as not award degrees to its students. The edu- the Act for the Good Government of India, cation system there was flexible, and was provided for liquidation of East India Com- modified according to student's capabilities. pany, and transferred the powers of govern- Also, the teachers of Taxila worked with ment, territories and revenues to the Brit- complete autonomy, ish Crown.

R.C. Reddy IAS Study Circle 7 52 C 56 D Both Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Swami The Harappan culture was the most exten- Dayanand Saraswati promoted women edu- sive of the ancient civilisation in area (geo- cation, opposed idol worship, opposed caste graphical extent). Its known extent in the discrimination but regarding the infallibil- west is upto Sutkagendor in Baluchistan; ity of they had different views, Raja Alamgirpur Uttar Pradesh) in east; and Ram Mohan Roy believed Vedas are not in- Manda (Jammu and Kashmir) in north, fallible but Dayanand Saraswati believed Daimabad (Maharastra) in south covering Vedas are infallible an area of almost 1600 km, east-west and 1400 km in north south. 53 C 57 A Zamindars supported the revolt of 1857 as they became landless or ruined due to the In Jainism, the concept of choosing the manner and time of one's death is a cen- colonial exploitative land revenue policies turies-old ritual. The devout Jains believe and its strict terms. They lost their proper- that Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankar, al- ties and found themselves unable to com- lowed Santhara, or , as the ul- pete with the newly emerged big zamindars timate test of spirituality, will power, whose hence they participated.v goal is purifying body and mind and facing 54 D death voluntarily. It was customary for a ruler without a natu- 58 D ral heir to ask the British Government Gandhara school of art was influenced by whether he could adopt a son to succeed many foreign kingdoms like Roman em- him. According to Dalhousie, if such per- pire, Grecobactrian, Acamenian and mission was refused by the British, the Parthian. Use of specific tools, artistic state would "lapse" and thereby become part styles and method of sculpting were assimi- of the British India. Dalhousie maintained lated from foreign kingdoms Like that there was a difference in principle Acamenian, Bactrian etc. However, the between the right to inherit private prop- major influence on the art was from the erty and the right to govern. This principle Greco-Roman region in terms of themes as was called the Doctrine of Lapse. The Doc- of sculpting Buddha in line with greek gods trine of Lapse was applied by Dalhousie to and roman styles: Satara and it was annexed in 1848. Jhansi "Hellinistic realism" was taken from the and Nagpur were annexed by 1854. As a Parthians. The legendary interpretation of result of these annexations, a large part of Buddha is sometimes presented through the Central Provinces came under the Brit- roman motifs like triton The outer robe of ish rule and it was basically aimed to ex- Buddha of Gandhara like kaaya; antarvasa tend the territorial boundaries of the En- resembles to attire of roman gods. In many glish . images of Buddha in Gandhara ; he is seen 55 C under the protection of Greek god Hercules 's Bhoodan Movement was a 59 A voluntary land reform movement started on The analogy of flame of a lamp which 18 April 1951 at Pochampally village in kindles other lamp before being extin- Nalgonda district of Telangana which is now guished was used to explain the process of known as Bhoodan Pochampally. It intended transmigration of soul, which was differ- to persuade wealthy landowners to volun- ent from other contemporary philosophies. tarily give a percentage of their land to the In other religion and philosophy something landless people. is being transferred from one life to an-

R.C. Reddy IAS Study Circle 8 other. whereas, in Buddhism transmigra- 65 C tion nothing is transferred but, a new life Aruna Asaf Ali is called Heroine of 1942 arises as a chain of events. Quit India Movement. It was her chivalrous 60 B behaviour that gave her the title of 'Hero- Garbhagriha' is the small square room in ine of 1942' movement or 'Grand Old Lady' early temples. 'Shikhara' is a tall structure of Independence Movement. She began the built over the central shrine of temples. Quit India Movement by hoisting the Indian 'Theras' are old, respected teachers in Flag at the Gowalia Tank ground. early Buddhism. In 1932, she had gone on a hunger strike 61 C in Tihar Jail against the mistreatment of the political prisoners, which led to an im- Theosophical Society was founded in New York (USA) in 1875 by Madam H.P. provement in their living conditions. Blavatsky and H.S. Olcott with three main 66 B objects: Harshavardhan was a great lover of educa- > To form a universal brotherhood of man tion and learning. He is supposed to be the > To promote the study of ancient religions author of three plays namely- 'Ratnavali', and philosophies (including Buddhism and 'Priyadarshika' and 'Nagananda'. Jainism) In his book 'Gita govind', Jaidev has com- > To make a systematic investigation into pared Harsha with Kalidasa. Itsing, the Chi- the mystic potencies of life and matter, this nese traveller has written that the drama is called occultism. 