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Fall 2016 Gems & Gemology
FALL 2016 VOLUME LII THE UARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE GEMOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Review of CVD Synthetic Diamonds Reversible Color Alteration of Blue Zircon Sapphires from the Russian Far East Grandidierite from Madagascar Editorial Staff Editor-in-Chief Editors, Lab Notes Contributing Editors Duncan Pay Thomas M. Moses James E. Shigley gia.edu/gems-gemology [email protected] Shane F. McClure Andy Lucas Donna Beaton Subscriptions Managing Editor Editors, Micro-World Copies of the current issue may be purchased for Stuart D. Overlin Nathan Renfro Editor-in-Chief Emeritus $29.95 plus shipping. Subscriptions are $79.99 for one [email protected] Elise A. Skalwold Alice S. Keller year (4 issues) in the U.S. and $99.99 elsewhere. Cana- John I. Koivula dian subscribers should add GST. Discounts are avail- Editor Customer Service able for group subscriptions, GIA alumni, and current Jennifer-Lynn Archuleta Editors, Gem News Martha Erickson GIA students. To purchase print subscriptions, visit [email protected] (760) 603-4502 store.gia.edu or contact Customer Service. For insti- Emmanuel Fritsch tutional rates, contact Customer Service. [email protected] Technical Editors Gagan Choudhary Tao Z. Hsu Christopher M. Breeding Database Coverage Gems & Gemology’s impact factor is 0.394, accord- [email protected] Editorial Assistants ing to the 2015 Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Jennifer Stone-Sundberg Brooke Goedert Reports (issued July 2016). G&G is abstracted in Erin Hogarth Thomson Reuters products (Current Contents: Phys- ical, Chemical & Earth -
Ultrahigh-Field Mg NMR and DFT Study of Magnesium Borate Minerals
Ultrahigh-Field 25Mg NMR and DFT Study of Magnesium Borate Minerals 1 2† 3 4 5 Bing Zhou, § Alexandra Faucher, § Robert Laskowski, Victor V. Terskikh, Scott Kroeker, Wei Sun,6,7 Jinru Lin,6 Jin-Xiao Mi,7 Vladimir K. Michaelis2* and Yuanming Pan6* 1. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 21000, China 2. Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada 3. Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16, Connexis, Singapore 138632 4. Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada 5. Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada 6. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada 7. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian Province, China †Current address: Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Republic of Ireland §BZ and AF contributed equally *Corresponding authors: Vladimir K. Michaelis ([email protected]) and Yuanming Pan ([email protected]) Keywords: MAS NMR, grandidierite, quantum chemical calculations, WURST, CPMG, wideline, NMR crystallography 1 ABSTRACT A series of well-characterized magnesium borate minerals and synthetic analogues have been studied via ultrahigh-field 25Mg solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Correlations between 25Mg NMR parameters and the local structure at the magnesium site(s) are highlighted and discussed. First-principles density functional theory calculations of 25Mg NMR parameters carried out with the WIEN2k software package support our experimental 25Mg NMR 25 data. Experimental Mg CQ values range from 0.7 ± 0.1 MHz in hungchaoite to 18.0 ± 0.5 MHz in 25 boracite-type Mg3B7O13Br. -
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 1997 Issued October 1999
Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 1997 Issued October 1999 EC97N-2123I 1997 Economic Census Mining Industry Series U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The staff of the Manufacturing and Con- The Geography Division staff developed struction Division prepared this report. geographic coding procedures and associ- Judy M. Dodds, Assistant Chief for Cen- ated computer programs. sus and Related Programs, was respon- The Economic Statistical Methods and Pro- sible for the overall planning, manage- gramming Division, Charles P. Pautler ment, and coordination. Patricia L. Jr., Chief, developed and coordinated the Horning, Chief, Construction and Miner- computer processing systems. Martin S. als Branch, assisted by M. Susan Bucci Harahush, Assistant Chief for Quinquen- and Susan L. DiCola, Section Chiefs, per- nial Programs, assisted by Barbara Lam- formed the planning and implementation. bert and Christina