DOCSLIB.ORG

Three-Wattled Bellbird–2013 Wilson Journal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Three-Wattled Bellbird–2013 Wilson Journal Published by the Wilson Ornithological Society VOL. 125, NO. 1 March 2013 PAGES 1–232 The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 125(1):1–14, 2013 BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE FOR SONG LEARNING IN THE SUBOSCINE BELLBIRDS (PROCNIAS SPP.; COTINGIDAE) DONALD KROODSMA,1,9 DEBRA HAMILTON,2 JULIO E. SA´ NCHEZ,3 BRUCE E. BYERS,4 HERNA´ N FANDIN˜ O-MARIN˜ O,5 DAVID W. STEMPLE,6 JILL M. TRAINER,7 AND GEORGE V. N. POWELL8 ABSTRACT.—Why vocal learning has evolved in songbirds, parrots, and hummingbirds but not in other avian groups remains an unanswered question. The difficulty in providing an answer stems not only from the challenge of reconstructing the conditions that favored vocal learning among ancestors of these groups but also from our incomplete knowledge of extant birds. Here we provide multiple lines of evidence for a previously undocumented, evolutionarily independent origin of vocal learning among the suboscine passerines. Working with bellbirds (Procnias spp.), we show that (1) a captive- reared Bare-throated Bellbird (P. nudicollis) deprived of conspecific song not only developed abnormal conspecific songs but also learned the calls of a Chopi Blackbird (Gnorimopsar chopi) near which it was housed; (2) songs of Three-wattled Bellbirds (P. tricarunculata) occur in three geographically distinct dialects (from north to south: Nicaragua, Monteverde, and Talamanca); (3) Three-wattled Bellbirds at Monteverde, Costa Rica, are often bilingual, having learned the complete song repertoire of both the Monteverde and Talamanca dialects; (4) immature bellbirds have an extended period of song development, lasting the 6 years in which they are in subadult plumage; and (5) adult male Three-wattled Bellbirds continually relearn their songs, visiting each others’ song perches and adjusting their songs to track population-wide changes. Perhaps female preferences and strong sexual selection have favored vocal learning among bellbirds, and additional surveys for vocal learning among other lekking cotingas and other suboscines may reveal patterns that help determine the conditions that promote the evolution of vocal learning. Received 21 February 2012. Accepted 13 July 2012. Key words: bellbird, birdsong, Contingidae, dialects, evolution, Procnias, vocal learning. 1 52 School Sreet, Hatfield, MA 01038, USA. One of the most frequently asked but unan- 2 Fundacion Conservacionista Costarricense, Monte- swered questions among those who study bird- verde, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. song, is why vocal learning evolved among 3 Unio´n de Ornito´logos de Costa Rica, Apdo 11695-1000, parrots, hummingbirds, and passerines but not San Jose´, Costa Rica. 4 other species groups, and within the passerines Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, why in oscine songbirds but not in their sister Amherst, MA 01003, USA. 5 Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, Universi- group the suboscines (Baptista and Kroodsma dade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina—PR 86051-980, Brazil. 6 31 School Sreet, Hatfield, MA 01038, USA (deceased). 8 Conservation Science Program, World Wildlife Fund, 7 College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Califor- 1250 24th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA. nia State University, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA. 9 Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] 1 The Wilson Journal of Ornithology wils-125-01-01.3d 19/12/12 19:29:28 1 Cust # 12-033 2 THE WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY N Vol. 125, No. 1, March 2013 2001). Our fascination with this question no doubt from one bird to the next along a transect insuring lies in our own human elaboration of vocal that each new bird was different from the one learning through speech, and the absence of such before. Most of our analyses are based on males elaborated vocal learning in our close primate who sang the ‘‘Monteverde dialect’’ (below), and relatives (but see Crockford et al. 2004). Vocal the number of adult males with Monteverde songs learning also occurs among some other mammals, that were recorded throughout the years was: 1974 such as certain whales (Noad et al. 2000) and bats (5), 1981 (1), 1985 (7), 1986 (2), 1987 (1), 1988 (Boughman 1998, Knornschild et al. 2010). (9), 1989 (1), 1991 (2), 1998 (3), 1999 (4), 2000 Such evolutionary questions are difficult to (15), 2001 (19), 2002 (14), 2006 (3), 2011 (14). answer, not only because vocal learning arose so Of particular interest in these Monteverde songs far back in time that we cannot reconstruct the was the frequency of their intensely loud tonal