'Naganand' was staged before him. Under their inspiration, the Theosophical 67 D Society of India came into being at Adyar The women in society enjoyed respectable in Madras in 1886.Annie Besant was not a position. She was married at a proper age co-founder in fact under her leadership and could choose a husband of her own theosophical society became popular in India. choice. She could take part in the proceed- ings of the tribal assemblies like sabha and 62 B samiti. Women like Lopamudra, wife of In July 1942, the Congress Working Com- Agastya who is believed to have composed mittee met at Wardha. Here a resolution many hymns of vedas. They didn't believe was passed that demanded that the "Brit- in erecting temples or idol worship. Wor- ish Rule in India must end immediately" shipped in open air through yajnas. In fact, which is popularly known as Quit India the religion of early Vedic Aryans was pri- movement. marily of worship of nature and Yajnas. 63 B The evidence for agriculture in compari- The Constituent Assembly was established son with pastoral activities in the early por- while India was under British rule, follow- tions is meager and mostly late insertions. ing negotiations between Indian leaders A few references show that they had knowl- and members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission edge of agriculture and practiced it to to India from the United Kingdom. supplement their food requirements. They produced yava (modern jau or barley), which 64 B was rather a generic word for cereals. Mahatma Gandhi was not the member of 68 D the constituent assembly. In addition to him, the other prominent person who was Rajatarangini is a historical chronicle of not a member of the constituent assembly early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the was M. A. Jinnah. Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that

R.C. Reddy IAS Study Circle 9 is justifiably considered to be the best and 72 C most authentic work of its kind. It covers A rich blue semi-precious stone sometimes the entire span of history in the Kashmir flecked with gold. The main source in the region from the earliest times to the date ancient world was the mountains of of its composition. Badakshan, northern Afghanistan, from 69 C where it was traded widely. Lapis lazuli was used as inlay in ornaments, jewellery, The Citadels or Acropolis in Harappan civi- seals. The Harappans procured materials lization were built in the west part of the for craft production in various ways. The city. It was occupied by the members of the bead industry seems to have been well de- ruling class. Below the citadel in each city veloped as evident from the factories dis- lay a lower town containing brick houses, covered at Chanhudaro and Lothal. Beads which were inhabited by the common were made of cornelian, amethyst, jasper, people. Great Bath was situated in the cita- crystal, quartz, steatite, turquoise, lapis lazuli, etc. Indo-Islamic Architecture is del mound and it served ritual bathing. It known for its decorative forms. These forms was built of burnt bricks. One of the most included designing on plaster through in- distinctive features of Harappan cities was cision or stucco. The designs were either the carefully planned drainage system. left plain or covered with colours. Subse- Roads and streets were laid out along an quently the techniques of tessellation (mo- approximate "grid" pattern, intersecting at saic designs) and pietra dura were made right angles. Thus only statement 3 is cor- use of for surface decoration particularly in rect. the dado panels of the walls. At times lapis lazuli was used in the interior walls or on 70 B canopies. Kandariya Mahadev temple at Khajuraho 73 B represents the typical nagara style whereas the Channa Kesava temple at Belur, The twelfth century witnessed the emer- Hoyasalesvara temple at Halebid represent gence of a new movement in Karnataka, led by a Brahmana named Basavanna. His vesara style and Brihadeswara temple at followers were known as Virashaivas (he- Tanjore represents Dravidian style. roes of Shiva) or Lingayats (wearers of the 71 D linga).They worship Shiva in his manifes- tation as a linga, and men usually wear a Sadr-us Sudur: The head of the divinely de- small linga in a silver case on a loop strung partment, Sadr-us Sudur's chief duty was over the left shoulder. Lingayats believe that to protect the laws of Shariat. The office of on death the devotee will be united with Sadr-us Sudur was made very lucrative Shiva and will not return to this world. during the first twenty five years of Akbar's Therefore they do not practise funerary reign because it was the duty of the office rites such as cremation, prescribed in the of the Sadr to distribute allowances and sti- Dharma shastras. Instead, they ceremoni- pends to the religious institutions and eli- ally bury their dead. The Lingayats chal- gible persons. The power of this officer to lenged the idea of caste and the "pollution" regulate revenue free grants for religious attributed to certain groups by Brahmanas. and charitable purposes was later restricted. They also questioned the theory of rebirth. These won them followers amongst those To ensure the general observance of the who were marginalised within the rules of morality officers called Muhtasibs Brahmanical social order. The Lingayats (censors of public morals) were appointed; also encouraged certain practices disap- his duty also included the examination of proved in the Dharma shastras, such as weights and measures and enforcement of post-puberty marriage and the remarriage fair prices, etc. of widows.

