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Molecular Detection of Eukaryotes in a Single Human Stool Sample from Senegal

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Molecular Detection of Eukaryotes in a Single Human Stool Sample from Senegal Molecular Detection of Eukaryotes in a Single Human Stool Sample from Senegal Ibrahim Hamad1, Cheikh Sokhna2, Didier Raoult1, Fadi Bittar1* 1 URMITE UMR-IRD 198, IHU Me´diterrane´e Infection, Aix-Marseille Universite´, Marseille, France, 2 IRD, UMR-IRD 198, Dakar, Se´ne´gal Abstract Background: Microbial eukaryotes represent an important component of the human gut microbiome, with different beneficial or harmful roles; some species are commensal or mutualistic, whereas others are opportunistic or parasitic. The diversity of eukaryotes inhabiting humans remains relatively unexplored because of either the low abundance of these organisms in human gut or because they have received limited attention from a whole-community perspective. Methodology/Principal Finding: In this study, a single fecal sample from a healthy African male was studied using both culture-dependent methods and extended molecular methods targeting the 18S rRNA and ITS sequences. Our results revealed that very few fungi, including Candida spp., Galactomyces spp., and Trichosporon asahii, could be isolated using culture-based methods. In contrast, a relatively a high number of eukaryotic species could be identified in this fecal sample when culture-independent methods based on various primer sets were used. A total of 27 species from one sample were found among the 977 analyzed clones. The clone libraries were dominated by fungi (716 clones/977, 73.3%), corresponding to 16 different species. In addition, 187 sequences out of 977 (19.2%) corresponded to 9 different species of plants; 59 sequences (6%) belonged to other micro-eukaryotes in the gut, including Entamoeba hartmanni and Blastocystis sp; and only 15 clones/977 (1.5%) were related to human 18S rRNA sequences. Conclusion: Our results revealed a complex eukaryotic community in the volunteer’s gut, with fungi being the most abundant species in the stool sample. Larger investigations are needed to assess the generality of these results and to understand their roles in human health and disease. Citation: Hamad I, Sokhna C, Raoult D, Bittar F (2012) Molecular Detection of Eukaryotes in a Single Human Stool Sample from Senegal. PLoS ONE 7(7): e40888. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040888 Editor: Jonathan H. Badger, J. Craig Venter Institute, United States of America Received February 17, 2012; Accepted June 14, 2012; Published July 13, 2012 Copyright: ß 2012 Hamad et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: FB was supported by a Chair of Excellence IRD provided by the Institut de Recherche pour le De´veloppement. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: [email protected] Introduction provide more complete picture of the natural communities inhabiting this niche. The human body is home to vast and complex communities of The microbial eukaryote communities in the human gut have microorganisms. It has been estimated that microbes in human been studied primarily using selective culture techniques and bodies collectively make up approximately 100 trillion cells, ten microscopy-based approaches [4,9,10]. Identification was based times the number of human cells [1]. The microbial ecosystem on morphological and physiological traits. However, only a small plays important role in human metabolic activities, protection fraction of the microorganisms present has been detected using against pathogens, nutrient processing, the stimulation of angio- this approach because the growth requirements for many of these genesis, and the regulation of host fat storage [2,3]. organisms remain unknown [4]. Recently, molecular-based The human gut is dominated by bacteria, especially species of approaches, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifica- the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. These two phyla are tion of the small subunit ribosomal RNA, have been established to spread throughout the intestinal tract and play crucial roles in explore the microbial diversity in the human body [4,11,12]. In human health [4,5]. In addition to bacteria, organism belonging to 2006, Scupham and his colleagues undertook a culture-indepen- other domains of life, Archaea and Eukarya, are present in the dent analysis of fungi in mouse feces, and they identified a wide human intestine [4,6]. variety of fungi belonging to the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomy- Microbial eukaryotes represent an important component of the cota, Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota using oligonucleotide human gut microbiome, with different beneficial or harmful