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NUMISMATIC ARTICLES – ROMAN GENERAL ROMAN Jones, A.H.M. “Numismatics and History” in Essays Mattingly. Sutherland, C.H.V. “What is Meant by Style in Coinage?” in ANSMN 1950. Frier, B.W. “Roman Coinage and Army Pay: Techniques for Evaluating Statistics” in QT 1981. Buttrey, T.V. “Calculating Ancient Coin Production: Facts and Fantasies” in NC 1993. Buttrey, S.E. and T.V. “Calculating Ancient Coin Production, Again” in AJN 1997. Burnett, A. “The Authority to Coin in the Late Republic and Early Empire” in NC 1977. Toynbee, J.M.C. “Picture-Language in Roman Art and Coinage” in Essays Mattingly. Ehrhardt, C.T.H.R. “Roman Coin Types and the Roman Public” in JNG 1985. Kendal, A. “The Depiction of Aeneas in Roman Numismatic and Medallic Art” in The Picus 1996. Levick, B. “Concordia at Rome” in Essays Sutherland. Yarrow, L.M. “Ulysses's Return and Portrayals of Fides on Republican Coins” in FIDES. Stannard, C. “The Labors of Hercules on Central Italian Coins and Tesserae of the First Century BC” in FIDES. Holloway, R.R. “The Lady of the Denarius” in QT 1995. Lichocka, B. “Julius Caesar and Roman imperial coins with Nemesis” in PICN12. Evans, J. “Bulls on Republican and Early Imperial Coins” in QT 1996. Hafner, G. “Prora” in SNR 1976. Woytek, B.E. “Heads and Busts on Roman Coins: Some Remarks on the Morphology of Numismatic Portraiture” in RN 171 (2014). Mattingly, H. “The Man in the Roman Street” in NR 1943. Bellinger, A.R. “Greek Mints under the Roman Empire” in Essays Mattingly. Nurpetlian, J. “Brockage Coins” in NC 178 (2018). ROMAN REPUBLIC & IMPERATORIAL General Mattingly, H.B. “Coinage and the Roman State” in NC 1977. Hersh, C.A. “Sydenham in Retrospect: Revisions, Corrections, and some rare and unpublished Additions to that Author’s ‘The Coinage of the Roman Republic’” in Essays Baldwin. -----. “Notes on the Chronology and Interpretation of the Roman Republican Coinage: Some Comments on Crawford’s Roman Republican Coinage” in NC 1977. Hersh, C.A., and A. Walker. “The Mesagne Hoard” in ANSMN 29 (1984). Crawford, M.H. “Unofficial Imitations and Small Change under the Roman Republic” in Annali 1982. -----. “Paestum and Rome: The Form and Function of a Subsidiary Coinage” in Annali 1973 Supplement. Burnett, A. “The Coinages of Rome and Magna Graecia in the Late Fourth and Third Centuries B.C.” in SNR 1977. Alföldi, A. “The Main Aspects of Political Propaganda on the Coinage of the Roman Republic” in Essays Mattingly. Witschonke, R. “The use of die marks on Roman Republican coinage” in RBN CLVIII (2012). Early Republic Van Alfen, P.G. “Observations on Servius Tullius, Aes Rude, and the Beginnings of the Roman Monetary System” in Mélanges Amandry. Burnett, A. “The Beginnings of Roman Coinage” in AIIN 36 (1989). -----. “The First Roman Silver Coins” in QT 1978 Mattingly, H.B. “The Roma/Victory ROMANO didrachms and the start of Roman coinage” in Studia Arslan. Burnett, A. “The Second Issue of Roman Didrachms” in QT 1980. Russo, R. “Prima bozza preliminare di uno studio organico sulla monetazione del centro Italia e della Magna Grecia tra il 326 a.C. al 215 a.C.” in Numismatica Sottovoce. Rossetti, A.F. “I simboli nella prima monetazione romana repubblicana” in Studia Arslan. Bernard, S. “The Quadrigatus and Rome’s Monetary Economy in the Third Century” in NC 177 (2017). Debernardi, P., & O. Legrand. “Roman Republican silver coins of the quadrigatus period struck in Spain” in RBN CLXI (2015). Giard, J.-B. “La monnaie de Capoue et le problème de la datation du denier romain” in CIN 1961. (under Greek – Campania). Buttrey, T.V. “The date of the Roman denarius. A reply.” in CIN 1961. Mattingly, H.B. “The Morgantina excavations and the date of the Roman denarius” in CIN 1961. Manganaro, G. “Un ripostiglio siciliano del 214-211 a. C. e la datazione del denarius” in JNG 1981/1982. (under Greek - Sicily) Loomis, W.T. “The Introduction of the Denarius” in R.W. Wallace and E.M. Harris, eds., Transitions to Empire: Essays in Greco-Roman History, 360-146 B.C., in honor of E. Badian (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996). Debernardi, P. “The Orzivecchi Hoard and the Beginnings of the Denarius” in NC 174 (2014). Robinson, E.S.G. “The Punic Coins of Spain and their Bearing on the Republican Series” in Essays Mattingly. Burnett, A. “The Currency of Italy from the Hannibalic War to the Reign of Augustus” in Annali 1982. -----. “The Iconography of Roman Coin Types in the Third Century BC” in NC 1986. Rossetti, A.F. “La Zecche Militari Romane nel III Sec. A.C.” in RIN 1989. -----. “L’Introduzione dei Nomi Gentilizi nella Monetazione Romana Repubblicana” in RIN 1987. Sydenham, E.A. “The