conditions under which selection for this trait notes (hereafter ‘Whistles’); the number of occurred, but also because surveys for vocal Whistles measured for each male ranged from learning among extant animal groups are incom- 2-191 (mean 31.7). plete. Among birds, for example, lack of vocal A variety of recorders and microphones was learning among suboscines is often inferred for used, but when we needed precise temporal and the entire group from studies of only a few species frequency measurements, we used primarily (Raposo and Ho¨fling 2003). digital recordings made on an HHB Portadat Here we provide behavioral evidence for song PDR-1000 (1999–2002) and a Sound Devices learning among Procnias bellbirds, cotingas that 722 (2011). Parabolic microphones were essen- are firmly embedded within the suboscine Tyr- tial to record the exceptionally soft elements in anni. Among birds, this is a more recent origin of the songs, and from 1999–2002 we used a vocal learning than occurred among ancestral Telinga Pro5W parabolic microphone, and during songbirds, parrots, or hummingbirds, giving hope 2011 a Telinga Universal with a Sennheiser that a comparative survey among the suboscine MKH20. cotingas may help reveal the conditions under Other recordings used in this study came from a which vocal learning evolved. variety of sources. Those from the British Library included recordings archived by Barbara Snow METHODS in 1974; the Macaulay Library at the Cornell During July 1999–2002, and again in 2011, Laboratory of Ornithology provided a number, male Three-wattled Bellbirds (Procnias tricarun- including those by Trainer from the 1980s. For culata) were recorded intensively at Monteverde, these recordings, professional analog recorders Costa Rica. Each recorded bird was classified by were used, and the recorded birds were identified plumage into one of three groups: two or and described; slightly varying analog tape three years old (with yellowish-green streaked speeds could have introduced small errors into plumage); four, five, or six years old (with these recordings, and we are mindful of that as increasing amounts of white and chestnut plum- we interpret song differences over time. In age); or adult, with pure chestnut and white Nicaragua during July 2001, we used Sony plumage and long wattles. (The aging scheme is TCD5ProII analog recorders and Telinga Pro5W based on plumage changes in banded birds from microphones to record four males. At Monte- hatching to at least seven years, when males reach verde during April 2006, Kroodsma used a Sony adult plumage; D. Hamilton, unpubl. data.) We MZN-707 minidisc and Sennheiser ME66 to did not analyze recordings of unseen birds. record three adult males. During each year of intensive sampling, we As an index of how the songs of the took care to include each male only once in the Monteverde dialect changed from 1974 to 2011, analyses. A number of birds were banded and we measured the frequency of the songs’ loud could always be identified as individuals (at least Whistles with the ‘Max Frequency’ (frequency of eight in our recorded samples, out of 151 that had peak power) feature on Raven software (with been caught in canopy nets and banded at ‘‘spectrogram window size’’ of 66,536, yielding a Monteverde; for methods, see Powell and Bjork frequency resolution of ,1 Hz). Song compo- 2004). Others were identified by location and nents other than the loud whistles also changed favorite singing perches, often well-separated over the years, and we describe them where we from other singers. Other times we could walk can, but we found it difficult to characterize The Wilson Journal of Ornithology wils-125-01-01.3d 19/12/12 19:29:30 2 Cust # 12-033 Kroodsma et al. N SONG LEARNING IN SUBOSCINE BELLBIRDS 3 FIG. 1. The ‘Bonk-swish-Whistle-swish’ song of the Monteverde dialect of the Three-wattled Bellbird. The basic form of the song has stayed the same from 2002–2011: songs begin with a loud Bonk (B), contain a loud Whistle (W) mid-way, and have soft swishing elements before and after the Whistle. Songs from the two males within each year are essentially identical to each other, but notable changes occurred from 2002 to 2011: By 2011, the Whistle is about 450 Hz lower in frequency; elements a, b, and c have been extended to about three times the duration (designated by a ‘prime’ in 2011); and element b has been transformed in quality. Another song of the Monteverde dialect (‘Bonk-swish-swish’) omits the section marked by an arrow in the upper left sonagram. In typical sonagrams, the louder the song element the darker the image, but in these and other sonagrams the especially quiet elements (all those not designated with a capital letter) have had to be darkened so that they would show. satisfactorily and systematically changes in either RESULTS the loud, complex Bonks of the Monteverde Description of Adult Bellbird Songs dialect or the songs’ softer sounds that are so difficult to record. The ‘Monteverde Dialect.’—At Monteverde, In Arapongas, Brazil, Fandin˜o-Marin˜o walked Costa Rica, during July of the years 1999–2002 the streets of town during 1998, listening to and 2011, about three-quarters of adult males (73 sounds of captive Bare-throated Bellbirds (Proc- of 101 encountered, or 72%) sang only what has nias nudicollis) that many aviculturists kept in the come to be called the ‘Monteverde dialect.’ town.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • REGUA Bird List July 2020.Xlsx
