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BULLETIN of the MINERAL RESEARCH and EXPLORATION Bulletin of the Foreign Edition 2015 151 ISSN : 0026 - 4563 CONTENTS

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BULLETIN of the MINERAL RESEARCH and EXPLORATION Bulletin of the Foreign Edition 2015 151 ISSN : 0026 - 4563 CONTENTS Bull. Min. Res. Exp. (2015) 151: 169-215 BULLETIN OF THE MINERAL RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION Bulletin of the Foreign Edition 2015 151 ISSN : 0026 - 4563 CONTENTS The late Quaternary Tectono-Stratigraphic evolution of the Lake Van, Turkey ..................................................................... Naci GÖRÜR, M. Nam›k ÇA⁄ATAY, Cengiz ZABCI, Mehmet SAKINÇ, ................................................................................................................Remzi AKKÖK, Hande fi‹LE and Sefer ÖRÇEN 1 Late Cenozoic Extensional Tectonics In Western Anatolia: Exhumation Of The Menderes Core Complex And Formation Of Related Basins ................................................................................................................................. Gürol SEYITO⁄LU and Veysel IfiIK 49 Late Pleistocene Glaciations and Paleoclimate of Turkey ............................................................................................................................. M. Akif SARIKAYA and Attila ÇINER 109 Late Permian Unconformity Around Ankara and New Age Data on The Basement Rocks, Ankara, Turkey .................................................. Mustafa SEV‹N, Mustafa DÖNMEZ, Gökhan ATICI, A. Hande ESATO⁄LU VEKL‹, ...................................................................................... Ender SARIFAKIO⁄LU, Serap ARIKAN and Havva SOYCAN 131 Mineral Research and Exploration Differentiation Processes In Late Cretaceous Ultrapotassic Volcanics Around Amasya .................................................................................................................................... Fatma GÜLMEZ and fi. Can GENÇ 151 Geological Features Of Neogene Basins Hosting Borate Deposits: An Overview Of Deposits and Future Forecast, Turkey .................................................................................................................................................................. Cahit HELVACI 171 Vertical And Horizontal Analysis Of Crustal Structure In Eastern Anatolia Region ................... Oya PAMUKÇU, Tolga GÖNENÇ, Ayça YURDAKUL ÇIRMIK, fievket DEM‹RBAfi and Seyit TOSUN 210 Archaeological and Geological Concepts on the Topic of Ancient Mining ....................................................................................................................... Prentiss DE JESUS and Gonca DARDEN‹Z 233 Evaluation Of Asbestos Exposure In Dumanli Village (Çanakkale-Turkey) From A Medical Geology Viewpoint: An Inter-Disciplinary Study ................................................................................................... Erdinç Y‹⁄‹TBAfi, Arzu M‹R‹C‹, U¤ur GÖNLÜGÜR, ............................................................................ Coflkun BAKAR, Onur TUNÇ, F›rat fiENGÜN and Özgür IfiIKO⁄LU 249 Geological Heritage And Framework List Of The Geosites In Turkey ..................................................................................... Nizamettin KAZANCI, Fuat fiARO⁄LU and Yaflar SULUDERE 261 Review of The Occurrence of Two New Minerals in The Emet Borate Deposit, Turkey: Emetite, Ca7Na3K(SO4)9 and Fontarnauite Na2Sr(SO5)[B5O8(OH)](H2O)2 http://dergi.bulletin.gov.tr .................................................................................................................................................................. Cahit HELVACI 271 Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................................................ 287 Notes to the authors............................................................................................................................................................... 289 GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF NEOGENE BASINS HOSTING BORATE DEPOSITS: AN OVERVIEW OF DEPOSITS AND FUTURE FORECAST, TURKEY Cahit HELVACIa* a Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Jeoloji Mühendisli¤i Bölümü T›naztepe Yerleflkesi, 35160 Buca/‹zmir TURKEY ABSTRACT Keywords: The geometry, stratigraphy, tectonics and volcanic components of the borate bearing Neogene Neogene borate basins, basins in western Anatolia offer some important insights into on the relationship between basin ‹zmir-Bal›kesir Transfer evolution, borate formation and mode of extension in western Anatolia. Some of the borate Zon, Menderes deposits in NE-SW trending basins developed along the ‹zmir-Bal›kesir Transfer Zone (‹BTZ) Metamorphic Complex, (e.g. Bigadiç, Sultançay›r and Kestelek basins), and other deposits in the NE-SW trending basins Borate Deposits, Overview of Deposits, which occur on the northern side of the Menderes Core Complex (MCC) are