Arledge were respon- Richard Hough, Christopher D. sible for design and implementation of the Perrien, John F. Roehl, Eva J. Snapp, computer systems. Gary T. Sheridan, and Sarah B. Teichner provided primary Chief, Manufacturing and Construction staff assistance. Branch, Lori A. Guido and Roy A. Smith, Brian Greenberg, Assistant Chief for Section Chiefs, supervised the preparation Research and Methodology Programs, of the computer programs. assisted by Stacey Cole, Chief, Manufac- turing Programs Methodology Branch, and Computer Services Division, Debra Will- Robert Struble, Section Chief, provided iams, Chief, performed the computer pro- the mathematical and statistical tech- cessing. niques as well as the coverage operations. The staff of the Administrative and Cus- Jeffrey Dalzell and Cathy Ritenour pro- tomer Services Division, Walter C. -
Borate Minerals. Ii. a Hierarchy of Structures
731 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol 37, pp 731-'162(1999) BORATEMINERALS. II. A HIERARCHYOF STRUCTURES BASEDUPON THE BORATE FUNDAMENTAL BUILDING BLOCK JOEL D. GRICE Research Division, Canadian Museum of Nature, p O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario Klp 6p4, Canada PETERC. BURNS Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences,(Jniversity of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, U.S.A. FRANK C. HAWTHORNES Department of Geological Sciences,University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada AesrRAcr A hierarchical structural classification is developed for borate minerals, based on the linkage of (BQ) triangles and (BO+) tetrahedra to form FBBs (fundamental building blocks) that polymerize to form the structural unit, a tightly bonded anionic polyhedral array whose excesscharge is baianced by the presenceof large low-valence interstitial cations. Thirty-one minerals, with nineteen distinct structure-types,contain isolated borate polyhedra. Twenty-seven minerals, with twenty-five distinct struc- ture-types, contain finite clusters of borate polyhedra. Ten minerals, with ten distinct structue-types, contain chains of borate polyhedra. Fifteen minerals, with thirteen distinct structue-types, contain sheets of borate polyhedra. Fifteen minerals, with thirteen distinct sEucture-types,contain frameworks of borate polyhedra. It is only the close-packed structures of the isolated- polyhedra class that show significant isotypism Kelwords: borate minerals, crystal sffuctures, structural hierarchy. Sowenn Nous ddvelopponsici un sch6made classification structurale des mindraux du groupe des borates,fond6 sur I'articulation des ffiangles (BO:) et des t6trabdres(BOa), qui forment des modules structuraux fondamentaux. Ceux-ci, polym6ris6s, constituent l'unitd structuralede la maille, un agencementcompact d'anions fait de ces polyddres dont I'excddent de charge est neutralis6par des cations interstitiels h rayon relativement gros et d valence relativement faible. -
Borate Minerals. I. Polyhedml Clusters and Fundamental
1131 The Canadint Minerala gi st Vol.33, pp. I 131-1l5l (1995) BORATEMINERALS. I. POLYHEDMLCLUSTERS AND FUNDAMENTALBUILDING BLOCKS PETERC. BURNSE Departnuntof EanhSciences, tlniversity of Cambridge,Downing Street, Catnbridge CB2 iEQ, U.K. JOELD. GRICE ResearchDivisiaa Carudian.Mweum of Nature,P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa,Ontario KIP 6P4 FRANKC. HAWTHORNE Departmcntof GeologicalSciences, tlniversity of Manitoba,Wittnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2M ABSIRA T In general,the structuresof the borateminerals are ba$edon BQ3and B$a polyhedra,which occur as discreteoxyanions or polymerizeto form finite clusters,chains, sheets and frameworls. The B-Q bonds (Q: unspecifiedanion) are of much higber bond-valencethan the interstitial bonds,and thus borateninerals readily lend themselvesto hierarchicalclassification based on the topological characterof ttre FBB (fundamentalbuilding block) and the structuralunit. Here, we derive topologically and metrically possiblefinite clust€rsof the form [BnQ.], where 3 3 n 3 6, and identify those clustersthat occur as FBBs of the structues ofborate minerals.In addition,we havedeveloped graphical and algebraicdescriptors ofthe topologicaland chemical aspectsof tle clustersand their modeof polymerization.ln fhe structuresof the borafeminerals based on FBBs with 3 3 z 5 6, all FBBs arepolyhedral rings or decoratedpolyhedral rings. Moreover,three-membered polyhedral rings are almostcompletely dorninant;the only exceptionis the four-memberedpolyhedral ring in borcarite.Three-membered polyhedral rings occur in the following order of preference:<A2fl> >> 4Afl> > <3fl> > <34>. Only a small numberof the topologicaly and metrically possibleclustg$ occur as FBBs in borateminerals; Nature seemsto producesfiuctural diversity by using only a small number of FBBs and then polymerizingthem in many different ways. Keywords:borate minerals, hierarchy of structures,fundamental building block, crystalstructure, boron, structure classification. -
