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A-Type Granite Plutons and Tin Skarns in Southeast Yukon: Mindy Prospect and Surrounding Granites of 105C/9

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A-Type Granite Plutons and Tin Skarns in Southeast Yukon: Mindy Prospect and Surrounding Granites of 105C/9 A-type granite plutons and tin skarns in southeast Yukon: Mindy prospect and surrounding granites of 105C/9 Tim Liverton Watson Lake, Yukon Liverton, T., 2016. A-type granite plutons and tin skarns in southeast Yukon: Mindy prospect and surrounding granite of 105C/9. In: Yukon Exploration and Geology 2015, K.E. MacFarlane and M.G. Nordling (eds.), Yukon Geological Survey, p. 151-164. ABSTRACT In the southeast Yukon, immediately southwest of the mid-Cretaceous Cassiar suite plutons,is a northwest-trending suite of anorogenic one-mica granites called the Seagull suite. This suite is comprised of the Seagull and Hake batholiths, Ork and Thirtymile stocks and an un-named intrusion to the northwest. These B and F enriched granites are associated with various forms of tin mineralization, including skarns. The Mindy prospect in the Thirtymile Range contains a variety of metasomatic silicate and borate and fluoride minerals. Tin (Sn) mineralization is found as cassiterite and borate mineral phases. Mapping has shown that faulting active during metamorphism- metsomatism controlled the distribution of the skarn mineralization. Both mineral chemistry and structural control of mineralization have a significant effect on the economic potential of the Mindy prospect. [email protected] YUKON EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY 2015 151 YUKON GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH INTRODUCTION Skarn mineralization may have a variety of tin minerals: cassiterite, vonsenite [3(Fe,Mg)O·2Fe2O3·SnO2·3B2O3], A northwest-trending line of mid-Cretaceous granite 2+ 3+ hulsite [(Fe ,Mg)2·(Fe ,Sn)BO5], nordenskiöldine plutons in southeast Yukon (Seagull and Hake batholiths, [CaSn(BO ) ] and malayaite [CaSn(SiO )] associated with Ork stock, Thirtymile stock and one un-named stock) have 3 2 5 fluoborite [Mg3(F,OH)3BO3]. The borates and silicates been recognized as being distinct from the larger Cassiar are metallurgically refractory and only the cassiterite is suite of intrusions that are immediately to the east of the of economic interest; as a result, a total Sn analysis may Seagull suite trend. They are one-mica monzo to alkali give a misleading result for evaluation of a prospect. feldspar granites which have similar to A-type plutons The proportion of oxide tin (as cassiterite) to tin borates in chemistry, texture (occasional rapakivi texture) and and fluorides in the Mindy prospect is estimated to be fluorine-boron-tin (F-B-Sn) mineralization. Tin-rich skarns, somewhat greater than 50%. greisens and tin±niobium (Nb) ± tantalum (Ta) sheeted vein stockworks are associated with the Seagull batholith This paper discusses some of the 1992 work plus a but the Thirtymile and Ork stocks have peripheral tin or re-evaluation of Sn mineralogy through examination tungsten (W) skarns. of original thin sections and 23 new thin and polished sections cut from drill core stored in the H.S. Bostock Core The Mindy prospect (Fig. 1), tested with shallow diamond Library. drilling by Newmont Mining Corp. in 1981, is a greisen- altered skarn characterized by primary, high temperature calc-silicate assemblages that have been formed in, and GRANITES peripheral to, extensional faults above a buried stock and The Thirtymile Range contains mid-Cretaceous (101 Ma; have been replaced by iron-rich greisenized B-F-Sn skarn Liverton, 1992; Liverton et al., 2001) stocks of mineral assemblages. monzogranite to alkali feldspar granite according to the Streckeisen classification (LeMaitre, 2004). Two lithofacies of biotite-only granite make up the bulk of the outcropping Thirtymile stock to the northwest of the Mindy prospect (Fig. 2). A volumetrically minor hornblende-bearing porphyry forms a disaggregated syn-plutonic dike within the Thirtymile stock and is the only amphibole- bearing lithofacies seen in the pluton and the Seagull suite. A lithium-mica topaz leucogranite crops out at the southeast corner of the Thirtymile stock and forms ladder ALASKA dikes in the biotite-bearing ‘even-grained’ lithofacies. The leucogranite also forms 1-5 m dikes and three sills 65 o N that contain spectacular concentrations of topaz. The Dawson leucogranite may be classified as an alkali feldspar granite sensu stricto since the plagioclase is at least 95% albite. A similar lithofacies forms the just-exposed Ork stock and adjacent dikes that are 2.5 km southeast of the Mindy N.W.T. YUKON prospect. The Thirtymile and Ork leucogranites consist of a quartz-albite-orthoclase-zinnwaldite-topaz-fluorite mineral assemblage contianing accessory fergusonite. MINDY Whitehorse The Thirtymile and Ork stocks, together with the Seagull Watson L. and Hake batholiths, were considered as a sub-suite of the Teslin 60 o N Cassiar intrusions by Liverton (1992), called the Seagull- o o Thirtymile suite and identified as having A-type affinity (Liverton and Alderton, 1994; Liverton and Botelho, 2001; 135 W 130W Liverton et al., 2005). Subsequent work on the Cretaceous Figure 1. Location of the Mindy prospect. granites of the Northern Cordillera added a further pluton to the NW as being part of this suite, renamed 152 YUKON EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY 2015 LIVERTON - A-TYPE GRANITE AND TIN SKARNS IN SOUTHEAST YUKON: MINDY PROJECT 3 ? 