Notes and References
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Notes and References PREFACE 1. As Lenin expounded it in 'What is to be done?', V. I Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, May 1901-February 1902, London, Lawrence and Wishart; Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1961; and in V. Lenine, Un pas en avant, deux pas en arriere (La crise dans notre parti), Moscou, Editions du Progres, 1970. 2. See note 1. 3. Serge Wolikow, 'Les rapports du PCF et de l'Internationale Communiste (1925-1935)" Cahiers d'Histoire de l'Institut Maurice Thom;, no. 25-26, 2eme tri mestre 1978, p. 24. 4. Dominique Labbe, Le discours communiste, Paris, Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1977, p. 32. CHAPTER 1 1. Guy de Carmoy, Politiques etrangeres de la France, Paris Table Ronde, 1967, p. 202. 2. Charles-Andre Julien, L 'Afrique du Nord en marche, nationalismes musulmans et sou verainete fran(aise, Paris, Julliard, 1972, p. 30. 3. Hubert Deschamps, 'Ne former qu'un seul peuple', Methodes et doctrines coloniales de la France, Paris, Armand Colin, 1953, p. 102. 4. Colette Jeanson et Francis Jeanson, L'Algerie hors la loi, Paris, Seuil, 1955, p. 54. 5. Pierre Stibbe, 'Le regime de l'Algerie depuis 1834', in Jean Dresch et al., La question algerienne, Paris, Editions de Minuit, 1958, p. 59. 6. The 1884 law enabled Arab-Berbers to participate in the election of two-fifths of the Municipal Councillors. They had to wait until 1919 before they could take part in the election of the Mayor and his deputies. The Superior Councils, composed of top civil servants and representatives of the population appointed by the Governor, numbered seven Arab-Berbers out of sixty members. But only yes-men generally had access to these positions. Pierre Stibbe, 'La regime de l'Algerie depuis 1834', in J. Dresch et ai., Question Algirienne, p. 59. 7. Robert Aron et al., Les origines de la guerre d'Algerie, Paris, Fayard, 1962, p. 50. 8. Abdallah Laroui, Histoire du Maghreb, 2 vols, Paris, Maspero, 1976, vol. II, p. 102. 9. Andre Nouschi, La naissance du nationalisme algerien: 1914-1954, Paris, Editions de Minuit, 1962, pp. 53-4. 10. The law of 29 December 1900 granted Algeria 'civilian personality' and a special budget. Charles-Robert Ageron, Histoire de l'Algerie contemporaine, Paris, PUF, 1964, p. 56. 11. Charles-Robert Ageron, Histoire de I'Algerie contemporaine, Tome II, 'De l'insurrec tion de 1871 au declenchement de la guerre de liberation (1954)" Paris, PUF, 1979, p. 192. 12. The Blum-Violette proposal planned to grant 21000 evoluis Arab-Berbers French citizenship without the loss of their personal status. As Muslims, the Arab- 149 150 Notes and Riferences Berbers were bound to Koranic law, which differed from the French law; it imposed a specific way of life and a whole series of rules governing divorce procedures, inheritance, etc: this was called 'personal status'. The Blum-Violette proposal was 'revolutionary' in its acceptance of the personal status. - Joan Gillespie, Algeria: Rebellion and Revolution, Connecticut, Greenwood Press, 1976, p. 24. 13. Charles-Robert Ageron, Histoire de l'Algerie contemporaine, p. 93. 14. Jeanson et Jeanson, pp. 76-7. 15. At a municipal level in 'communes de plein exercice' and at a Parliamentary level for the election of representatives to the National Assembly (since 5 October 1946), two separate electoral channels existed for settlers and Arab-Berbers: hence a dual electoral college. Julien, p. 278. 16. Julien, p. 278. 17. Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962, Middlesex, Penguin, 1977, p. 33. 18. Jeanson et Jeanson, pp. 80-1. 19. Jules Ferry, Journal Of.ficiel, Sceance du 28 juillet 1885, p. 1062. 20. Georges Hardy, Histoire de colonisationfraru;aise, Paris, Larose, 1928, pp. 186, 191. 21. Aron, p. 212. These 'uncultivated' lands were in fact pasture lands for grazing cattle, or fallow land. 22. Charles-Robert Ageron, Politiques coloniales au Maghreb, Paris, PUF, 1972, p. 228. 23. Laroui, p. 102. 24. Jeanson et Jeanson, p. 58. 25. Laroui, p. 105. 26. Charles Robequain, Les richesses de la France d'outre-mer, Paris, Payot, 1949, p. 123. 27. Edward Behr, The Algerian Problem, Connecticut, Greenwood Press, 1976, p. 36. 28. Aron, p. 215. 29. Jeanson et Jeanson, p. 64. 30. Ibid., p. 150. 31. Deschamps, p. 108. 32. Jeanson et Jeanson, pp. 154-5. 33. Alain Savary, Nationalisme algerien et grandeur fran~aise, Paris, Pion, 1960, p. 4. 34. The decret Cremieux, 24 October 1870, turned all the Jewish natives into French citizens (by 1954, there were 110,000 of them). Legislation on 26 June 1889 classified as French citizens all the children of 'foreigners' (i.e. who were not French and were not Arab-Berber natives of Algeria) born in Algeria. 35. Julien, p. 43. 36. Alfred Sauvy, 'Le sous-developpement et les conditions de developpement', in Dresch et al., Question algerienne. 37. Julien, pp. 41-95. 38. Bugeaud, Moniteur Universel, 14 mai 1880, quoted in Aron, p. 211. 