Full List of Scientists Who Discovered Elements
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Historical Development of the Periodic Classification of the Chemical Elements
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS by RONALD LEE FFISTER B. S., Kansas State University, 1962 A MASTER'S REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree FASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Physical Science KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 196A Approved by: Major PrafeLoor ii |c/ TABLE OF CONTENTS t<y THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITION 0? TEH-IS USED 1 The Problem 1 Statement of the Problem 1 Importance of the Study 1 Definition of Terms Used 2 Atomic Number 2 Atomic Weight 2 Element 2 Periodic Classification 2 Periodic Lav • • 3 BRIEF RtiVJiM OF THE LITERATURE 3 Books .3 Other References. .A BACKGROUND HISTORY A Purpose A Early Attempts at Classification A Early "Elements" A Attempts by Aristotle 6 Other Attempts 7 DOBEREBIER'S TRIADS AND SUBSEQUENT INVESTIGATIONS. 8 The Triad Theory of Dobereiner 10 Investigations by Others. ... .10 Dumas 10 Pettehkofer 10 Odling 11 iii TEE TELLURIC EELIX OF DE CHANCOURTOIS H Development of the Telluric Helix 11 Acceptance of the Helix 12 NEWLANDS' LAW OF THE OCTAVES 12 Newlands' Chemical Background 12 The Law of the Octaves. .........' 13 Acceptance and Significance of Newlands' Work 15 THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF LOTHAR MEYER ' 16 Chemical Background of Meyer 16 Lothar Meyer's Arrangement of the Elements. 17 THE WORK OF MENDELEEV AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 19 Mendeleev's Scientific Background .19 Development of the Periodic Law . .19 Significance of Mendeleev's Table 21 Atomic Weight Corrections. 21 Prediction of Hew Elements . .22 Influence -
The Rare Earths II
Redis co very of the Elements The Ra re Earth s–The Con fusing Years I A gallery of rare earth scientists and a timeline of their research I I James L. Marshall, Beta Eta 1971 , and Virginia R. Marshall, Beta Eta 2003 , Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5070, [email protected] The rare earths after Mosander. In the pre - vi ou s HEXAGON “Rediscovery” article, 1p we were introduced to the 17 rare earths, found in the f-block and the Group III chemical family of Figure 1. Important scientists dealing with rare earths through the nineteenth century. Johan Gadolin the Periodic Table. Because of a common (1760 –1852) 1g —discovered yttrium (1794). Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779 –1848) and Martin Heinrich valence electron configuration, the rare earths Klaproth (1743 –1817) 1d —discovered cerium (1803). Carl Gustaf Mosander (1787 –1858) 1p —discovered have similar chemical properties, and their lanthanum (1839), didymium (1840), terbium, and erbium (1843). Jean-Charles deGalissard Marignac chemical separation from one another can be (1817 –1894) 1o —discovered ytterbium (1878) and gadolinium (1880). Per Teodor Cleve (1840 –1905) 1n — difficult. From preparations of the first two rare discovered holmium and thulium (1879). Lars Fredrik Nilson (1840 –1899) 1n —discovered scandium earth element s—yttrium and ceriu m—the (1879). Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1838 –1912) —discovered samarium (1879) and dysprosium Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander (Figure (1886). 1b Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858 –1929) 1c —discovered praseodymium and neodymium (1885); 1, 2) was able to separate four additional ele - co-discovered lutetium (1907). -
Rounding up Lutetium
Rounding up lutetium Downloaded from: https://research.chalmers.se, 2019-05-11 19:07 UTC Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Öhrström, L. (2018) Rounding up lutetium Nature Chemistry, 10(3): 372- http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2938 N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. research.chalmers.se offers the possibility of retrieving research publications produced at Chalmers University of Technology. It covers all kind of research output: articles, dissertations, conference papers, reports etc. since 2004. research.chalmers.se is administrated and maintained by Chalmers Library (article starts on next page) in your element Rounding up lutetium Lars Öhrström suspects that as time goes by, we may see more of lutetium — the last of the lanthanoids. e’ll always have Paris” Rick says motexafn (based on the ‘texaphyrins’), a “ to Ilsa