R.C. Reddy IAS Study Circle 10 74 B 80 D The Hathigumpha Inscription (Elephant formed a confederacy with Cave inscription), from Udayagiri, near Shuja-ud-Dualah, the Nawab of Awadh and in Odisha, was inscribed by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam in a final , the then Emperor of Kalinga in bid to oust the English from Bengal. The India. combined armies of the three powers num- bering between 40,000 to 60,000 met an 75 B English army of 7,072 troops under Major Sittanavasal caves belong to Jain order.It Hector Munro at the battlefield of Buxar on contains remnants of notable frescoes from 22 October, 1764. The English won the day. the 7th century. The murals have been The was a battle in strict- painted with vegetable and mineral dyes in est terms and is therefore, rightly consid- black, green, yellow, orange, blue, and ered as one of the most decisive battles of white. Paintings have been created by ap- Indian history. The Mughal emperor came plying colours over a thin wet surface of lime fully under the control of British. All duties plaster. Pallavas notably Mahendra varman and revenues from the most prosperous and Narasimha Varman supported this. Indian province went to the company. It also gained administrative power by controlling 76 B the army, finances, and revenues. The Payment of suitable compensation to the Battle of Buxar proved to be decisive result- released prisoners was not a part of the pact. ing in the establishment of British sover- eignty in Bengal. 77 C 81 C The years of the books are.. Economic Drain or Drain of Wealth 1. Neel Darpan - 1859 The economic drain theory was put forward 2. Gulamgiri - 1872 by in his book "Poverty 3. Anand Math - 1882 and Un-British Rule in India" in 1867. 4. The Indian war of Independence - 1909 It stated major components of this drain in form of salaries and pensions of civil and 5. Why I am an Atheist - 1930 military officials, along with interests and 78 B loans taken by the Indian Government from Veto power was to be retained. abroad. 79 D Other contributors were profits from foreign investment in India, shipping payments, The advent of ush- banking and insurance services which re- ered in a new era in the annals of India in stricted the growth of Indian enterprise in many ways. Although his tenure of office these services. covered only a short span of seven years, it The Constituents of 'Drain of Wealth saw a period of enduring reforms. They may be classified as financial, administrative, > The money extorted by company servants social and educational. They included, abo- from various rulers, zamindars, mer- lition of the system of double batta, aboli- chants as well as the common man, was tion of provincial courts of appeal, promo- sent to Britain. tion of English education, suppression of > The Duty-free trade provided to the Brit- thugs, (lord Hastings was credited with ish manufacturers gave them a com- pindari suppression) abolition of sati etc. petitive edge over the Indian traders.