39. Less than half Algeria's surface was in Arab-Berber hands. Aron, p. 211. 40. Jeanson et Jeanson, p. 142. 41. Nouschi, p. 117. 42. Jeanson et Jeanson, p. 167. 43. Larbi Bouhali, 'L'Algerie appartient aux Algeriens', in Nouvelle Revue Internatio- nale, sup. no. 2, October 1958, p. 7. 44. Jeanson et Jeanson, pp. 161, 162, 163. 45. Germaine Tillion, VAfrique bascule vers l'avenir, Paris, Minuit, 1961, pp. 47-8. 46. Laroui, pp. 114-15. 47. Ageron, Histoire de [,Algerie contemporaine, note 2, p. 35. 48. Tillion, p. 83. Alain Savary evaluates that 5.9 per cent of Arab-Berber men and 1.6 per cent of women were literate; Savary, p. 19. Notes and References 151 49. Julien, p. 40. 50. Jeanson et Jeanson, p. 170. 5!. Mostefa Lacheraf, L'Algirie nation et societe, Paris, Maspero, 1976, pp. 71-2. 52. Nouschi, pp. 55-6. 53. Julien, p. 100. 54. Lacheraf, p. 194. 55. Nouschi, p. 89. The text is slightly different in Claude Collot et Jean-Robert Henry, Le Mouvement National Algerien: textes 1912-1954, Preface de Ahmed Mahiou, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1978, p. 65. But it conveys the same meaning. 56. Nouschi, p. 68. 57. Julien, pp. 103-4. 58. Ageron, Histoire de I'Algerie contemporaine, p. 89. 59. Nouschi, p. 62. 60. Ageron, Histoire de I'Algerie contemporaine, p. 90. 6!. A summary of these demands can be found in Nouschi, p. 135. 62. Julien, p. 246. 63. Ageron, Histoire de I'Algirie contemporaine, p. 93. 64. Nouschi, p. 144. 65. Claude Collot and Jean-Robert Henry, Le Mouvement National Algerien: textes 1912-1954. Preface de Ahmed Mahiou, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1978, p. 147. 66. Emmanuel Sivan, Communisme et nationalisme en Algerie: 1920-1962, Paris, Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1976, p. 47. 67. Ibid., p. 85. 68. Ibid., p. 94. 69. Ibid., p. 156. 70. Ibid., p. 187. 7!. Ibid., p. 195. CHAPTER 2 !. Charles-Robert Ageron, L'anticolonialisme en France de 1871 ii 1914, Paris, PUF, 1973. 2. Guy de Molinari, 'Revue de I'annee 1898,' Journal des Economistes, quoted by Ageron, L'anticolonialisme en France, p. 53. 3. Ageron, L'anticolonialisme en France, p. 13. 4. Raoul Girardet, L'idee coloniale en France: 1871-1962, Paris, Table Ronde, 1972, p. 58. 5. Ageron, L 'anticolonialisme en France, p. 58. 6. One outstanding exception must be cited: the relentless anti-colonialist activities of Etienne Vigne d'Octon, who never tired of writing scathingly against colonial enterprises. 7. 'Une fin necessaire' in Republicain socialiste du Centre, 30 September 1883. 8. Ageron, L'anticolonialisme en France, pp. 71-2. 9. Dictionnaire biographique du Mouvement Ouvrier Franfais, Jean Maitron, Paris, Editions Ouvrieres, Tome XIV, 1976, Paul-Louis. 10. Jean Jaures, Textes Choisis, presentation de Madeleine Reberioux, Paris, Editions Sociales, 1959. 11. Vladimir Illitch Lenin, 'Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism', January July 1916; in Selected Works, 12 vols, London, Lawrence and Wishart, nd, vol. V, pp. 3-119. 12. Madeleine Reherioux and George Haupt, Mouvement Social, no. 45, October December 1963, pp. 7-37. 152 Notes and References 13. Rapport de Van Kol, 6eme congres socialiste international d'Amsterdam (14-20 aoilt 1904), quoted by Helene Carrere d'Encausse et Stuart Schram, Le Marxisme et I'Asie: 1853-1964, Paris, Armand Colin, 1965, p. 157. 14. 7eme congres socialiste international tenu ii Stuttgart du 16 au 24 aout 1907, Bruxelles, Imprimerie-Lithographie Veuve Desiree Brismee, 1908. Troisieme Commission, La question coloniale, pp. 216-17. 15. Dictionnaire biographique du Mouvement Ouvrier Fran(ais, Jean Maitron, Paris, Editions Ouvrieres, Tome XV, 1977, Armand Rouanet. 16. 7eme congres socialiste international, Stuttgart 1907. Troisieme Commission, La ques tion coloniale, Terwagne (Belgique), Rouanet (France), pp. 220-1. 17. 7eme congres socialiste international, Stuttgart 1907. 4eme reunion pleniere, Van Kol, p.322. 18. 7eme congres socialiste international, Stuttgart 1907. Troisieme Commission, La ques tion coloniale, Projet de resolution, p. 227. 19. Lenin, 'The Stuttgart International Socialist Congress', written end of August and beginning of September 1907, in V. I. Lenin, Against Revisionism, Moscow, Foreign Language Publishing House; in UK, Lawrence and Wishart, 1959, p. 90. 20. George Haupt, Socialism and the Great War: The Collapse of the Second International, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1973, p. 136. 21. A. Leontiev, Political Econo11!J, London, Martin Lawrence Limited, nd, p. 221. 22. Political Economy Textbook, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1957, p. 400. 23. Haupt, p. 151. 24. Ibid., p. 153. 25. Ibid., p. 159. 26. Lenin, 'Imperialism', pp. 81, 115, 116. 27. 'Preliminary draft. Theses on the national and colonial questions for the Second Congress of the Communist International, June 1920', V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, vol.