Indian National Movement ▪ Goals of Revolutionaries ▪ Causes of its rise ▪ Main Areas of Operation ▪ Abroad ▪ Maharashtra ▪ Bengal ▪ Causes of Failure ▪ Contributions of Revolutionaries ▪ Some Landmarks of Revolutionaries ▪ Foreign rule must be ended by violent means ▪ Great faith in Individual heroism and sacrifice ▪ To terrorize the officialdom by assassinating unpopular British Officials – hoped that this will arouse the patriotic instincts of the people, inspire them and remove the fear of authority from their minds. ▪ Propaganda of dead ▪ Organizing a popular mass uprising and subverting the loyalty of the army – long term goal ▪ Provided means of expressing their patriotism ▪ Inspiration – Great revolt of 1857 ▪ Assassinate unpopular officials, thus strike terror in hearts of rulers and arouse people to expel the British with force; based on individual heroic actions on lines of Irish nationalists or Russian nihilists and not a mass-based countrywide struggle. ▪ Impatient Youth- no better way to express their patriotism and heroism ▪ Got incensed at the official arrogance and repression and the mendicancy of the congress ▪ Failure of Extremist leaders ▪ Indian press frequently incite the people to fight against the tyranny of foreign rule and rescue the country from foreign dominion ▪ Large number of political assassinations in Europe by the anarchists ▪ Defeat of some European countries at the hands of Asian countries: ▪ Russia by Japan (1904-05) ▪ Younger elements not ready to retreat after the decline of open phase. ▪ Leadership’s failure to tap revolutionary energies of the youth. ▪ Government repression left no peaceful avenues open for protest. ▪ Abroad ▪ Maharashtra ▪ Bengal ▪ Punjab ▪ Shyamji Krishna Varma – Kathiawar – ▪ India House – London – 1905 ▪ The Indian Sociologist (Journal) ▪ New Centre at Paris and Geneva ▪ VD Savarkar, Lala Hardayal and Madan Lal Dhingra ▪ 1909 – Madan Lal Dhingra – ▪ shot dead Col William Curzon Wylle, Political ADC to the India Office ▪ Hanged for this murder ▪ VD Savarkar was arrested and sentenced to transportation for life ▪ Shyamji left London and settled in Paris ▪ Bal Gangadhar Tilak ▪ Ganapati Festival – 1893 ▪ Shivaji Festival – 1896 ▪ Chapekar Brothers (Damodar, Vasudev and Balkrishna) ▪ First political murder of Europeans- 22 June 1897 ▪ Wanted to attack Mr Rand, President of Plague Committee – Poona ▪ Lt Ayerst was shot dead ▪ VD Savarkar ▪ Mitra Mela – Nasik -1904 – merged into the secret society Abhinav Bharat ▪ P. Mitra – Anushilan Samiti ▪ 1907 – unsuccessful attempts to kill Lt Governors of Eastern Bengal and Bengal ▪ Muzaffarpur Murders – 30 April 1908 ▪ Attempt to murder – Mr Kingford – Chief Presidency Magistrate ▪ Profulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose ▪ Bomb thrown mistakenly on the carriage of My Kennedy – killing two ladies ▪ Chaki shot himself dead ▪ Bose was tried and hanged ▪ Alipore Conspiracy Case ▪ Illegal arms in Calcutta – arrest of 34 persons – Ghosh brothers ▪ Narendra Gosain – Approver – shot dead in Jail ▪ 15 found guilt – Barindra Kumar Ghosh – transported to life ▪ Rash Behari Bose – escaped to Japan ▪ Act of Individual violence could not able to mobilize masses – easily be dealt with by a great imperialist power ▪ Stern actions by the Government ▪ Lack of a common plan and a central leadership ▪ No base among people ▪ Moderate openly disowned and Extremists were reluctant to accept them ▪ Filled the people’s mind that no sacrifice is greater than that where country’s interests are involved. ▪ Maximum sacrifices of the minimum chosen persons ▪ Strengthened the spirit of manhood and valour amongst the masses. ▪ 1902—First revolutionary groups in Midnapore and Calcutta (The Anushilan Samiti) ▪ 1906—Yugantar, the revolutionary weekly started By 1905-06—Several newspapers started advocating revolutionary terrorism. ▪ 1907—Attempt on life of the former Lt. governor of East Bengal and Assam. ▪ 1908—Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose attempt to murder Muzaffarpur Magistrate, Kingsford. ▪ Alipore conspiracy case involving Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra Kumar Ghosh and others. ▪ 1908—Burrah dacoity by Dacca Anushilan. ▪ 1912—Bomb thrown at Viceroy Hardinge by Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal. Sandhya, Yugantar—newspapers advocating revolutionary activity. ▪ Jatin Das and Yugantar; the German Plot during World War I. ▪ 1879—Ramosi Peasant Force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke. ▪ 1890s—Tilak’s attempts to propagate militancy among the youth through Shivaji and Ganapati festivals, and his journals Kesari and Maharatta. ▪ 1897—Chapekar brothers kill Rand, the plague commissioner of Poona and Lt. Ayerst. ▪ 1899—Mitra Mela—a secret society organised by Savarkar and his brother. ▪ 1904—Mitra Mela merged with Abhinav Bharat. ▪ 1909—District Magistrate of Nasik—Jackson—killed. ▪ 1905—Shyamji Krishna Varma set up Indian Home Rule Society and India House and brought out journal The Sociologist in London. ▪ 1909—Madan Lal Dhingra murdered Curzon-Wyllie; Madame Bhikaji Cama operated from Paris and Geneva and brought out journal Bande Mataram. ▪ Ajit Singh also active. ▪ Berlin Committee for Indian Independence established by Virendranath Chattopadhyay and others. ▪ In North America, the Ghadr was organised by Lala Hardayal, ▪ Ramchandra, Bhawan Singh, Kartar Singh Saraba, Barkatullah, Bhai Parmanand. OBJECTIVE IAS www.objectiveias.in