Potash, Soda Ash, and Borates 3
Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Mining Industry Potash, Soda Ash, and Borates 3 Potash, soda ash and borates are industrial minerals. They are used primary as feedstock for other industries. They are used to make fertilizers, glass, chemicals and other materials used throughout manufacturing industries. For example, the agricultural industry relies heavily on potash and borates as fertilizers. It is the dependence of these manufacturing industries that make industrial minerals so important. Forms of Potash Potash is used primarily as an agricultural fertilizer because it is a source for soluble potassium. Potash denotes a variety of mined and manufactured salts, all containing the element potassium in water-soluble form. Potash can be potassium chloride [KCL, or muriate of potash (MOP)], potassium sulfate [K2SO4, or sulfate of potash (SOP), a . manufactured product], potassium/magnesium sulfate [K2SO4 MgSO4, or sulfate of potash magnesia (SOPM)], potassium nitrate (KNO3 or saltpeter, a manufactured product), or mixed sodium/potassium nitrate (NaNO3+KNO3, or Chilean saltpeter). The term potash was originally applied to potassium carbonate/potassium hydroxide crystals that were recovered in iron “pots” from leaching wood “ashes” with water.1 Forms of Soda Ash Soda ash is the trade name for sodium carbonate (NA2CO3), a chemical refined from the mineral trona or from sodium carbonate-bearing brines (both referred to as natural soda ash) and manufactured from one of several chemical processes (referred to as synthetic soda ash). It is an essential raw material in glass, chemicals, detergents, and other 2 important industrial products. 1 Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Industry Survey, Potash, p.1, 1997 2 Department of Interior, U.S. -
Journal of Boron Cilt Vol 02 Sayi Issue 02 Yil Year 2017
e-ISSN: 2149-9020 BOR DERGİSİ JOURNAL OF BORON CİLT VOL 02 SAYI ISSUE 02 YIL YEAR 2017 Ulusal Bor Araştırma Enstitüsü Adına Sahibi Owner on Behalf of National Boron Research Institute Başkan/President Dr. Abdulkerim Yörükoğlu Baş Editör/Editor in Chief Dr. Metin Gürü (Ankara, Türkiye) Editörler/Editors Dr. Ali Rehber Türker (Ankara, Türkiye) Dr. Fatih Akkurt (Ankara, Türkiye) DANIŞMA KURULU ADVISORY BOARD Dr. A. Nusret Bulutçu (İstanbul, Türkiye) Dr. Mehmet Sankır (Ankara, Türkiye) Dr. Ali Karaduman (Ankara, Türkiye) Dr. Mehmet Suat Somer (İstanbul, Türkiye) Dr. Atakan Peker (Washington, USA) Dr. Mehmet Sabri Çelik (İstanbul, Türkiye) Dr. Arun K. Chattopadhyay ( Pittsburgh, USA) Dr. Murat Bilen (Ankara, Türkiye) Dr. Ayhan Mergen (İstanbul, Türkiye) Dr. Mustafa Barış (Ankara, Türkiye) Dr. Bilal Demirel (Kayseri, Türkiye) Dr. Nuran Ay (Eskişehir, Türkiye) Dr. Cahit Helvacı (İzmir, Türkiye) Dr. Olcay Şendil (Ankara, Türkiye) Dr. Çetin Çakanyıldırım (Çorum, Türkiye) Dr. Osman Okur (Kocaeli, Türkiye) Dr. Duygu Ağaoğulları (İstanbul, Türkiye) Dr. Rasim Yarım (Friedrichshafen, Germany) Dr. Erol Pehlivan (Konya, Türkiye) Dr. Sait Gezgin (Konya, Türkiye) Dr. Gülhan Özbayoğlu (Ankara, Türkiye) Dr. Sedat Sürdem (Ankara, Türkiye) Dr. Hatem Akbulut (Sakarya, Türkiye) Dr. Şafak Gökhan Özkan (İstanbul, Türkiye) Dr. İhsan Efeoğlu (Erzurum, Türkiye) Dr. Şener Oktik (İstanbul, Türkiye) Dr. İsmail Çakmak (İstanbul, Türkiye) Dr. Şükrü Dursun (Konya, Türkiye) Dr. İsmail Duman (İstanbul, Türkiye) Dr. Yuri Grin (Dresden, Germany) Dr. İsmail Girgin (Ankara, Türkiye) Dr. Zafer Evis (Ankara, Türkiye) Dr. Zeynel Kılıç (Ankara, Türkiye) Sorumlu Yazı İşleri Müdürü Manager of Publication Yayıncı/Publisher Beyhan Sayın Ulusal Bor Araştırma Enstitüsü (BOREN) Bilgi Toplama, İdari ve Mali İşler Koordinatörü e-mail: [email protected] İletişim/Contact Dumlupınar Bulvarı (Eskişehir Yolu 7. -
A-Type Granite Plutons and Tin Skarns in Southeast Yukon: Mindy Prospect and Surrounding Granites of 105C/9
