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101238 Thesis.Pdf UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Heritage under siege: military implementation of the 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property Kila, J.D. Publication date 2012 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Kila, J. D. (2012). Heritage under siege: military implementation of the 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:05 Oct 2021 Heritage Under Siege HeritageHeritage Under Under Siege Siege Military ImplementationMilitary Implementation of the of the ConventionConvention for the Protection for the Protection of Cultural of PropertyCultural Property in the Eventin the of ArmedEvent ofConflict Armed Conflict HeritageHeritage Under SiegeUnder Siege Joris KilaJoris Kila HeritageHeritage under Siege under is Siegethe result is the result of a five ofyear a five long year multidisciplinary long multidisciplinary research researchfocusing focusingon military on militaryimple- imple- mentationmentation of protecting of protecting and safe- and safe- Military Implementation of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property guardingguarding Cultural CulturalHeritage Heritage in the in the event of eventconflict. of conflict. The subjectThe necessitatedsubject necessitated to involve to involve legal obligationslegal obligations and implications. and implications. The mainThe juridical main frameworkjuridical framework in which in which cultural culturalproperty property protection protection (CPP) (CPP) Joris KilaJoris Kila activitiesactivities take place take is placethe Conven- is the Conven- tion for tionthe Protectionfor the Protection of Cultural of Cultural PropertyProperty in the inEvent the ofEvent Armed of Armed Conflict toConflict be referred to be toreferred as The to Hague as The Hague ConventionConvention of 1954. of 1954. Apart fromApart literary from sources,literary sources,unpub- unpub- lished documentslished documents and interviews and interviews the the account accountis for a largeis for part a large based part on based on field researchfield research or to be ormore to beprecise more precise participatingparticipating observation. observation. The authorThe joined author the joined Dutch the Armed Dutch Armed Forces toForces be able to to be execute able to researchexecute research in theatrein theatreand was and send was out send to out to several conflictseveral conflictareas. This areas. resulted This resulted in new casein new studies case from studies Iraq, from Mace- Iraq, Mace- Joris Kila donia (fyrom)donia (fyrom)and Egypt and as Egypt well asas well as cases fromcases Afghanistan from Afghanistan and Libya. and Libya. ExamplesExamples are not restricted are not restricted to conflict to conflict areas butareas also but comprise also comprise cases from cases from exercisesexercises and preparations and preparations e.g. uk and e.g. uk and the us. the us. JorisOmslag01 kopie 2 18-10-2011, 11:12 JorisOmslag01 kopie 1 18-10-2011, 11:12 Heritage under Siege Military Implementation of the 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property Academisch Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit op vrijdag 3 februari 2012 te 13.00 uur door Joris Dirk Kila geboren te Den Haag Promotiecommissie: Promotor: Prof. dr. B. Kempers Co-promotor: Prof. dr. R. van der Laarse Overige leden: Prof. dr. W. den Boer Prof. C. Garraway Prof. dr. W. Klinkert Prof. dr. F. Leemhuis Prof. dr. C.P. Schneider Prof. dr. F.P.I.M. van Vree Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen Acknowledgements It is a pleasure to thank those who made this dissertation possible. Especially I want to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Bram Kempers and co-supervisor Prof. Dr. Rob van der Laarse, both from the University of Amsterdam's Department of Cultural Sciences, for their help and motivating ideas. Special appreciation goes to my old friend Rik Vos. He has made available his support in a number of ways during the entire research. He read many parts of my dissertation while simultaneously acting as a referee and supplier of inspiration without avoiding risks or being too politically correct. Also I would like to show my gratitude to Paul Koopman from the Institute for Culture and History for his support and to Prof. Dr. Irene Zwiep to make this dissertation possible by matching the funding for an appointment so I could do my last year of research and writing. The SNS Reaal fund that is highly appreciated for especially supporting cultural heritage research in the Netherlands generously donated the initial funding. Much valued is the work of Rene de Haan who did a tremendous job in designing the cover and a number of graphics and my US colleagues Dr. Laurie Rush, Jack Rush and Dr. Jim Zeidler who helped with language problems and provided their perspectives on several issues addressed in this study. Professor Jacques van Nieuwenhove and Dr. Berma Klein Goldewijk were of big help in the beginning of the project. Karl von Habsburg, Dahpne Daponte, Laura Taverne, Winnie Zwetsloot and Frits Nordsiek provided moral support and technical assistance. Brigadier General Hans Bosch ret. supplied military moral support. Lastly, I offer my gratitude to my mother and all who supported me in any respect during the completion of the project. Joris Kila "A nation that draws too broad a difference between its scholars and its warriors will have its thinking being done by cowards and its fighting done by fools" Thucydides. n.p. n.d. (ca. 430 B.C.).1 1Attributed to Thucydides <http://www.quotes.net/quote/38537>[2 September 2011]. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Page 11 Research methods, sources, and disciplines 22 The Relevance of Military Cultural Property Protection 27 The volatile characteristics of Cultural Property and the interrelation between 30 looting and poverty Part I The playing field of Cultural Property Protection Setting the stage Page 35 The Military 38 The Media 44 Governmental institutions and political organizations 48 Non-Governmental Organizations (AIOs) 49 International Organizations (IOs) 51 Working and Advisory Groups 53 Commerce, Crime, Law and order and Religion 55 Science 58 Trends in Cultural Property Protection until 1954 60 The sociology of Cultural Property Protection and the Military 64 Part II Page 67 A description of developments during the research and current progressing views on Cultural Property Protection, publications by Joris Kila from 2008 to 2011. 1. 'The Role of NATO and Civil Military Affairs', in Lawrence Rothfield. (ed.), 68 Antiquities under Siege, part II chapter 16. New York 2008. 2. 'Utilizing Military Cultural Experts in Times of War and Peace: an introduction', 90 in Paul Meerts, (ed.), Culture and International Law, Chapter 12. The Hague 2008. 3. 'Embedding Cultural Property Protection within the Military in Planning for 138 Protection of Cultural Heritage in Times of Conflict', in L. Lijnzaad, N. van Woudenberg, (eds.), Protecting Cultural Property in Armed Conflict. An insight into the 1999 Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. Leiden 2010. 4. 'Can white men sing the blues? Cultural Property Protection in times of armed 150 conflict deploying military experts', in Laurie Rush (ed.), Archaeology, Cultural Property and the Military. Woodbridge 2010. 5. 'Überlegungen zum Status quo der Beteiligung des Militärs am 170 Schutz von Kulturgut. Some thoughts on the current state of military involvement in Cultural Property Protection, following the 1954 Hague Convention and Protocols'. Article in ÖMZ (Austrian Military Magazine). Published in the German Language September 2011. 6. 'Cultural Property Protection in the Context of Military Operations: 179 The Case of Uruk, Iraq' in Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites (CMAS), 13.4: October 2011. 7. Egypt February 12 -16th 2011. 204 8. Libya's heritage under siege in 2011. 219 Part III Harmonizing liabilities and revenues for now and the future Balancing the interests Page 227 Identified dilemmas and challenges standing in the way of CPP implementation 227 Legal aspects to consider when implementing military CPP 231 Control mechanisms and sanctions 238 Common denominators as part of solutions 240 Opportunities for effective implementation of military CPP 241 Research, education, and exercise 243 Teaching and training 244 Current examples of military
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