The Origin of the Japanese and Korean Accent Systems
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Phonology of Sino-Japanese Morphemes
University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics Volume 13 University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers Volume 13 Article 10 1990 Phonology of Sino-Japanese Morphemes Koichi Tateishi University of Massachusetts, Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/umop Part of the Linguistics Commons Recommended Citation Tateishi, Koichi (1990) "Phonology of Sino-Japanese Morphemes," University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics: Vol. 13 , Article 10. Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/umop/vol13/iss1/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tateishi: Phonology of Sino-Japanese Morphemes PHONOLOGY OF SINO-JAPANESE MORPHEHES* Koichi Tateishi University of Massachusetts, Amherst O. Introduction Japanese has four major classes of morphemes-Yamato (those whose origin can not be detected neither in foreign languages nor in mimetic morphemes), Sino Japanese (borrowings from non-modern Chinese dialects), foreign (borrowings from non-Chinese languages), and mimetic (onomatopoeia, idiophonic morphemes). Works by McCawley (1968) among others assume four fairly modular classes of morphemes for them which have distinct though partially overlapping phonemic inventories. It just This paper is 8 revised vertdtm of a paper I wrot.e in March. 19S6, aasically. I kept. intact basic claims and discussions of the $0 only changes I made te the earlier version Are dispositional. In the earlier of writing this paper. disctls- $lons with Junko Ito, Jol1n HcCarthy. and Elisabeth were invaluable. -
2 Mora and Syllable
2 Mora and Syllable HARUO KUBOZONO 0 Introduction In his classical typological study Trubetzkoy (1969) proposed that natural languages fall into two groups, “mora languages” and “syllable languages,” according to the smallest prosodic unit that is used productively in that lan- guage. Tokyo Japanese is classified as a “mora” language whereas Modern English is supposed to be a “syllable” language. The mora is generally defined as a unit of duration in Japanese (Bloch 1950), where it is used to measure the length of words and utterances. The three words in (1), for example, are felt by native speakers of Tokyo Japanese as having the same length despite the different number of syllables involved. In (1) and the rest of this chapter, mora boundaries are marked by hyphens /-/, whereas syllable boundaries are marked by dots /./. All syllable boundaries are mora boundaries, too, although not vice versa.1 (1) a. to-o-kyo-o “Tokyo” b. a-ma-zo-n “Amazon” too.kyoo a.ma.zon c. a-me-ri-ka “America” a.me.ri.ka The notion of “mora” as defined in (1) is equivalent to what Pike (1947) called a “phonemic syllable,” whereas “syllable” in (1) corresponds to what he referred to as a “phonetic syllable.” Pike’s choice of terminology as well as Trubetzkoy’s classification may be taken as implying that only the mora is relevant in Japanese phonology and morphology. Indeed, the majority of the literature emphasizes the importance of the mora while essentially downplaying the syllable (e.g. Sugito 1989, Poser 1990, Tsujimura 1996b). This symbolizes the importance of the mora in Japanese, but it remains an open question whether the syllable is in fact irrelevant in Japanese and, if not, what role this second unit actually plays in the language. -
Writing As Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-Language Literature
At the Intersection of Script and Literature: Writing as Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-language Literature Christopher J Lowy A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2021 Reading Committee: Edward Mack, Chair Davinder Bhowmik Zev Handel Jeffrey Todd Knight Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Asian Languages and Literature ©Copyright 2021 Christopher J Lowy University of Washington Abstract At the Intersection of Script and Literature: Writing as Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-language Literature Christopher J Lowy Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Edward Mack Department of Asian Languages and Literature This dissertation