R.C. Reddy IAS Study Circle 11 These subsidies were also financed from 85 B Indian treasury. Indian Industrial Commission was in 1918. > The remittances and salaries along with The rest three were during Curzon's time. other incomes sent to by com- 86 B pany officials working in India. The Ashokan Edicts are divided into: > 'Home charges' were the cost of salaries • Pillar Edicts and pensions of the company officials in India, which were charged on the trea- • Major Rock Edicts: 14 Edicts (termed 1st sury of India. to 14th) and 2 separate ones found in Odisha > High interests were paid to these Brit- • Minor Rock Inscriptions: Minor Rock ish investors leading to drain of wealth. Edicts, the Queen's Edict, Barabar Caves 82 B inscriptions and the Kandahar bilingual inscription. Radical Democratic Party (RDP) was founded by M.N. Ro with the purpose of engaging In- No forts of Ashokan times exists today. So dia in the war to support the allies. Indian first statement is wrong. Federation of Labour was a wing of RDP Inscriptions- most of them are in prakrith formed after the split from the All India with . Greek and Aramic lan- Trade Union Congress. guages have also been found. 83 C Asoka's full name was Asokvardhana. But in his inscriptions he is always called The no-changers believed in mass move- Devnampiya or Piyadarshin, except in the ments and constructive works. They did not Maski version of his minor Rock Edict I believe in legislative politics, as they where along he is designated Devanampiya thought it will create divisions in the na- Asoka. tional movement. The pro-changers The inscriptions of Asoka were for educat- favoured legislative politics and aimed for ing the common people and that is why they council entry used the scripts which people could read. 84 B So, Greek and Aramaic were used in Qandhar and Jalalabad, Kharosthi was Gaffar Khan was a political and spiritual used in Shahbazgarhi and Manshera. leader known for his nonviolent opposition, Brahmi was used in all his inscriptions on and a lifelong pacifist and devout Muslim. rocks and pillars scattered all over India. In 1929, the Khudai Khidmatgars ("Ser- Most asokan pillars are in Ardhamagadhi vants of God") movement, led by Khan Abdul language. Ghaffar Khan, nonviolently mobilized to op- 87 D pose the British in India's Northwest Fron- tier Province. A close friend of Mohandas Aryabhatta authored Aryabhatiya in 499 Gandhi, Khan was nicknamed the "Fron- A.D. It deals with mathematics and as- tier Gandhi" in British India. Khan founded tronomy. It explains scientifically the oc- currence of solar and lunar eclipses. The the ("Servants of God") Buddhist author Amarasimha compiled a movement in 1929, whose success triggered lexicon called Amarakosa. The Sanskrit a harsh crackdown by the British Empire was the court language of Guptas. They against him and his supporters, and they patronised Sanskrit language and litera- suffered some of the most severe repres- ture. Thus, it became prominent during the sion of the Indian independence movement. Gupta period. The Susruta Samhita, a San- He was honoured with Bharat Ratna in skrit text on all of the major concepts of 1987. Ayurveda medicine

R.C. Reddy IAS Study Circle 12 88 A of famine. The farmers therefore could not pay the taxes. Many of the farmers were Kambala is held in coastal regions of caught and punished while others left their Karnataka. It was especially popular in lands and ran off to the jungles to escape Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts. In the tyranny of the Sultan's officers. When Kambala, two water buffaloes, yoked to- Mohammed realized this, he ordered his gether, were made to run at top speed down officers to spare the farmers and sanctioned a muddy, water-filled route. They were financial help to them. But it was too late guided and whipped along by a man who ran as the families of many farmers had already with them. died of starvation and lands had also be- 89 B come barren. The theme of Ravana shaking Mount 92 A Kailasha has been depicted several times The Gupta kings issued well executed die- in the caves of Ellora. The most noteworthy struck gold coins with metrical legends in of all is the one depicted on the left wall of Sanskrit. Known as dinaras, these coins Kailashnath temple at Ellora. The Varaha have been mostly found in north India. The or boar avatar of Vishnu rescuing the earth obverse depicts the reigning king in vari- goddess is depicted in Aihole (Karnataka) , ous poses, usually martial ones, but there sixth century CE Vishnu reclining on the are interesting instances of coins of serpent Sheshnag is depicted in Deogarh Samudragupta and Kumaragupta I show- (Uttar Pradesh), fifth century CE. ing them playing the veena. The reverse 90 D of Gupta coins have religious symbols in- dicating the kings religious affiliations. In the battle of Rakasa Tangadi, 1565, Rama The Guptas