in their fnal goodbye on sub-class of porphyrin-like macrocycles Wthe foggy airstrip of Casablanca with fve instead of four nitrogen atoms in in the eponymous flm. However, the an approximately planar ring. Motexafn question among chemists about the element lutetium, which features Lu3+ and two lutetium, named afer Lutetia, as the French acetate counter-ions coordinated on either capital was known in Roman times, is not so side of the macrocycle, is potentially a good much about having it (it is more abundant photosensitizer in dynamic phototherapy than silver in the Earth’s crust), but rather and has been going through phase I trials where to place it on the map. against prostate cancer2. With its valence electron confguration Uses of the naturally occurring element [Xe]4f 146s25d1, element 71 seems to belong are otherwise scarce, but its isotope Lu-177 is to group 3, but we ofen see it placed at successfully used in experimental and clinical BRITTA LANGEN, LANGEN, BRITTA SWEDEN UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG, the very end of the lanthanoid series. -
GLOBAL RARE-EARTH PRODUCTION: HISTORY and OUTLOOK History – the Discovery
Center for Strategic and International Studies Rare Earth Elements: Geology, Geography, and Geopolitics James B. Hedrick Hedrick Consultants, Inc. U.S. Rare Earths, Inc. Burke, Virginia December 15, 2010 Washington, DC GLOBAL RARE-EARTH PRODUCTION: HISTORY AND OUTLOOK History – The Discovery . The rare earths were discovered in 1787 by Swedish Army Lieutenant Carl Axel Arrhenius . Carl, an amateur mineralogist collected the black mineral ytterbite, later renamed gadolinite, from a small feldspar and quartz mine at Ytterby, Sweden . With similar chemical structures the rare earths proved difficult to separate . It was not until 1794 that Finnish chemist Johann Gadolin separated the first impure yttrium oxide from the mineral ytterbite History – The Discovery History – The Commercialization . The rare earths were commercialized when the incandescent lamp mantle industry was established in 1884 with mantles of zirconium, lanthanum, and yttrium oxides with later improvements requiring only the oxides of thorium and cerium. The lamp mantle was discovered by Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach . The mantles also used small amounts of neodymium and praseodymium as an indelible brand name Welsbach label History – The Early Mining . Rare earths were first produced commercially in the 1880s with the mining in Sweden and Norway of the rare-earth thorium phosphate mineral monazite . Foreign Production Brazil produced monazite as early as 1887 India produced monazite starting in 1911 . Domestic Production Monazite production in the United States was first recorded in 1893 in North Carolina - a small tonnage of monazite was reportedly mined in 1887 Monazite mining in South Carolina began in 1903 History – The Processing . Three main methods for separating and refining the rare- earth elements since they were discovered . -
Producers Case Study the Changing
Producers Case Study The Changing Geography of Rare Earth Element Production Introduction The locations where rare earth elements are produced changed repeatedly throughout the 1900s and early 2000s. This variation suggests that production is not determined primarily by the geographic location of rare earth ores. Instead, the location of mines and separation plants is driven by a combination of market prices, government policies, and the actions of producers and manufacturers. As a result where and how rare earth elements are produced could change in the future. Initial Rare Earth Metal Production Although a mineral containing rare earth elements was identified in Sweden in 1788, it took more than 100 years for the first significant industrial product to be made using the rare earths. In the 1890s chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach developed a mantle made of a mixture of 99% thorium and 1% cerium for use with gas streetlights. More than five billion mantles were sold worldwide through the 1930s. Welsbach also developed mischmetal, a mixture of rare earth elements cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, and praseodymium. When alloyed with iron, mischmetal produced a metal that sparked when struck. It was widely used in pocket cigarette lighters as well as automobile ignition switches. The Welsbach Company mined rare earth deposits located in coastal sands in Brazil, India, and North Carolina. India’s coastal sands are also rich in the radioactive element thorium, which is not a rare earth element. India banned the export of these sands in 1948 to preserve its thorium supply for a potential nuclear energy program. At that time the price of rare earth metals spiked until newly established mining locations briefly made South Africa the world’s leading exporter of rare earth ores in the 1950s. -