examines the dynamic relationship between written language and literary fiction in modern and contemporary Japanese-language literature. I analyze how script and narration come together to function as a site of expression, and how they connect to questions of visuality, textuality, and materiality. Informed by work from the field of textual humanities, my project brings together new philological approaches to visual aspects of text in literature written in the Japanese script. Because research in English on the visual textuality of Japanese-language literature is scant, my work serves as a fundamental first-step in creating a new area of critical interest by establishing key terms and a general theoretical framework from which to approach the topic. Chapter One establishes the scope of my project and the vocabulary necessary for an analysis of script relative to narrative content; Chapter Two looks at one author’s relationship with written language; and Chapters Three and Four apply the concepts explored in Chapter One to a variety of modern and contemporary literary texts where script plays a central role. -
Illustration and the Visual Imagination in Modern Japanese Literature By
Eyes of the Heart: Illustration and the Visual Imagination in Modern Japanese Literature By Pedro Thiago Ramos Bassoe A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in Japanese Literature in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Daniel O’Neill, Chair Professor Alan Tansman Professor Beate Fricke Summer 2018 © 2018 Pedro Thiago Ramos Bassoe All Rights Reserved Abstract Eyes of the Heart: Illustration and the Visual Imagination in Modern Japanese Literature by Pedro Thiago Ramos Bassoe Doctor of Philosophy in Japanese Literature University of California, Berkeley Professor Daniel O’Neill, Chair My dissertation investigates the role of images in shaping literary production in Japan from the 1880’s to the 1930’s as writers negotiated shifting relationships of text and image in the literary and visual arts. Throughout the Edo period (1603-1868), works of fiction were liberally illustrated with woodblock printed images, which, especially towards the mid-19th century, had become an essential component of most popular literature in Japan. With the opening of Japan’s borders in the Meiji period (1868-1912), writers who had grown up reading illustrated fiction were exposed to foreign works of literature that largely eschewed the use of illustration as a medium for storytelling, in turn leading them to reevaluate the role of image in their own literary tradition. As authors endeavored to produce a purely text-based form of fiction, modeled in part on the European novel, they began to reject the inclusion of images in their own work. -
Intonation in Ryukyuan: with Reference to Modality, Syntax, and Focus
Language Documentation and Description ISSN 1740-6234 ___________________________________________ This article appears in: Language Documentation and Description, vol 10: Special Issue on Humanities of the lesser-known: New directions in the description, documentation and typology of endangered languages and musics. Editors: Niclas Burenhult, Arthur Holmer, Anastasia Karlsson, Håkan Lundström & Jan-Olof Svantesson Intonation in Ryukyuan: with reference to modality, syntax, and focus YASUKO NAGANO-MADSEN Cite this article: Yasuko Nagano-Madsen (2012). Intonation in Ryukyuan: with reference to modality, syntax, and focus. In Niclas Burenhult, Arthur Holmer, Anastasia Karlsson, Håkan Lundström & Jan-Olof Svantesson (eds) Language Documentation and Description, vol 10: Special Issue on Humanities of the lesser-known: New directions in the description, documentation and typology of endangered languages and musics. London: SOAS. pp. 177-207 Link to this article: http://www.elpublishing.org/PID/118 This electronic version first published: July 2014 __________________________________________________ This article is published under a Creative Commons License CC-BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial). The licence permits users to use, reproduce, disseminate or display the article provided that the author is attributed as the original creator and that the reuse is restricted to non-commercial purposes i.e. research or educational use. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ______________________________________________________ EL Publishing For more EL Publishing articles and services: Website: http://www.elpublishing.org Terms of use: http://www.elpublishing.org/terms Submissions: http://www.elpublishing.org/submissions Intonation in Ryukyuan: with reference to modality, syntax, and focus Yasuko Nagano-Madsen 1. Introduction1 Ryukyuan is a sister language to Japanese and is said to have branched from Proto-Japanese-Ryukuan. -