    Birds of REGUA/Aves da REGUA Updated July 2020. The taxonomy and nomenclature follows the Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos (CBRO), Annotated checklist of the birds of Brazil by the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee, updated June 2015 - based on the checklist of the South American Classification Committee (SACC). Atualizado julho de 2020. A taxonomia e nomenclatura seguem o Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos (CBRO), Lista anotada das aves do Brasil pelo Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos, atualizada em junho de 2015 - fundamentada na lista do Comitê de Classificação da América do Sul (SACC).
    [Show full text]
  • Guia Para Observação Das Aves Do Parque Nacional De Brasília
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234145690 Guia para observação das aves do Parque Nacional de Brasília Book · January 2011 CITATIONS READS 0 629 4 authors, including: Mieko Kanegae Fernando Lima Favaro Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Bi… 7 PUBLICATIONS 74 CITATIONS 17 PUBLICATIONS 69 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Fernando Lima Favaro on 28 May 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Brasília - 2011 GUIA PARA OBSERVAÇÃO DAS AVES DO PARQUE NACIONAL DE BRASÍLIA Aílton C. de Oliveira Mieko Ferreira Kanegae Marina Faria do Amaral Fernando de Lima Favaro Fotografia de Aves Marcelo Pontes Monteiro Nélio dos Santos Paulo André Lima Borges Brasília, 2011 GUIA PARA OBSERVAÇÃO DAS AVES DO APRESENTAÇÃO PARQUE NACIONAL DE BRASÍLIA É com grande satisfação que apresento o Guia para Observação REPÚblica FEDERATiva DO BRASIL das Aves do Parque Nacional de Brasília, o qual representa um importante instrumento auxiliar para os observadores de aves que frequentam ou que Presidente frequentarão o Parque, para fins de lazer (birdwatching), pesquisas científicas, Dilma Roussef treinamentos ou em atividades de educação ambiental. Este é mais um resultado do trabalho do Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Vice-Presidente Conservação de Aves Silvestres - CEMAVE, unidade descentralizada do Instituto Michel Temer Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) e vinculada à Diretoria de Conservação da Biodiversidade. O Centro tem como missão Ministério do Meio Ambiente - MMA subsidiar a conservação das aves brasileiras e dos ambientes dos quais elas Izabella Mônica Vieira Teixeira dependem.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Species-Level Molecular Phylogeny of the New World
    YMPEV 4758 No. of Pages 19, Model 5G 2 December 2013 Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution xxx (2013) xxx–xxx 1 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev 5 6 3 A comprehensive species-level molecular phylogeny of the New World 4 blackbirds (Icteridae) a,⇑ a a b c d 7 Q1 Alexis F.L.A. Powell , F. Keith Barker , Scott M. Lanyon , Kevin J. Burns , John Klicka , Irby J. Lovette 8 a Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, and Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, 100 Ecology Building, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 9 55108, USA 10 b Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA 11 c Barrick Museum of Natural History, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA 12 d Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14950, USA 1314 15 article info abstract 3117 18 Article history: The New World blackbirds (Icteridae) are among the best known songbirds, serving as a model clade in 32 19 Received 5 June 2013 comparative studies of morphological, ecological, and behavioral trait evolution. Despite wide interest in 33 20 Revised 11 November 2013 the group, as yet no analysis of blackbird relationships has achieved comprehensive species-level sam- 34 21 Accepted 18 November 2013 pling or found robust support for most intergeneric relationships. Using mitochondrial gene sequences 35 22 Available online xxxx from all 108 currently recognized species and six additional distinct lineages, together with strategic 36 sampling of four nuclear loci and whole mitochondrial genomes, we were able to resolve most relation- 37 23 Keywords: ships with high confidence.