Rounding up Lutetium Lars Öhrström Suspects That As Time Goes By, We May See More of Lutetium — the Last of the Lanthanoids
in your element Rounding up lutetium Lars Öhrström suspects that as time goes by, we may see more of lutetium — the last of the lanthanoids. e’ll always have Paris” Rick says motexafin (based on the ‘texaphyrins’), a “ to Ilsa in their final goodbye on sub-class of porphyrin-like macrocycles Wthe foggy airstrip of Casablanca with five instead of four nitrogen atoms in in the eponymous film. However, the an approximately planar ring. Motexafin question among chemists about the element lutetium, which features Lu3+ and two lutetium, named after Lutetia, as the French acetate counter-ions coordinated on either capital was known in Roman times, is not so side of the macrocycle, is potentially a good much about having it (it is more abundant photosensitizer in dynamic phototherapy than silver in the Earth’s crust), but rather and has been going through phase I trials where to place it on the map. against prostate cancer2. With its valence electron configuration Uses of the naturally occurring element [Xe]4f 146s25d1, element 71 seems to belong are otherwise scarce, but its isotope Lu-177 is to group 3, but we often see it placed at successfully used in experimental and clinical BRITTA LANGEN, BRITTA SWEDEN UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG, the very end of the lanthanoid series. Its treatments against some severe cancers by downstairs neighbour lawrencium, for which Illustration of a radiolabelled somatostatin hooking it up to a tetraazacyclododecane- experimental data are much more difficult to analogue built using PyMOL (https://pymol.org) tetraacetate (DOTA) ligand grafted to obtain, is in the same ambiguous situation. -
Chair's Message Making Chemical Testing Relevant to Breast Cancer
Newsletter February 2011 Santa Clara Valley Section American Chemical Society Volume 33 No. 2 FEBRUARY 2011 NEWSLETTER TOPICS March Dinner Meeting • March Dinner Meeting: Making Making Chemical Testing Chemical Testing Relevant to Breast Cancer Relevant to Breast Cancer • Chair’s Message Dr. Megan R. Schwarzman • February Dinner Meeting: Sex, Love Abstract ductive environmental health, and Oxytocin Although breast cancer is U.S. and European chemicals one of the leading causes of can- policy, and the implications for • Welcome to the Santa Clara Valley cer and death in women, even human health and the environ- Section of ACS the small numbers of chemicals ment of the production, use and • New Members List for December that undergo safety testing are disposal of chemicals and prod- • Volunteer with Kids and Chemistry not routinely evaluated for their ucts. She is a research scientist at impacts on mammary (breast) the Center for Occupational and • Black History Month tissue. Likewise, there is no well- Environmental Health (COEH), • Committee Chair Needed established set of tests for screen- in UC Berkeley’s School of Public • Albert Ghiorso, Nuclear Researcher ing chemicals for their ability to raise the risk Health, and Associate Director of Health and • SPLASH is Coming to Stanford of breast cancer. Environment for the interdisciplinary In 2010, Dr. Schwarzman served as continued on next page Principal Investigator of a project to tackle this Chair's Message issue. The Breast Cancer and Chemicals Policy project, supported by a grant from the March Dinner Meeting As I write this, California Breast Cancer Research Program, Joint Meeting with Palo Alto AWIS we’ve just experi- convened a panel of 20 scientists and policy enced a New Year experts to review the biological mechanisms Date: Wednesday, March 23, 2011 celebration and associated with breast cancer and propose a Time: 7:00 Networking Dinner jumped into the strategy for screening and identifying chemi- 7:30-7:45 Announcements International Year of cals that could increase the risk of the disease. -
RBRC-32 BNL-6835.4 PARITY ODD BUBBLES in HOT QCD D. KHARZEEV in This ~A~Er We Give a Pedawwicalintroduction~0 Recent Work Of
