PROJECT 720: a CASE STUDY of HIGH SCHOOL REFORM by Robert
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PROJECT 720: A CASE STUDY OF HIGH SCHOOL REFORM by Robert Hayes Postupac B.S., Geneva College, Beaver Falls, PA 1989 M.Ed., College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 1996 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Pittsburgh in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education University of Pittsburgh 2011 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF EDUCATION This dissertation was presented by Robert Hayes Postupac It was defended on April 1, 2011 and approved by Dr. Charlene Trovato, Ph.D., Associate Professor Dr. Sean Hughes, Ph.D., Associate Professor Dr. Darwin Copland, Ed.D., Committee Member Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Mary Margaret Kerr, Ed.D., Department Chair ii Copyright © by Robert Hayes Postupac 2011 iii PROJECT 720: A CASE STUDY OF HIGH SCHOOL REFORM Robert Hayes Postupac, Ed.D. University of Pittsburgh, 2011 Abstract The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine a major Pennsylvania high school reform initiative: Project 720. Through document review and interviews, the author found that Pennsylvania allocated $40 million to 143 school districts in an attempt to transform Pennsylvania high schools into child-centered, small learning communities focused on 21st Century learning skills. This study examined the design, implementation, and sustainability of Project 720. This study posed three research questions: (1) What events led to the development of Project 720? (2) How was Project 720 implemented? (3) What is the status of Project 702? The focus for Pennsylvania‟s high school reform began during the 2005 National Governors‟ Association conference. The agenda for the conference was a need for high school reform. Along with the nation‟s governors, the nation‟s business leaders represented by the National Business Roundtable and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation identified a need for high school reform. As a result of this conference Pennsylvania developed Project 720. Project 720 focused on several factors, those being; (1) poor performance on standardized tests, (2) lack of rigor in the high school curriculum, (3) lack of career preparation, and (4) concern regarding the rate of students not completing high school in four years. Implementation of Project 720 was difficult to determine. Lacking available documents, there continues to be an ambiguity regarding how Project 720 funds were allocated. This iv confusing allocation of funds coupled with a lack of information regarding an auditing procedure of grantee funds left the investigator to speculate how allocated funds were used for Project 720. This study concluded that there are very few formal reports regarding the sustained efforts of Project 720. Pennsylvania‟s 2011 proposed budget contains no funding for Project 720, or any other identified high school reform effort. Therefore, it is crucial that Project 720 funded school districts build capacity to sustain high school reform. The value of $40 million of Pennsylvania State grants depends on how well Project 720 districts implemented activities that improved education and how well districts ensured funding to sustain those implemented activities. v TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................................................................................................... XI 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 PURPOSE ............................................................................................................. 3 1.2 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ................................................................ 3 1.3 DEFINITION OF TERMS ................................................................................. 4 2.0 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ............................................................................ 6 2.1 STRUCTURAL HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF HIGH SCHOOL ............. 6 2.1.1 American High Schools Prior to 1900............................................................ 7 2.1.2 American High Schools 1900 – 1920 .............................................................. 9 2.1.3 American High Schools 1920 – 1940 ............................................................ 11 2.1.4 American High Schools 1950 – 1960 ............................................................ 13 2.1.5 American High Schools 1970 – Present ....................................................... 19 2.2 HIGH SCHOOL REFORM .............................................................................. 24 2.3 PENNSYLVANIA’S PROJECT 720 ............................................................... 33 2.4 COMPONENTS OF PENNSYLVANIA’S PROJECT 720 ........................... 48 2.5 DESIGNING A PLAN TO IMPLEMENT PENNSYLVANIA’S PROJECT 720 ............................................................................................................................. 51 vi 2.6 BUILDING CAPACITY TO SUSTAIN PENNSYLVANIA’S PROJECT 720 ............................................................................................................................. 57 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................. 60 3.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ............................................................... 60 3.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................... 61 3.3 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES ......................................................... 61 3.3.1 The Case Study Design .................................................................................. 63 3.3.2 Procedure ....................................................................................................... 63 3.3.3 Data Analysis.................................................................................................. 65 3.3.4 Summary ........................................................................................................ 66 4.0 RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 67 4.1 RESEARCH QUESTION ONE: WHAT EVENTS LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROJECT 720? ............................................................................ 69 4.1.1 Poor Performance on Standardized Tests ................................................... 71 4.1.2 Lack of Rigor in High School Curriculum .................................................. 73 4.1.3 Lack of Career Preparation.......................................................................... 74 4.1.4 Student Dropout Rates .................................................................................. 75 4.1.5 Summary ........................................................................................................ 76 4.2 RESEARCH QUESTION TWO: HOW WAS PROJECT 720 IMPLEMENTED? ............................................................................................................. 78 4.2.1 Application and Review Process .................................................................. 78 4.2.2 Grantees .......................................................................................................... 79 4.2.3 Project 720 Funding ...................................................................................... 79 vii 4.2.4 Reporting Requirements of Project 720 Grants ......................................... 82 4.2.5 Mid-Term and End-of-Year Grantee Reports ............................................ 84 4.2.6 The Next-Step Association Project 720 Report ........................................... 87 4.2.7 Site Visits ........................................................................................................ 93 4.3 RESEARCH QUESTION THREE: WHAT IS THE STATUS OF PROJECT 720? .................................................................................................................. 94 4.4 LIMITATIONS .................................................................................................. 97 5.0 DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS .................................................................... 99 5.1 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 99 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH .............................. 102 APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................................ 104 APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................................ 107 APPENDIX C ............................................................................................................................ 110 APPENDIX D ............................................................................................................................ 112 APPENDIX E ............................................................................................................................ 114 APPENDIX F ............................................................................................................................ 117 APPENDIX G ............................................................................................................................ 118 APPENDIX H ............................................................................................................................ 136 APPENDIX I ............................................................................................................................