    [Show full text]
  • Fraga Ms-706.Fm
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CONICET Digital SHORT COMMUNICATIONS ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 19: 299–303, 2008 © The Neotropical Ornithological Society NOTES ON THE NESTING OF CHOPI BLACKBIRDS (GNORIMOPSAR CHOPI) IN ARGENTINA AND PARAGUAY, WITH DATA ON COOPERATIVE BREEDING AND BROOD PARASITISM BY SCREAMING COWBIRDS (MOLOTHRUS RUFOAXILLARIS) Rosendo M. Fraga CICYTTP, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Matteri y España, (3105) Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina. E-mail: [email protected] Notas sobre la nidificación del Chopí (Gnorimopsar chopi) en Argentina y Paraguay, con datos de cría cooperativa y de parasitismo de cría por el Tordo Pico Corto (Molothrus rufoaxillaris). Key words: Chopi Blackbirds, Gnorimopsar chopi, nesting, cooperative breeding, Screaming Cowbird, Molothrus rufoaxillaris. The Chopi Blackbird (Gnorimopsar chopi) is an northeastern Argentina (Corrientes and Mis- icterid endemic to South America (Jaramillo iones provinces) and Paraguay, between 1995 & Burke 1999) and a member of the South and 2007. My data show this icterid to be a American quiscaline clade, a monophyletic cooperative breeder (Brown 1987), as individ- group defined by DNA data (Johnson & uals other than a single pair aid in chick care. Lanyon 1999, Cadena et al. 2004). This icterid Also, I add further information on its host- is found from northeastern Brazil and south- parasite interactions with Screaming Cow- eastern Peru to northern Argentina and Uru- birds (Molothrus rufoaxillaris) in Argentina and guay (Jaramillo & Burke 1999). It is usually Paraguay (Sick 1985, Fraga 1996). subdivided into three subspecies with consid- I obtained most of my information on erable variation in body size (Jaramillo & Chopi Blackbirds while carrying field research Burke 1999), but only the nominate subspe- on endangered grassland birds from eastern cies occurs in eastern Argentina and Paraguay.