RBRC-32 BNL-6835.4 PARITY ODD BUBBLES IN HOT QCD D. KHARZEEV RIKEN BNL Research Center, Br$ookhauenNational Laboratory, . Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA R.D. PISARSKI Department of Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratoy, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA M.H.G. TYTGAT Seruice de Physique Th&orique, (7P 225, Uniuersitc4Libre de Bruzelles, B[ud. du !t%iomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium We consider the topological susceptibility for an SU(N) gauge theory in the limit of a large number of colors, N + m. At nonzero temperature, the behavior of the topological susceptibility depends upon the order of the reconfining phrrse transition. The meet interesting possibility is if the reconfining transition, at T = Td, is of second order. Then we argue that Witten’s relation implies that the topological suscepti~lfity vanishes in a calculable fdion at Td. Ae noted by Witten, this implies that for sufficiently light quark messes, metaetable etates which act like regions of nonzero O — parity odd bubbles — can arise at temperatures just below Td. Experimentally, parity odd bubbles have dramatic signature% the rI’ meson, and especially the q meson, become light, and are copiously produced. Further, in parity odd bubbles, processes which are normally forbidden, such as q + rr”ro, are allowed. The most direct way to detect parity violation is by measuring a parity odd global seymmetry for charged pions, which we define. 1 Introduction In this .-~a~er we give a Pedawwicalintroduction~0 recent work of ours? We I consider an SU(IV) gau”ge t~e~ry in the limit of a large number of colors, N + co, This is, of course, a familiar limit? We use the large N expansion I to investigate the behavior of the theory at nonzero temperature, especially for the topological susceptibility. -
Albert Ghiorso 1915-2010
Albert Ghiorso 1915-2010 Albert Ghiorso, the celebrated nuclear scientist who co-discovered more elements than anyone in history and a prolific inventor of nuclear techniques and machines, passed away from natural causes on 26 December 2010 in Berkeley, California. Ghiorso was born in Vallejo, California, on 15 July 1915. He became fascinated with airplanes and aeronautics when he moved with his family to Alameda, near the Oakland airport. That exposure triggered his lifelong interest in machines, technology, and electronics. After high school he began experimenting with radio, and soon his projects were exceeding even military capabilities. On a scholarship, he attended the University of California, Berkeley, and in 1937 he received a BS in electrical engineering. His first job, with a firm developing Geiger counters, brought him in contact with the nuclear chemistry group at Berkeley. That led to an invitation from Glenn Seaborg to join him at the University of Chicago’s Metallurgical Laboratory, which was responsible for elaborating the chemistry of plutonium as part of the Manhattan Project. Thus began their lifetime collaboration, which eventually resulted in the addition of 12 new elements to the periodic table and numerous innovations in nuclear chemistry, radiation detection, and accelerator science. Ghiorso’s first work in Chicago involved measuring the energies of alpha particles from isotopes produced by irradiation of uranium, neptunium, and plutonium. Ghiorso and colleagues built an electromechanical 48-channel pulse-height analyzer, which they used to spectroscopically resolve the characteristic nuclear radiation, thus providing the first nonchemical means of isotope identification. In 1944–45 the Seaborg group used the reactor at the Clinton Laboratories (later Oak Ridge National Laboratory) and cyclotrons at Washington University in Saint Louis and at Berkeley to irradiate plutonium-239 with neutrons and deuterons. -
Peaceful Berkelium
in your element Peaceful berkelium The first new element produced after the Second World War has led a rather peaceful life since entering the period table — until it became the target of those producing superheavy elements, as Andreas Trabesinger describes. f nomenclature were transitive, element 97 with the finding that in Bk(iii) compounds would be named after an Irish bishop spin–orbit coupling leads to a mixing of the Iwhose philosophical belief was that first excited state and the ground state. This material things do not exist. But between gives rise to unexpected electronic properties the immaterialist George Berkeley and the not present in analogous lanthanide element berkelium stands, of course, the structures