Victoriate” in NC 1932. Debernardi, P., and S. Brinkman. “A Large Hoard of Roman Republican Victoriati” in NC 179 (2019). Botrè, C. “Roma ed il Regno di Macedonia. I Loro Conflitti nello Studio di Alcune Documentazioni Numismatiche” in SNR 1997. (under Greek – Macedon) Campana, A. “L’aureo di T. Quinctius Flamininus (RRC 548/1): un’aggiunta e una rettifica” in MA 96 (November/December 2017). Late Republic Mattingly, H.B. “The Management of the Roman Republican Mint” in Annali 1982. -----. “Roman Republican Coinage c. 150-90 BC” in Essays Hersh. Woytek, B.E. “System and product in Roman Mints from the Late Republic to the High Principate: some current problems” in RBN CLVIII (2012). Carney, T.F. “Coins Bearing on the Age and Career of Marius” in NC 1959. Burnett, A. “The coinage of the Social War” in Essays Hersh. Hersh, C.A. “A Study of the Coinage of the Moneyer C. Calpurnius Piso L. F. Frugi” in NC 1976. Williams, J.H.C. “Coinage, credit and the aerarium in the 80s BC” in Essays Hersh. de Ruyter, P.H. “The Denarii of the Roman Republican Moneyer Lucius Julius Bursio, a Die Analysis” in NC 1996. Campana, A. “Il denario di Laterenses (RRC 358/1)” in MA 104 (March/April 2019). Crawford, M.H. “The Coinage of the Age of Sulla” in NC 1964. Frier, B.W. “Augural Symbolism in Sulla’s Invasion of 83” in ANSMN 1967. Martin, T.R. “Sulla IMERATOR ITERUM, the Samnites and Roman Republican Coin Propaganda” in SNR 1989. Vollenweider, M. “Der Traum des Sulla Felix” in SNR 1958/59. De Luca, F. “L’emissione congiunta dei tresviri monetales dell’82 a.C., L. Marcius Censorinus, C. Mamilius Limetanus e P. Crepusius (RRC 360)” in MA 111 (May/June 2020). Debernardi, P., A. Campana, R. Lipi, and M. Passehl. “I denari di L. Censor con simpoli/lettere (RRC 363/1a-c)” in MA 102 (November/December 2018). Alföldi, A. “Les deniers de C. Valerius Flaccus frappés a Marseille et les dernières émissions de drachmes Massaliotes” in RN 1969. Campana, A. “Il denario di L. Vilonius Strabo(?) (RRC 377/1)” in MA 112 (July/August 2020). Yarrow, L.M. “Romulus’ Apotheosis (RRC 392)” in AJN 30 (2018). [L. Farsuleius Mensor] Zehnacker, H. “Premiers Portraits Réalistes sur les Monnaies de la République Romaine” in RN 1961. Campana, A. “L’aureo di Cn. Cornelius Lentulus (RRC 549/1)” in MA 97 (January/February 2018). Garcia-Bellido, M.P. “Punic Iconography on the Denarii of M. Plaetorius Cestianus” in AJN 1989. Frendo, D. “Roman Expansion and the Graeco-Iranian World: Carrhae, Its Explanation and Aftermath in Plutarch” in BAI 17 (2003). (under Kings of Parthia) Woods, D. “Bacchius Iudaeus: A Tamed Huyrcanian Tiger” in NC 178 (2018). [RRC 431/1] Campana, A. “Il denario di M. Valerius Messalla (RRC 435/1, 53 a.C.)” in MA 94 (July/August 2017). -----. “Il denario di L. Vinicius (RRC 436/1, 53 a.C.)” in MA 92 (March/April 2017). Woytek, B.E., and A. Zawadzka. “Ockham’s Razor. A Structural Analysis of the Denarii of Coelius Caldus (RRC 437)” in NC 176 (2016). Campana, A. “Il denario di Servius Sulpicius (RRC 438/1, 51 o 64 a.C.)” in MA 99 (May/June 2018). -----. “Il denario di P. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus (RRC 439/1, 51 o 50 a.C.)” in MA 110 (March/April 2020). Imperatorial Woytek, B.E. “The Aureus of Pompey the Great Revisited” in FIDES. Stannard, C., J.-A. Chevillon, and A.G. Sinner. “More Coins from the Pompeian Pseudomint from France” in AJN 30 (2018). Buttrey, T.V. “The Denarii of Cn. Pompeius Jr. and M. Minatius Sabinus” in MN IX (1960). Sutherland, C.H.V. “Monetae ... peculiares servos praeposuit: Julius Caesar and the Mint of Rome” in NC 1985. Campana, A. “Emissione aurea di Cesare con DICT ITER (RRC 456/1a-b)” in MA 89 (September/October 2016). Barbato. M. “The Coins of Clovis and Oppius (RRC 476/1 and 550/1-3): New Evidence from Find-spots” in NC 175 (2015). Alföldi, A. “The Portrait of Caesar on the Denarii of 44 B.C. and the Sequence of the Issues” in CPANS. -----. “Die Massenemission des Macer und des Buca mit CAESAR-DICT. PERPETVO vor Caesars Ermordung” in SNR 1968. -----. “Die Denariustypen des C. Cossutius Maridianus und die Letzte Denariusemission des P. Sepullius Macer” in SNR 1968. Molinari, M.C. “Gli aurei a nome di Giulio Cesare e Aulo Irzio” in RIN CIV (2003). Cahn, H.A. “EIDibus MARtiis: Aurei und Denare” in QT 1989. Hollstein, W. “The Aureus of Casca Longus (RRC 507/1)” in NC 176 (2016). Woods, D. “Regulus, Caesar, and a Brutish Bull” in SNR 92 (2013). Hersh, C. “The Coinage of Quintus Labienus Parthicus” in SNR 1980. Hollstein, W. “Apollo und Libertas in der Münzprägung des Brutus und Cassius” in JNG 1995. Morawiecki, L.
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  • A Numismatic Iconographical Study of Julian the Apostate