the Selendi and Future Forecast, West Emet basins. The K›rka borate deposit occurs further to the east and is located in a completely Anatolia. different geological setting and volcanostratigraphic succession. Boron is widely distributed; including in soil and water, plants and animals. The element boron does not exist freely by itself in nature, but rather it occurs in combination with oxygen and other elements in salts, commonly known as borates. Approximately 280 boron-bearing minerals have been identified, the most common being sodium, calcium and magnesium salts. Four main continental metallogenic borate provinces are recognized at a global scale. They are located in Anatolia (Turkey), California (USA), Central Andes (South America) and Tibet (Central Asia). The origin of borate deposits is related to Cenozoic volcanism, thermal spring activity, closed basins and arid climate. Borax is the major commercial source of boron, with major supplies coming from Turkey, USA and Argentina. Colemanite is the main calcium borate and large scale production is restricted to Turkey. Datolite and szaibelyite are confined to Russia and Chinese sources. Four Main borax (tincal) deposits are present in Anatolia (K›rka), California (Boron), and two in the Andes (Tincalayu and Loma Blanca). K›rka, Boron and Loma Blanca have similarities with regard to their chemical and mineralogical composition of the borate minerals. Colemanite deposits with/without probertite and hydroboracite are present in west Anatolia, Death Valley, California, and Sijes (Argentina). Quaternary borates are present in salars (Andes) and playa- lakes and salt pans (USA-Tibet). Boron is a rare element in the Earth’s crust, but extraordinary concentrations can be found in limited places. The formation of borate deposits can be classified as follows: a skarn group associated with intrusives and consisting of silicates and iron oxides; a magnesium oxide group hosted by marine evaporitic sediments; and a sodium– and calcium–borate hydrates group associated with playa-lake sediments and explosive volcanic activity. Some conditions are essential for the formation of economically viable borate deposits in playa-lake volcano-sedimentary sequences: formation of playa-lake environment; concentration of boron in the playa lake, sourced from andesitic to rhyolitic volcanics, direct ash fall into the basin, or hydrothermal solutions along graben faults; thermal springs near the area of volcanism; arid to semi-arid climatic conditions; and lake water with a pH of between 8.5 and 11. A borate is defined as any compound that contains or supplies boric oxide (B2O3). A large number of minerals contain boric oxide, but the three that are most important from a worldwide commercial standpoint are borax, ulexite, and colemanite, which are produced in a limited number of countries. Turkey has the largest borax, ulexite and colemanite reserves in the world and all the world’s countries are dependent upon the colemanite and ulexite reserves of Turkey. * Corresponding author: Cahit Helvac›, [email protected] 169 Neogene Basins Hosting Borate Deposits Most of the world’s commercial borate deposits are mined by open pit methods. Brines from Searles Lake, and presumably the Chinese sources, are recovered by either controlled evaporation or carbonation. Boric acid is one of the final products produced from most of the processes. Further research on the mineralogy and chemistry of borate minerals and associated minerals will the production and utilization of borate end-products. Many modern industries need industrial borate minerals, and many people use their products. In addition, boron is essential to plant life, and by extension, all life so it’s hard to imagine our world without using it. Therefore, borates and their products are critical to the Sustainable Development of the world. 1. Introduction mining, and processing of borates are fascinating, because their remote locations often led to unusual Borate history is very ancient: derived from the difficulties, and hardships in recovering the desired Persian burah (boorak), borax was already known to products. This varied from workers wading into the Babylonians who brought it from the Himalayas Himalayan lakes to harvest the “floor” and then some four thousand years ago for use in the transport the borax in saddlebags on sheep across the manufacture of rings, amulets, and bracelets. The Himalayas to the markets, to the “Dante’s Inferno” of Egyptians used borax in mummifying, and around the Larderello boric acid fumaroles, to the colourful 300 AD the Chinese were familiar with borax glazes, 20-mule teams of the western United States (Kistler as were the Arabs three centuries later. Borax was and Helvac›, 1994; Helvac›, 2005). first brought to Europe in the 13th century, presumably by Marco Polo, and since that time by The early history of borate mining in Turkey goes traders from
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