containing terbium. Even more fine Californian city of Berkeley (pictured), recently5, a combined experimental and where the element was first produced in computational study revealed that berkelium December 1949. The city became the eponym can have stabilized +iii and +iV oxidation of element 97 “in a manner similar to that states also under mild aqueous conditions, used in naming its chemical homologue indicating a path to separating it from other terbium […] whose name was derived from lanthanides and actinides. the town of Ytterby, Sweden, where the rare The main use of berkelium, however — earth minerals were first found”1. arguably one that wouldn’t have met with A great honour for the city? The mayor Bishop Berkeley’s approval — remains a of Berkeley at the time reportedly displayed PHOTO STOCK / ALAMY AF ARCHIVE distinctly material one: as the target for “a complete lack of interest when he was the synthesis of other transuranium and called with the glad tidings”2. -
History of the Seaborg Institute
HISTORY OF THE SEABORG INSTITUTE ARQ.2_09.cover.indd 1 6/22/09 9:24 AM ContentsContents History of the Seaborg Institute The Seaborg Institute for Transactinium Science Established to educate the next generation of nuclear scientists 1 ITS Advisory Council 5 Seaborg the scientist 7 Naming seaborgium 11 Branching out 13 IGCAR honors Seaborg’s contributions to actinide science 16 Seaborg Institute for Transactinium Science/Los Alamos National Laboratory Actinide Research Quarterly The Seaborg Institute for Transactinium Science Established to educate the next generation of nuclear scientists In the late 1970s and early 1980s, research opportunities in heavy element This article was contributed by science and engineering were seldom found in university settings, and the supply Darleane C. Hoffman, professor emerita, of professionals in those fields was diminishing to the detriment of national Graduate School, Department of goals. In response to these concerns, national studies were conducted and panels Chemistry, UC Berkeley, faculty senior and committees were formed to assess the status of training and education in the scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National nuclear sciences. The studies in particular addressed the future need for scientists Laboratory, and charter director, Seaborg trained in the areas of nuclear waste management and disposal, environmental Institute, Lawrence Livermore National remediation, nuclear fuel processing, and nuclear safety analysis. Laboratory; and Christopher Gatrousis, Unfortunately, with the exception of the American Chemical Society’s former associate director of Chemistry Division of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology summer schools for undergradu- and Materials Science, Lawrence ates in nuclear and radiochemistry established in 1984, the studies did not lead Livermore National Laboratory. -
On the Ontology of Superheavy Elements
On the ontology of superheavy elements Kragh, Helge Stjernholm Published in: Substantia DOI: 10.13128/substantia-25 Publication date: 2017 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Kragh, H. S. (2017). On the ontology of superheavy elements. Substantia, 1(2), 7-17. https://doi.org/10.13128/substantia-25 Download date: 24. sep.. 2021 Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia Research Article On the Ontology of Superheavy Elements Citation: H. Kragh (2017) On the Ontology of Superheavy Elements. Helge Kragh Substantia 1(2): 7-17. doi: 10.13128/ substantia-25 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark E-mail: [email protected] Copyright: © 2017 H. Kragh. This is an open access, peer-reviewed article published by Firenze University Press Abstract. The study of so-called superheavy elements with atomic numbers Z > 102 (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) has for several decades been a major research field in nuclear physics and chemistry. and distribuited under the terms of the Presently all elements up to and including Z = 118 have been discovered and assigned Creative Commons Attribution License, official names by IUPAC. To speak of “discovery” is however unfortunate since the ele- which permits unrestricted use, distri- ments are in reality produced, manufactured or created in the laboratory. They are not bution, and reproduction in any medi- found in nature. Moreover, it is not obvious that they exist in the normal sense of the um, provided the original author and source are credited.