Accent Systems in Japanese Dialects
NINJAL International symposium Approaches to Endangered Languages in Japan and Northeast Asia: Description, Documentation and Revitalization. ACCENT SYSTEMS IN JAPANESE DIALECTS Aug. 6 (Mon) ~Aug. 8 (Wed) 2018 Nobuko Kibe NINJAL nkibe:@ninjal.ac.jp 1 Overview of regional differences in accent ■ Mainland Japanese dialects exhibit an astonishing range of variation in their accent systems, but they can be classified into the following 4 major typological categories: ■ (1) Systems based on lexical kernel (lowering, ascending or raising) < e.g. Tokȳ ō, Hirosaki, Narada> ■ (2) Systems based on word tones (N-pattern accent system) <e.g. Kagoshima, Nagasaki > ■ (3) Systems combining word tones with a lowering kernel <e.g. Kyōto> ■ (4) Systems without any lexical accentual distinctions <e.g. Fukushima, Kumamoto > 2 Figure 1 Distribution map of accent systems in Japan (Hayata 1999) Figure 1 is a distribution map of accent systems of Japanese dialects created by Teruhiro Hayata; (1) the dotted areas have the systems based on lexical kernel, (2) the areas with stripes have the systems based on word tones (N- pattern accent system), (3) the areas with stripes and dots have the systems combining word tones with a lowering kernel, and (4) the plain areas have the systems with no lexical accentual distinctions. 3 Kyōto Hirosaki Kagoshima Tōkyō Figure 1 Distribution map of accent systems in Japan (Hayata 1999) In this talk, I will discuss accent systems of 4 regions; • Tokȳ ō dialect (a lowering kernel), • Kagoshima dialect (2-pattern accent system), • Kyōto dialect (word tones with a lowering kernel), • Hirosaki dialect (an ascending kernel). 4 2 Accent system of Tōkyō dialect ■ Tōkyō dialect has a system based on lowering kernel. -
Acta Linguistica Asiatica
Acta Linguistica Asiatica Volume 1, Number 3, December 2011 ACTA LINGUISTICA ASIATICA Volume 1, Number 3, December 2011 Editors : Andrej Bekeš, Mateja Petrov čič Editorial Board : Bi Yanli (China), Cao Hongquan (China), Luka Culiberg (Slovenia), Tamara Ditrich (Slovenia), Kristina Hmeljak Sangawa (Slovenia), Ichimiya Yufuko (Japan), Terry Andrew Joyce (Japan), Jens Karlsson (Sweden), Lee Yong (Korea), Arun Prakash Mishra (India), Nagisa Moritoki Škof (Slovenia), Nishina Kikuko (Japan), Sawada Hiroko (Japan), Chikako Shigemori Bu čar (Slovenia), Irena Srdanovi ć (Japan). © University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, 2011 All rights reserved. Published by : Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani (Ljubljana University Press, Faculty of Arts) Issued by: Department of Asian and African Studies For the publisher: Andrej Černe, the dean of the Faculty of Arts Journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0). Journal’s web page : http://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/ala/ Journal is published in the scope of Open Journal Systems ISSN: 2232-3317 Abstracting and Indexing Services : COBISS, Directory of Open Access Journals, Open J-Gate and Google Scholar. Publication is free of charge. Address: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts Department of Asian and African Studies Ašker čeva 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia E-mail: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword .....................................................................................................................5-6 RESEARCH -