roles; fingerprinting of rRNA genes (OFRG) [13]. some species are commensal or mutualistic, whereas others are More recently, in the human distal gut, culture-independent opportunistic or parasitic [7]. This eukaryotic component of the methods have shown that the diversity and abundance of human gut microbiome remains relatively unexplored because eukaryotes is quite low relative to that of bacteria, and members these organisms have a low abundance in human gut or because of the genera Gloeotinia/Paecilomyces and Galactomyces were the most they received a limited attention from molecular analyses [4,8]. abundant [14] (Table 1). A more diverse fungal community was Thus, studying the eukaryotic diversity in the human gut can PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 1 July 2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 7 | e40888 Eukaryotic Diversity in African Human Gut observed in the study of Ott et al., 2008, in which they investigated scores of 92% with Malassezia pachydermatis, and these 9 sequences the mucosa-associated fungal microbiota in 47 controls and 57 may be from putative new species. subjects with inflammatory bowel disease. That study showed that Taking the different clone libraries together, one-quarter of the the majority of fungi retrieved from the fecal sample belonged to obtained sequences were distributed among Viridiplantae (187 Ascomycota [15] (Table 1). Only four types of fungi (Candida clones, 9 plant species), Stramenopile (38 clones, Blastocystis sp.), vinaria, Candida edaphicus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces Amoebozoa (21 clones, Entamoeba hartmanni), and human 18S servazzii) and one stramenopile (Blastocystis hominis) were detected in rDNA sequences (15 clones) (Table 3). Three-quarters of the fecal samples from ten Korean people using the PCR-fingerprint- remaining sequences (716 clones) were identified as fungi, with 16 ing method [8] (Table 1). Finally, the ileal effluent and feces from 2 different fungal species belonging to Ascomycota (48.4%) and intestinal transplant patients were analyzed by Li et al. [16], who Basidiomycota (24.9%) (Table 3). Seven fungal species of reported temporal alterations in the fungal communities in these Ascomycete yeasts were detected: C. rugosa, G. geotrichum, S. patients (Table 1). An increase in the size of the fungal community cerevisiae, Arxiozyma telluris, Kluyveromyces hubeiensis, Torulaspora pre- early after intestinal transplantation, followed by a decrease in this toriensis, and Sterigmatomyces elviae (Table 3). Nine basidiomycetous community over time, was observed. Moreover, sequence analysis yeasts were also recovered from the different clone libraries, of the 18S ribosomal DNA revealed that S. cerevisiae and including Trichosporon caseorum, T. asahii, Trichosporon cutaneum, M. Kluyveromyces waltii were the dominant fungal species in both restricta, Malassezia globosa, M. pachydermatis, Asterophora parasitica, patients [16]. Bjerkandera adusta, and Phanerochaete steroids (Table 3). The aim of this study is to carry out a comprehensive extended molecular analysis of the diversity of eukaryotes in one fecal Discussion sample from a young Senegalese man using amplification with The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the broad various universal primers followed by cloning and sequencing. diversity of eukaryotes in a single fecal sample from an African male using both culture-dependent and extensive culture-inde- Results pendent methods. Culture-dependent Methods Using different media, five strains of fungi were isolated from Culture-dependent versus Culture-independent Methods one fecal sample. The results of MALDI-TOF identification were in this Study as follows: Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Galactomyces geotrichum, Our results revealed that when using culture-dependent Trichosporon asahii and Geotrichum silvicola (Table 2). Direct ITS methods, very few fungi, including C. rugosa, C. krusei, G. geotrichum, sequencing of these strains confirmed the results of the MALDI- and T. asahii, could be isolated. Among these fungi, C. rugosa and C. TOF MS analysis for C. krusei, G. geotrichum and T. asahii. C. albicans krusei have been previously detected by culture-based methods and G. silvicola were misidentified using MALDI-TOF MS, and the [12,17]. Many studies using culture-dependent approaches have correct identities of these strains were Candida rugosa and G. found fungi as the sole eukaryotes in the human microbiome of geotrichum, respectively (Table 2). Finally, taking into account the healthy individuals and immunocompromised patients ITS results, only four species of fungi were recovered through [12,14,18,19]. culture-based methods. The culture-independent methods revealed
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