    [Show full text]
  • WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING in BRAZIL Sandra Charity and Juliana Machado Ferreira
    July 2020 WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING IN BRAZIL Sandra Charity and Juliana Machado Ferreira TRAFFIC: Wildlife Trade in Brazil WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING IN BRAZIL TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network, is a leading non-governmental organisation working globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. © Jaime Rojo / WWF-US Reproduction of material appearing in this report requires written permission from the publisher. The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or its supporting organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. TRAFFIC David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK. Tel: +44 (0)1223 277427 Email: [email protected] Suggested citation: Charity, S., Ferreira, J.M. (2020). Wildlife Trafficking in Brazil. TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, United Kingdom. © WWF-Brazil / Zig Koch © TRAFFIC 2020. Copyright of material published in this report is vested in TRAFFIC. ISBN: 978-1-911646-23-5 UK Registered Charity No. 1076722 Design by: Hallie Sacks Cover photo: © Staffan Widstrand / WWF This report was made possible with support from the American people delivered through the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily
    [Show full text]
  • Screaming Cowbird Parasitism of Nests of Solitary Caciques and Cattle Tyrants
    SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 795 The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 122(4):795–799, 2010 Screaming Cowbird Parasitism of Nests of Solitary Caciques and Cattle Tyrants Alejandro G. Di Giacomo,1 Bettina Mahler,2 and Juan C. Reboreda2,3 ABSTRACT.—The Screaming Cowbird (Molothrus these events of parasitism resulted from recognition rufoaxillaris) is one of the most specialized brood errors by Screaming Cowbird females that regularly parasites with only three known hosts: Baywing parasitize Baywings and Chopi Blackbirds. The nest of (Agelaioides badius), the main host throughout most Solitary Caciques had been frequently visited by a pair of its range, and two alternative hosts in some areas of of Baywings before Screaming Cowbird parasitism its distribution, Chopi Blackbird (Gnorimopsar chopi) occurred, and the nest of Cattle Tyrants was near an and Brown-and-yellow Marshbird (Pseudoleistes vir- active Chopi Blackbird nest that had been previously escens). We studied Screaming Cowbird parasitism in parasitized by Screaming Cowbirds. Received 5 Janu- northeast Argentina where this parasite uses Baywings ary 2010. Accepted 7 April 2010. and Chopi Blackbirds as hosts. We monitored 69 nests of Baywings, 251 of Chopi Blackbirds, 31 of Solitary Caciques (Cacicus solitarius), and 30 of Cattle Tyrants (Machetornis rixosa). The frequency of Screaming The Screaming Cowbird (Molothrus rufoaxil- Cowbird parasitism on Baywing nests was 80% and laris) is a specialized brood parasite, which was 46% for Chopi Blackbirds. We recorded one event exclusively uses the Baywing (Agelaioides ba- of Screaming Cowbird parasitism on one nest of dius) as a host throughout most of its range Solitary Caciques and three events of Screaming (Mason 1980, Fraga 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • Conflicts Between Humans and Wild Animals in and Surrounding
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Ethnobiology and Conservation 2020, 9:5 (27 February 2020) doi:10.15451/ec2020-02-9.05-1-22 ISSN 2238­4782 ethnobioconservation.com Conflicts between humans and wild animals in and surrounding protected area (Bahia, Brazil): an ethnozoological approach Jade Silva dos Santos1,2; Joanison Vicente dos Santos Teixeira2,3; Deyna Hulda Arêas Guanaes1; Wesley Duarte da Rocha1; Alexandre Schiavetti2,4 ABSTRACT Conflicts between humans and wildlife have been considered a huge obstacle to the management and conservation of fauna, and also lead to negative impacts for local populations. For this reason, from an ethnozoological perspective, the present work aimed to identify and analyze conflicts between farmers and the wild fauna in four communities of the Costa de Itacaré­Serra Grande Environmental Protection Area, Bahia, Brazil, as well as diagnose the control measures used. The participants were selected using the snowball technique and data were collected using semi­structured interviews, complemented by free listing techniques, nonspecific prompting, and reading back. Thirty­eight farmers were interviewed and they reported 45 species of wild animals, among which 23 were mammals, 17 were birds and 5 were reptiles. Conflicts were classified into five categories. Of these categories, animal­cultivation and animal­livestock interactions had the highest number of reported species. The farmers applied different control measures, including defensive methods, which are the most frequently used in the communities, offensive methods, and superstitious rituals. Positive interactions were also identified, in which some species are considered charismatic or recognized for their ecological role. Conflicts with wild fauna are recurrent in these communities; thus, it is necessary to guarantee social participation in the construction of effective strategies for conflict mitigation and fauna conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Brazil I & II Trip Report