A-type granite plutons and tin skarns in southeast Yukon: Mindy prospect and surrounding granites of 105C/9 Tim Liverton Watson Lake, Yukon Liverton, T., 2016. A-type granite plutons and tin skarns in southeast Yukon: Mindy prospect and surrounding granite of 105C/9. In: Yukon Exploration and Geology 2015, K.E. MacFarlane and M.G. Nordling (eds.), Yukon Geological Survey, p. 151-164. ABSTRACT In the southeast Yukon, immediately southwest of the mid-Cretaceous Cassiar suite plutons,is a northwest-trending suite of anorogenic one-mica granites called the Seagull suite. This suite is comprised of the Seagull and Hake batholiths, Ork and Thirtymile stocks and an un-named intrusion to the northwest. These B and F enriched granites are associated with various forms of tin mineralization, including skarns. The Mindy prospect in the Thirtymile Range contains a variety of metasomatic silicate and borate and fluoride minerals. Tin (Sn) mineralization is found as cassiterite and borate mineral phases. Mapping has shown that faulting active during metamorphism- metsomatism controlled the distribution of the skarn mineralization. Both mineral chemistry and structural control of mineralization have a significant effect on the economic potential of the Mindy prospect. [email protected] YUKON EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY 2015 151 YUKON GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH INTRODUCTION Skarn mineralization may have a variety of tin minerals: cassiterite, vonsenite [3(Fe,Mg)O·2Fe2O3·SnO2·3B2O3], A northwest-trending line of mid-Cretaceous granite 2+ 3+ hulsite [(Fe ,Mg)2·(Fe ,Sn)BO5], nordenskiöldine plutons in southeast Yukon (Seagull and Hake batholiths, [CaSn(BO ) ] and malayaite [CaSn(SiO )] associated with Ork stock, Thirtymile stock and one un-named stock) have 3 2 5 fluoborite [Mg3(F,OH)3BO3]. -
Mineralogical Notes Sekies 1
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR BULLETIN 490 MINERALOGICAL NOTES SEKIES 1 BY WALDEMAR T. SCHALLER WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction............................................................. 7 Chemical composition of hulsite and paigeite...........................__ 8 Introduction.....................................................__ 8 Occurrence and association........................................_. 8 Notes on chemical examination...................__............_. 10 General statement...........................__................. 10 The gangue...................................................... 11 Methods of analyses.............................................. 13 Hulsite.............................................................. 16 Crystallography............... ... ....... ................ 16 General properties........ ................. ............... 16 Character of samples ............................................. 17 Analyses and ratios.......................__.................... 18 Discussion of formulas............................................ 20 Paigeite ................................ .......................... 21 General description .............................................. 21 Character of samples............................................. 22 Analyses and ratios .............................................. 22 Discussion of formulas...... ................................. 24 Chemical composition of jamesonite -
A Review of Boron-Bearing Minerals (Excluding Tourmaline) in the Adirondack Region of New York State
minerals Review A Review of Boron-Bearing Minerals (Excluding Tourmaline) in the Adirondack Region of New York State David G. Bailey 1,*, Marian V. Lupulescu 2, Robert S. Darling 3, Jared W. Singer 4 and Steven C. Chamberlain 5 1 Geosciences Department, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13323, USA 2 New York State Museum, Research and Collections, Albany, NY 12230, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Geology, State University of New York, College at Cortland, Cortland, NY 13045, USA; [email protected] 4 Earth & Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; [email protected] 5 Center for Mineralogy, New York State Museum, Albany, NY 12230, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-315-489-4142 Received: 23 August 2019; Accepted: 12 October 2019; Published: 22 October 2019 Abstract: Boron is a biologically important element, but its