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  • Ancient Roman Emperors Checklist Compliments of Littleton Coin Company, LLC

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  • Ancient Coin Reference Guide

    Ancient Coin Reference Guide

    Ancient Coin Reference Guide Part One Compiled by Ron Rutkowsky When I first began collecting ancient coins I started to put together a guide which would help me to identify them and to learn more about their history. Over the years this has developed into several notebooks filled with what I felt would be useful information. My plan now is to make all this information available to other collectors of ancient coinage. I cannot claim any credit for this information; it has all come from many sources including the internet. Throughout this reference I use the old era terms of BC (Before Christ) and AD (Anno Domni, year of our Lord) rather than the more politically correct BCE (Before the Christian era) and CE (Christian era). Rome With most collections, there must be a starting point. Mine was with Roman coinage. The history of Rome is a subject that we all learned about in school. From Julius Caesar, Marc Anthony, to Constantine the Great and the fall of the empire in the late 5th century AD. Rome first came into being around the year 753 BC, when it was ruled under noble families that descended from the Etruscans. During those early days, it was ruled by kings. Later the Republic ruled by a Senate headed by a Consul whose term of office was one year replaced the kingdom. The Senate lasted until Julius Caesar took over as a dictator in 47 BC and was murdered on March 15, 44 BC. I will skip over the years until 27 BC when Octavian (Augustus) ended the Republic and the Roman Empire was formed making him the first emperor.
  • Roman Ludi Saeculares from the Republic to Empire

    Roman Ludi Saeculares from the Republic to Empire

    Roman Ludi Saeculares from the Republic to Empire by Susan Christine Bilynskyj Dunning A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Classics University of Toronto © Susan Christine Bilynskyj Dunning 2016 Roman Ludi Saeculares from the Republic to Empire Susan Christine Bilynskyj Dunning Doctor of Philosophy Department of Classics University of Toronto 2016 Abstract This dissertation provides the first comprehensive analysis of the Roman Ludi Saeculares, or “Saecular Games”, from their mythic founding in the sixth century bce until their final celebration in 248 ce. The Ludi Saeculares were a series of religious celebrations held at Rome every saeculum (“age”, “generation”), an interval of 100 or 110 years. The argument contains two major threads: an analysis of the origins and development of the Ludi Saeculares themselves, and the use of the term saeculum in imperial rhetoric in literary, epigraphic, and numismatic sources from early Republic to the fifth century ce. First, an investigation into Republican sacrifices that constitute part of the lineage of the Ludi Saeculares reveals that these rites were in origin called “Ludi Tarentini”, and were a Valerian gentilician cult that came under civic supervision in 249 bce. Next, it is shown that in his Saecular Games of 17 bce, Augustus appropriated the central rites of the Valerian cult, transforming them into “Ludi Saeculares” through a new association with the concept of the saeculum, and thereby asserting his role as restorer of the Republic and founder of a new age. The argument then turns to the development of saeculum rhetoric throughout the imperial period, intertwined with the history of the Ludi Saeculares.