1200 13 ? 8 5 ? 1600 12 ? ? 15 640,000E 1300 5 10 82 24 4 THIRTYMILE ? Moraine 20 8 8 5 ? STOCK 10 ? 3 ? ? 5 ? ? 32 ? 6 6 7 8 7 ? ? 20 ? ? 1400 30 8 7 6 25 6 ? 8 ? ? 6 6 ? 10 3 18 18 Min. & alt. 7 NOT 7 8 7 82 1300 6730,000N 88 8 ? 6 MAPPED NAD 27 5 ? 15 8 7 ? 10 10 5 10 8 8 9 4 9 6 18 La of Thrust 4 8 7 4,5 1600 8 Thirtymile 70 4 4 15 8 7 5 e 10 c ra altered t 5 7 9 e 10 bl MC si 7 os 4 P 16 9 10 9 projected NOT MAPPED 4 4 1926 Marble, HF 5 5 24 NOT MAPPED 5 4 5 ? 3 1 9 2 18 4 5 3 15 5 19 3 5 6 4 4 5 5 ? 5 3 20 5 1 1500 3 3 38 1 5 3 3 2 18 2 58 1200 4 3 3 Sheared volcs., 2 10 NOT qtzte, slaty mylonite 3 3 1100 1100 MAPPED 1300 18 2 2 10 3 9 3 5 14 2 10 Moraine ? 15 80 12 4 30 3 87 ? 9 1000 6 22 N 1997? ? 3 ? ? ? ? 20 5 ORK ? ? 19 Skarn ? ? ? 16 21 8 ? 3 2 STOCK ? 10 3 float 3 3 6 ? 9 5 10 13 10 3 3 9 ? 3 16 2 ? ? 2 5 4 Moraine 3,4 ? 9 26 5 1 0 1 2 3 4 “Ork” 3 ? 3 4 2 “Mindy” 10 2 Tarn ? ? Kilometres Sheared 10 2 15 3 5 ? volcanics ? at summit 9 4 Figure 2. Geology of the Thirtymile Range. Mapping 1987-1988, by T. Liverton. them as simply the Seagull suite, which is recognized remain as a melt to <650°C, producing a compositional as distinct from the Cassiar intrusions, and confirmed trend different to the ‘normal’ quartz enrichment process their anorogenic nature (Rasmussen, 2013). They are (Fig. 4a). Halogen-enriched granites fractionate to albite- metaluminous to weakly peraluminous and conform to enriched compositions, and due to protracted melt/ type A1 of Eby (1992), i.e., they are anorogenic (Fig. 3; aqueous fluid and fluid/vapour fractionation, as well as Liverton and Botelho, 2001). their reduced nature, are able to concentrate high field strength elements (HFSE) into the hydrothermal phase: The Thirtymile and Ork leucogranites are the most notably Sn, Nb, Ta (Lehman 1990). Shallow depth of chemically evolved (i.e., fractionated) granites in the emplacement of the pluton, and being located in the Northern Cordillera (Rasmussen, 2013), having Rb/Sr apical part of a batholith, is essential for the development contents exceeding 3000. They might be considered the of the F-B mineralization. An ‘inheritance’ of those metals plutonic analogue to the topaz rhyolites, such as found (i.e., that the source rocks were anomalous in HFSE) might from Colorado to New Mexico (Christianson et al., 1986). be possible (Lehmann, 1990) but fractionation processes They form the apical portion of batholiths which were in low-temperature reduced melts are most important for emplaced at shallow depth (no more than 2 km), mineralization. In the Seagull suite, halogen enrichment is as indicated by common miarolitic cavities and pod reflected in the unusual mineralogy at the Mindy and Ork pegmatites. These magmas were highly enriched in alkalis, prospects, these are greisenized skarn in the classification Rb, Li, with B and anions (F-, Cl-). This B and halogen of Kwak (1987). enrichment would have allowed the granitic magma to YUKON EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY 2015 153 YUKON GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH Analyses of Fe-Li micas ranging from siderophyllite to granite carrying very little total iron is capable of exsolving zinnwaldite from the Seagull suite granites indicate Fe-rich hydrothermal fluid, but this is evident in the a sequence of Li-enrichment in the micas displaying retrograde/greisen stage skarn mineralization at the Mindy progressive fractionation from the least evolved lithofacies, prospect. the Thirtymile porphyry, through the Hake granite, Q Seagull granite, and the Thirtymile biotite granite, to the zinnwaldite of the leucogranite (leucogranite and a biotite-bearing lithofacies of the Thirtymile plutons are shown in Figure 4b,c). Biotite compositions indicate that these granites were distinctly reduced (Fig. 4c): biotite 2+ 2+ 3+ {Fe / (Fe +Fe )} = 0.811-0.965, magma ƒO2 ≤ NNO Quartz buffer (Liverton and Botelho, 2001). The progression to enrichment extremely Li-rich micas (trioctahedral 1M zinnwaldite) may 1 be a particular trait of the anorogenic granite. 2 3 The Li-mica leucogranite of the Mindy stock exhibits Increasing fluorine 4 three forms of hydrothermal mineralization at its southern trend contact: rare cm-scale beryl pegmatite, cm-scale lepidolite- Ab Or topaz greisen veins and, presumably the last event, Li - mica Even - grained Megacrystic Porphyry mm-scale joints that carry hematite.
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