    North Eastern Brazil I & II Trip Report 20th October to 15th November 2013 Araripe Manakin by Forrest Rowland Trip report compiled by Tour leaderForrest Rowland NE Brazil I tour Top 10 birds as voted by participants: 1. Lear’s Macaw 2. Araripe Manakin 3. Jandaya Parakeet Trip Report - RBT NE Brazil I & II 2013 2 4. Fringe-backed Fire-eye 5. Great Xenops 6. Seven-coloured Tanager 7. Ash-throated Crake 8. Stripe-backed Antbird 9. Scarlet-throated Tanager 10. Blue-winged Macaw NE Brazil II tour Top 10 as voted by participants: 1. Ochre-rumped Antbird 2. Giant Snipe 3. Ruby-topaz Hummingbird (Ruby Topaz) 4. Hooded Visorbearer 5. Slender Antbird 6. Collared Crescentchest 7. White-collared Foliage-Gleaner 8. White-eared Puffbird 9. Masked Duck 10. Pygmy Nightjar NE Brazil is finally gaining the notoriety it deserves among wildlife enthusiasts, nature lovers, and, of course, birders! The variety of habitats that its vast borders encompass, hosting more than 600 bird species (including over 100 endemics), range from lush coastal rainforests, to xerophytic desert-like scrub in the north, across the vast cerrado full of microhabitats both known as well as entirely unexplored. This incredible diversity, combined with emerging infrastructure, a burgeoning economy paying more attention to eco-tourism, and a vibrant, dynamic culture makes NE Brazil one of the planet’s most unique and rewarding destinations to explore. The various destinations we visited on these tours allowed us time in all of these diverse habitat types – and some in the Lear’s Macaws by Forrest Rowland most spectacular fashion! Our List Totals of 501 birds and 15 species of mammals (including such specials as Lear’s Macaw, Araripe Manakin, Bahia Tapaculo, and Pink-legged Graveteiro) reflect not only how diverse the region is, but just how rich it can be from day to day.
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Vertebrate Roadkill in the Chapada Dos Veadeiros National Park, Central Brazil
    Biota Neotropica 16(1): e0182, 2016 www.scielo.br/bn article Wild vertebrate roadkill in the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Central Brazil Vı´vian da Silva Braz1,3 & Frederico Gustavo Rodrigues Franc¸a2 1Universidade de Brası´lia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustenta´vel, Brası´lia, DF, Brazil. 2Universidade Federal da Paraı´ba, Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Rio Tinto, PB, Brazil. 3Corresponding author: Vı´vian da Braz, e-mail: [email protected] BRAZ, V.S. FRANC¸A, F.G.R. Wild vertebrate roadkill in the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Central Brazil. Biota Neotropica. 16(1): e0182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2014-0182 Abstract: Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park is one of the most important protected areas of the Brazilian Cerrado and is inhabited by diverse species, but the area has seldom been studied. From 2006 to 2008, we studied the impact of roads on wild vertebrates by recording roadkill on the two main roads located in the vicinity of the park. Of 824 killed vertebrates belonging to 138 species that were recorded, the species that were found most often in each vertebrate group were the Schneider’s toad (Rhinella schneideri), the grassland sparrow (Ammodramus humeralis), the yellow-toothed cavy (Galea flavidens), and the marbled lancehead (Bothrops marmoratus). The roadkill rate was 0.096 animals km-1. Vertebrate mortality was significantly higher during the wet season. There is a significant relationship between habitat structure and the vertebrates that were found as roadkill: amphibians are associated with nearby forest and paved roads, birds with nearby pastures, reptiles with nearby grassland, and mammals with unpaved roads.
    [Show full text]
  • Efforts to Combat Wild Animals Trafficking in Brazil
    Chapter 16 Efforts to Combat Wild Animals Trafficking in Brazil Guilherme Fernando Gomes Destro, Tatiana Lucena Pimentel, Raquel Monti Sabaini, Roberto Cabral Borges and Raquel Barreto Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48351 1. Introduction Wildlife trafficking, including the flora, fauna and their products and byproducts, is considered the third largest illegal activity in the world, after weapons and drugs trafficking. Considering only the wild animals trafficking in Brazil, it is estimated that about 38 million specimens are captured from nature annually and approximately four million of those are sold. Based on the data of animals seized and their prices, it is suggested that this Country deals with about two billion and five hundred million dollars a year [1]. The wildlife trafficking networks, like any other criminal network, have great flexibility and adaptability and join with other categories or activities (legal or illegal), such as drugs, weapons, alcohol, and precious stones. Their products are often sent from the same regions and have similar practices such as forgery, bribery of officials, tax evasion, fraudulent customs declarations, among many others [1]. In some cases, the criminals are infiltrated in public agencies to entice public officials and, in case of problems in the target Country, they can move with ease to other destination. Moreover, people involved can be easily replaced by others more efficient, reliable and qualified for the activity. This great power of mobility and changeability is one of the major problems to map the criminal networks and their local of action [2].