distribution in the natural environment and its behavior during many geological processes is not fully understood. In most metamorphic and igneous environments, boron is incorporated into minerals of the tourmaline supergroup. In high-grade metamorphic terranes like that of the Adirondack region of northern New York State, uncommon rock compositions combined with unusual and variable geologic conditions resulted in the formation of many additional boron-bearing minerals. This paper reviews the occurrences and geological settings of twelve relatively uncommon boron-bearing minerals in the southern Grenville Province of upstate New York and provides new chemical and Raman spectral data for seven of these minerals. The boron minerals range from relatively simple metal borates (e.g., vonsenite), to chemically complex borosilicates (e.g., prismatine), to a relatively rare borosilicate-carbonate (e.g., harkerite). -
Mineralogic Notes Series 3
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K. LANE, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY . GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Bulletin 610 MINERALOGIC NOTES SERIES 3 BY WALDEMAR T. SCHALLER WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1916 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction................................................................ 9 Koechlinite (bismuth molybdate), a new mineral............................ 10 Origin of investigation................................................... 10 Nomenclature......................................................... 10 Locality............................................................... 11 Paragenesis........................................................... 11 Crystallography........'............................................... 14 General character of crystals....................................... 14 Calculation of elements............................................. 14 Forms and angles................................................. 15 Combinations..................................................... 19 < Zonal relations and markings...................................... 19 Habits........................................................... 21 Twinning........................................................ 23 Measured crystals................................................. 26 Etch figures...................................................... 27o Intergrowths........................................................ 31 Relation to other minerals.......................................... 31 Physical properties................................................... -
BULLETIN of the MINERAL RESEARCH and EXPLORATION Bulletin of the Foreign Edition 2015 151 ISSN : 0026 - 4563 CONTENTS
Bull. Min. Res. Exp. (2015) 151: 169-215 BULLETIN OF THE MINERAL RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION Bulletin of the Foreign Edition 2015 151 ISSN : 0026 - 4563 CONTENTS The late Quaternary Tectono-Stratigraphic evolution of the Lake Van, Turkey ..................................................................... Naci GÖRÜR, M. Nam›k ÇA⁄ATAY, Cengiz ZABCI, Mehmet SAKINÇ, ................................................................................................................Remzi AKKÖK, Hande fi‹LE and Sefer ÖRÇEN 1 Late Cenozoic Extensional Tectonics In Western Anatolia: Exhumation Of The Menderes Core Complex And Formation Of Related Basins ................................................................................................................................. Gürol SEYITO⁄LU and Veysel IfiIK 49 Late Pleistocene Glaciations and Paleoclimate of Turkey ............................................................................................................................. M. Akif SARIKAYA and Attila ÇINER 109 Late Permian Unconformity Around Ankara and New Age Data on The Basement Rocks, Ankara, Turkey .................................................. Mustafa SEV‹N, Mustafa DÖNMEZ, Gökhan ATICI, A. Hande ESATO⁄LU VEKL‹, ...................................................................................... Ender SARIFAKIO⁄LU, Serap ARIKAN and Havva SOYCAN 131 Mineral Research and Exploration Differentiation Processes In Late Cretaceous Ultrapotassic Volcanics Around Amasya ...................................................................................................................................