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The Complexity of Modernization: How theGenbunitchi and Kokugo Movements Changed Japanese by Mark Laaninen In 1914, the novelist Natsume Soseki published Of the many linguistic crusades of the Meiji his novel Kokoro. Incorporating themes of isolation Period, the genbunitchi and kokugo movements had and detachment into the tragedy of the main the largest and most vocal following. Genbunitchi character Sensei, Kokoro solidified Soseki as one focuses on unifying written and spoken Japanese of Japan’s earliest and greatest modern Japanese into one easily learnable language.2 Advocates writers.1 Yet more than their themes made Soseki’s of genbunitchi argued that the old Tokugawa novels modern. By 1914, writers like Soseki used a wakankonkobun, kanbun, and sorobun were far simple, colloquial style of writing which radically too complicated for anyone without huge amounts differed from the more complex character-based of time to learn. Instead, they wanted a simplified, system used by writers even thirty years prior. What colloquial style that allowed for greater literacy and ease of communication.3 The desired form of writing fueled this change? Many point to the language varied among genbunitchi advocates, however. Some, reform movements of the Meiji Era, especially the like Fukuzawa Yukichi, simply reduced the number genbunitchi and kokugo movements. These language of kanji, or Chinese-style characters, in their writing, reforms attempted to pioneer a new Japanese, one while others like Nishi Amane wanted a wholesale united and tailored for a modern world. Although adoption of romaji, or a Latin alphabet.4 Yet for many they had a far-reaching effect in their own period, reformers, changing written Japanese could only be the long-term impact of these movements is more useful after spoken Japanese had been united. -
Approaches to Endangered Languages in Japan and Northeast Asia (Poster Session)”
Non-Core Vocabulary Cognates in Ryukyuan and Kyushu* JAROSZ, Aleksandra Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń The present paper provides an overview of eighteen identified likely cognates from Ryukyuan and Kyushu regiolects which the author argues have been inherited from Common Kyushu-Ryukyuan (CKR). The alleged cognates all belong to non-core vocabulary, the working definition of which adopted here is “vocabulary not found on the basic vocabulary lists of Swadesh 200 and Leipzig-Jakarta.” Following Hock (1991), the author presumes that in equal relations between language communities – the relations between Pre-Proto-Ryukyuan speakers while they still inhabited the Kyushu area and speakers of other Kyushu-Japonic regiolects are believed to have been such – the so-called basic vocabulary is no more resistant to borrowing than the non-basic (including culture-specific and environment-specific) lexicon. One can thus infer that a study of non-core vocabulary would be a valuable contribution to the state of knowledge on the history of the southern Japonic language area. Consequently, this paper analyzes the distribution of putative CKR cognates in both Kyushu and the Ryukyus as well as the typology of shared features among them, discussing these against a broader Japonic background when relevant. Preliminary results show the most shared features between the Ryukyuan and Tokara regiolects, encouraging an identification of the final stage of Pre-Ryukyuan with Common Tokara-Ryukyuan. The division of the next lowest order also includes Ōsumi and Koshiki islands, implying that the pre-final stage of Pre-Ryukyuan was what is here called Common Insular Kyushu-Ryukyuan. Keywords: comparative linguistics, Kyushu, Ryukyuan, Kyushu-Ryukyuan, Japonic 1. -
Supplementary Information Chapter 36 Basic Vocabulary Martine Robbeets
This is a draft version of a chapter that appears in Robbeets, M and A. Savelyev (eds). The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages (OUP, 2020)' see https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-guide-to-the- transeurasian-languages-9780198804628. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the Horizon 2020 Program/ ERC Grant Agreement n. 646612 granted to Martine Robbeets. Supplementary Information Chapter 36 Basic vocabulary Martine Robbeets SI 1 Reconstruction of the basic phoneme inventory of the individual proto-languages Table SI 1.1 Reconstruction of the basic consonant inventory of Proto-Japonic pJ OJ J Amami Okinawa Miyako Yaeyama Yonaguni *p p h- ɸ- h- ç- p- ɸ- p- f- p- ɸ- h- tɕˀ- ç- -w- -ø- -ø- -ø- -ø- -ø- -ø- *np nb b b b b b b *t t t t t t t t *nt nd d d d d d d *k k k k- kh- k- k- f- k- ɸ- f- h- k- kh- ø- -k- -kh- -k- -k- -f- -k- -g- *nk ng g g g g g ŋ ø ŋ *s s s s s s s s c *ns nz z dz z z z d *m m m m m m m m *n n n n n n n n *r r r r r r r r *w w w w- b- y- g- ɸ- w- b- g- ʔ- b- b- b- -ø- -ø- -ø- -ø- -ø- *y y y y y y y d- -y- Table SI 1.2 Reconstruction of the basic vowel inventory of Proto-Japonic pJ OJ J Amami Okinawa Miyako Yaeyama Yonaguni *a a a a a a a a *ə o(2) o u u u u u *o o(1) o u u u u u *o u u ʰu u u u u *u u u ʔu, N u, N u, N, ø u, N, ø u, N, ø *ɨ o(2) o u u u u u ʔ ʔ y *i i(1) i i, N i, i, N ɿ, ɯ, s, N, ø N, ø i, N, ø *e i(1) i ʰɨ, i ʰi, i i i i *e e(1) e yu yu yu yu du Table SI 1.3 Reconstruction of the basic consonant inventory of Proto-Koreanic pK MK *p p, W /β/ > w (lenition) *t t, l /r/ (lenition) *c c *k k, G /ɣ/ > ø (lenition) *h h This is a draft version of a chapter that appears in Robbeets, M and A. -
'Accentless' and Standard Japanese Dialects
ICPhS XVII Regular Session Hong Kong, 17-21 August 2011 SUBTLE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SPEECH OF YOUNG SPEAKERS OF ‘ACCENTLESS’ AND STANDARD JAPANESE DIALECTS: AN ANALYSIS OF PITCH PEAK ALIGNMENT Akira Utsugia,b, Masatoshi Koizumic & Reiko Mazukaa,d aRIKEN Brain Science Institute, Japan; bJSPS; cTohoku University, Japan; dDuke University, USA [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT ame (HL) ‘rain’ vs. ame (LH) ‘candy’, are non- existent; those words are distinguished only by Japanese dialects are largely classified into two context. types in terms of prosodic systems, one having a Previous studies have reported that younger lexical pitch contrast and the other having no such speakers in areas known as accentless dialects had contrast. Dialects of the latter type are called acquired the Standard Japanese tonal system and ‘accentless’ dialects. Many previous studies are thus no longer ‘accentless’ [11, 14, 16]. For reported that, in areas where an accentless dialect example, Onishi reported that “speakers of the had been originally spoken, younger speakers Sendai dialect, which was originally ‘accentless’, acquired Standard Japanese lexical pitch accent have acquired lexical pitch accent. This process and are thus no longer accentless. We replicated has completed in younger generation” [14]. this finding when we followed the traditional However, the subtle differences between the approach of categorically labeling recorded tokens. standard and accentless dialects may not be However, an acoustic analysis -
A Span Theory Analysis of Lexical Tone Patterns in Japanese Dialects
A Span Theory Analysis of Lexical Tone Patterns in Japanese Dialects Maëlys Salingre Abstract This paper proposes a Span Theory analysis of lexical tone patterns of simplex words in multi- pattern dialects such as Tokyo, Osaka, Hirosaki, and Shizukuishi but also N-pattern dialects such as Kagoshima and Miyakonojo. By replacing the accent tier in multi-pattern dialects with a linked tone coupled to a floating tone lexically specified, and the falling pattern of 2-pattern dialects by two floating tones, we show that it is possible to analyze both N-pattern and multi-pattern dialects with the same constraints. The typological variation on the timing of tonal change can be explained by the direction and domains of tonal alignment constraints while the presence or absence of contour tones can be explained by the relative ranking of MAX-TONE and *CONTOUR. Key Words: Optimality Theory, Span Theory, pitch accent, tone, Japanese dialects 1. Introduction Analyses of Tokyo Japanese tonal patterns in generative phonology (McCawley, 1968), autosegmental theory (Haraguchi, 1977) or Optimality Theory (Kubozono, 1995; Alderete, 2001; Labrune, 2012) make use of an accent kernel, separate from tones, usually defined as the last high- toned mora before a lexical pitch fall. However, the tonal melody of a word and the position of the accent kernel can be fully deducted from each other in Tokyo Japanese. It is therefore redundant to use both a tonal tier and an accent tier in this dialect. Furthermore, the accent kernel interacts with initial lowering in Tokyo Japanese, initial raising in Narada Japanese (Yamanashi Pref.) and with other lexical tones in dialects that have registers (Kyoto and Osaka inter alia).