    [Show full text]
  • A Global Study of the Distribution and Richness of Alien Bird Species
    A global study of the distribution and richness of alien bird species Ellie E. Dyer A dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University College London Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research (CBER) within the Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment (GEE) University College London November 4, 2015 Declaration I, Ellie Eveness Dyer, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Ellie Dyer, 4th November 2015 2 Abstract Alien species are a major component of human-induced environmental change, yet spatial and temporal variation in the drivers of their introduction, and their subsequent distribution and richness, are poorly understood. Here, I present a global analysis of the drivers of this variation for a major animal group, birds (Class Aves), using the newly-created Global Avian Invasions Atlas (GAVIA) database. GAVIA includes information on introduction successes and failures, enabling me to examine the effect of colonisation pressure (the number of species introduced) on alien bird distributions. A description of the GAVIA database is given in Chapter 2, with details on its scope and sources, data collation and validation, and the production of alien range maps. Chapter 3 focuses on the early stages of the invasion pathway, and shows that historical introductions tend to originate in Europe, were driven by the global movements of British colonialism, and involved species deemed useful. Modern introductions, in contrast, tend to originate in Southeast Asia and Africa, are driven by factors associated with wealth, and involve species found in the pet trade.
    [Show full text]
  • Cotinga 33 Contents
    Cotinga 33 Contents News & Reviews 2 Advertising Information 136 New records of Sulphur-breasted Parakeet Aratinga 3 Club News maculata in Pará and Amapá states, Brazil Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa, Christian Borges Andretti, Fábio Olmos & José 120 Short Communications Fernando Pacheco 120 Nuevos registros de Columbina minuta, Pionus senilis y 137 Marsh Seedeater Sporophila palustris and Tawny-bellied Basileuterus culicivorus en el estado de Yucatán, México Seedeater S. hypoxantha recorded in Tocantins state, Brazil Juan Chablé-Santos, Celia Sélem-Salas & Silvia Hernández- Fábio Olmos & José Fernando Pacheco Betancourt 138 First records of Blue-billed Black Tyrant Knipolegus 121 La Tangara Aliamarilla Thraupis abbas en Costa Rica, cyanirostris for Goiás, Brazil Iubatã Paula de Faria, Sandro historia y dos nuevos registros Andrés Zuñiga & Barata Berg, Tarcísio Lyra dos Santos Abreu, Ana Paula Diniz Luis Sandoval Nakamura & Pedro Diniz 122 Deadly intra-specific aggression in Collared Aracari 140 New data on the breeding biology of Gilt-edged Tanager Pteroglossus torquatus Jeffrey D. Ritterson & Adam C. Stein Tangara cyanoventris Carlos Otávio Araujo Gussoni & Pedro 123 First record of Sungrebe Heliornis fulica on Bonaire, Ferreira Develey Netherlands Antilles Peter J. Rozemeijer 140 Primeiro registro do criticamente ameaçado pica-pau-do- 124 The nest and eggs of Yellow-throated Bush Tanager parnaíba Celeus obrieni no Estado do Mato Grosso (Brasil) Chlorospingus flavigularis Harold F. Greeney, Bryan Suson, e comentários sobre distribuição geográfica e conservação Rudy A. Gelis, Ben Freeman & Eliot T. Miller Túlio Dornas, Gabriel Augusto Leite, Renato Torres Pinheiro & 125 The nest and eggs of Blue-and-black Tanager Tangara Marco Aurélio Crozariol vassorii Harold F.
    [Show full text]