also issued silver coins, but Raja,the last important Tuluva ruler was their copper coins are rare. defeated by Deccani Confederacy. The king- dom was divided into a number of provinces 93 D called mandalam. The Vijayanagara kings All are correct claimed to rule on behalf of the god 94 C Virupaksha. In fact, all royal orders were signed "Shri Virupaksha", usually in the The Shakas & Kushanas patronized the Kannada script. The amara-nayakas were Gandhara and the Mathura schools of military commanders who were given ter- sculptural art. The main patrons of the ritories to govern by rayas Amaravati School of art form were the Satavahanas. An important characteristic 91 D of the Amravati school is the 'narrative art'. Muhammad Bin Tughlaq maintained dip- The artists of Mathura used the spotted red lomatic relations with far off countries like sandstone for making images. Egypt, China and Iran. He issued copper 95 C coins instead of silver coins due to short- age of silver. He set up a separate depart- A bodhisattva is literally a living being ment for agriculture, 'diwan- i-kohi'. (sattva) who aspires to enlightenment Muhammad bin Tughlaq 's reign was from (Bodhi) and carries out altruistic practices. 1325 to 1351. Doab is the fertile land be- The bodhisattva ideal is central to the tween the rivers Ganga and Yamuna. Mahayana Buddhist tradition as the indi- Ghiyas-ud-din had reduced the land rev- vidual who seeks enlightenment both for enue to one-tenth, but Mohammed tried to him- or herself and for others. Compassion, raise the revenue once again. an empathetic sharing of the sufferings of others, is the bodhisattva's greatest char- Unfortunately, that very year the rains acteristic. A bodhisattva is a being who car- failed and the region came under the grip ries out the work of the Buddha's, vowing

R.C. Reddy IAS Study Circle 13 not to personally settle into the salvation of 98 D final Buddhahood until she or he can as- The was started sist all beings throughout the vast reaches by Shyamji Krishna Verma. The Indian of time and space to fully be free. Home Rule Society (IHRS) was an Indian organisation founded in London in 1905 that 96 C sought to promote the cause of self-rule in Among other things, the rec- British India. The organisation was founded ommended by Shyamji Krishna Varma, with support from a number of prominent Indian nation- 1. Rejection of separate electorates which alists in Britain at the time, including had been the basis of constitutional re- Bhikaji Cama, Dadabhai Naoroji and S.R. forms so far; instead, a demand for joint Rana. electorates with reservation of seats for 99 D Muslims at the centre and in provinces Gandhiji organised the Kheda satyagraha where they were in minority (and not in in in response to non-suspension those where Muslims were in majority, of land revenue inspite of failure of crops. such as Punjab and Bengal) in propor- Kheda is a district in Gujarat. In 1917, there tion to the Muslim population there with was a crop failure due to famine. right to contest additional seats. Peasants were unable to pay the land rev- 2. Linguistic provinces. enue. The rules permitted suspension of 97 D revenue collection when the crops were less than four annas. According to the peasants' The expansionist Burmese dynasty King estimate, the crops were less than four Bodawpaya turned westward towards annas. Gandhi's inquiries, as well as in- Arakan. The Arakan was the eastern fron- quiries by independent observers, showed tier of Bengal and it was somewhat inde- that the peasants were right. The Govern- pendent since the Mughal era. The Bur- ment, however, thought otherwise. It even turned down a suggestion of an impartial mese forces entered Arakan and captured enquiry. It started coercing the peasants modern Manipur in 1813, Assam in 1817- to collect revenue. Petitions etc. were of no 19. The result was that they were now on avail. Satyagraha was therefore started on the border of the Bengal. Meanwhile King the 22nd March 1918. Bodawpaya died and his son and successor 100 D King Bagyidaw tried to put down British in- It was at the Congress working committee stigated rebellions in Manipur in 1819 and meeting in Vijayawada in 1921 that Assam in 1821-1822. There were cross bor- Gandhi's leadership (of the freedom move- der encroachments from both the sides. At ment) was accepted. At that session, free- last Lord Amherst declared war in 1824. dom fighter Pingali Venkaiah designed and British attacked from 3 sides: The prolonged handed over the tricolour to Mahatma war ended with a decisive victory of the Gandhi which later became the national British. However, they lost 20000 men from flag. the Anglo-Indian army. In 1826, Burma It was in Nagpur session of INC in 1920 that signed the famous "Treaty of Yandabu". charkas were popularised.

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R.C. Reddy IAS Study Circle 14