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Een Onderzoek Naar De Vertaling Van Humor in De Nederlandse Ondertiteling Van De Amerikaanse Serie the Big Bang Theory

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Een Onderzoek Naar De Vertaling Van Humor in De Nederlandse Ondertiteling Van De Amerikaanse Serie the Big Bang Theory Een onderzoek naar de vertaling van humor in de Nederlandse ondertiteling van de Amerikaanse serie The Big Bang Theory Masterscriptie Taalwetenschappen: Vertalen Tjitske Lemstra Studentnummer: 6051456 Begeleider O.J. Zwartjes Universiteit van Amsterdam Juni 2015 Inhoudsopgave 1. Inleiding………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 1.1 Onderzoeksmethode…………………………………………………………………………………..7 1.2 Structuur……………………………………………………………………………………………………8 1.3 Doelstellingen…………………………………………………………………………………………...9 2. Theoretisch kader………………………………………………………………………………………….10 2.1 Audiovisuele vertaling………………………………………………………………………………10 2.1.1 Audiovisuele vertaling binnen de vertaalwetenschap………………………11 2.1.1.1 De jaren vijftig tot tachtig…………………………………………………….11 2.1.1.2 De jaren negentig………………………………………………………………...13 2.1.1.3 Het nieuwe millennium……………………………………………………….14 2.1.2 Ondertiteling…………………………………………………………………………………15 2.1.2.1 Technische aspecten……………………………………………………………16 2.1.2.2 Linguïstische aspecten………………………………………………………...18 2.1.2.3 Vertaalmethodes bij ondertiteling………………………………………..19 2.1.3 Nasynchronisatie vs. ondertiteling………………………………………………….21 2.1.3.1 Voordelen…………………………………………………………………………...22 2.1.3.2 Nadelen………………………………………………………………………………22 2.1.3.3 Meningen……………………………………………………………………………23 2.2 Humorvertaling………………………………………………………………………………………..23 2.2.1 Humor…………………………………………………………………………………………..24 2.2.1.1 Superioriteitstheorie…………………………………………………………...25 2.2.1.2 Incongruentietheorie…………………………………………………………..26 2.2.1.3 Verlichtingstheorie en Speeltheorie……………………………………..27 2.2.2 Humorvertaling……………………………………………………………………………..28 2.2.2.1 Cultuurspecifieke vertaalproblemen……………………………………28 2.2.2.2 Linguïstische onvertaalbaarheid………………………………………….29 2.2.2.3 Een vertaalstrategie gebaseerd op de General Theory of Verbal Humour van Attardo en Raskin……………………………………………30 2.2.3 Woordspeling………………………………………………………………………………..31 2.2.3.1 Enkele opmerkingen……………………………………………………………32 2 2.2.3.2 Min of meer gelijke vormen…………………………………………………33 2.2.3.3 Min of meer verschillende betekenissen……………………………….35 2.3 Corpus……………………………………………………………………………………………………..36 2.3.1 The Big Bang Theory..................................................................................................37 2.3.2 Hoofdpersonages…………………………………………………………………………..37 2.3.2.1 Leonard Hofstadter……………………………………………………………..37 2.3.2.2 Sheldon Cooper…………………………………………………………………...38 2.3.2.3 Penny…………………………………………………………………………………38 2.3.2.4 Howard Wolowitz……………………………………………………………….39 2.3.2.5 Rajesh Koothrappali……………………………………………………………39 2.3.2.6 Amy Farrah Fowler……………………………………………………………..40 2.3.2.7 Bernadette Rostenkowski-Wolowitz……………………………………40 2.3.3 Achtergrond en belangrijkste thema’s…………………………………………….40 2.3.3.1 Achtergrond………………………………………………………………………..41 2.3.3.2 Belangrijkste thema’s………………………………………………………….41 3. Analyse………………………………………………………………………………………………………….44 3.1 Vertaalstrategieën…………………………………………………………………………………….44 3.1.1 Woordspeling > woordspeling………………………………………………………..45 3.1.1.1 Linguïstisch mechanisme…………………………………………………….45 3.1.1.2 Formele structuur……………………………………………………………….47 3.1.1.3 Semantische structuur………………………………………………………...48 3.1.2 Woordspeling > niet-woordspeling………………………………………………...49 3.1.2.1 Niet-selectieve niet-woordspeling………………………………………..49 3.1.2.2 Selectieve niet-woordspeling……………………………………………….51 3.1.2.3 Diffuse omschrijving/parafrase……………………………………………52 3.1.3 Woordspeling > soortgelijk retorisch middel…………………………………..52 3.1.4 Woordspeling > omissie…………………………………………………………………53 3.1.5 Directe kopie…………………………………………………………………………………53 3.1.5.1 Bron- en doeltaal overstijgende elementen…………………………..54 3.1.5.2 Volledige kopie……………………………………………………………………55 3.1.5.3 Gedeeltelijke kopie……………………………………………………………...59 3.1.6 Transferentie…………………………………………………………………………………59 3.1.7 Toevoeging: niet-woordspeling > woordspeling……………………………..59 3 3.1.8 Toevoeging (nieuw tekstueel materiaal): niets> woordspeling………...59 3.1.9 Redactionele technieken………………………………………………………………...60 3.2 Analyse corpus…………………………………………………………………………………………60 3.2.1 Statistieken……………………………………………………………………………………60 3.2.2 Verdere opmerkingen…………………………………………………………………….62 4. Conclusie……………………………………………………………………………………………………….66 5. Bibliografie……………………………………………………………………………………………………70 6. Bijlagen…………………………………………………………………………………………………………74 4 Inleiding Het spelen met woorden, oftewel woordspeling, is een veel voorkomende vorm van humor in literatuur en bij de visuele media (films, series, cabaretprogramma’s, etc.). Het kan uitgaan van de dubbele betekenis van een bepaald woord, het kan gezegdes en spreekwoorden op een creatieve manier gebruiken of meerdere talen door elkaar gebruiken waardoor opnieuw een dubbelzinnige betekenis kan ontstaan. Deze meervoudige betekenissen maken het echter ook nog veel moeilijker om het te vertalen. Waar er bij het vertalen van normaal taalgebruik al vele uitdagingen te vinden zijn, zoals het vinden van een equivalent wanneer een woord in de doeltaal niet voorkomt of de keuze tussen letterlijke of vrije vertaling, komt er nog veel meer kijken bij de vertaling van woordspeling. Er moet dan, namelijk, in de doeltaal gezocht worden naar een oplossing die niet alleen beide betekenissen overbrengt, maar ook dezelfde of een gelijkwaardige structuur als de woordspeling heeft, wat vaak een bijna onmogelijke taak blijkt. In veel hedendaagse comedyseries uit onder andere de Verenigde Staten wordt veel gebruik gemaakt van woordspeling. Een goed voorbeeld hiervan is The Big Bang Theory, bedacht door Chuck Lorre en gestart in 2007. Er bestaan inmiddels acht seizoenen en het is één van de best bekeken comedyseries in de wereld. De serie draait om de drie hoofdpersonages Leonard, Penny, Sheldon en hun vrienden. Penny is een mooi meisje dat altijd populair is geweest en ervan droomt actrice te worden, maar werkt als serveerster en alleen de middelbare school heeft afgemaakt. Leonard en Sheldon zijn beide hoogopgeleide fysici met doctoraten, ze zijn niet knap, zijn gek op science fiction en stripboeken en daarnaast heeft Sheldon ook nog een aantal sociale beperkingen. Met andere woorden, ze zijn het prototype van een ‘nerd’. Het overgrote deel van de humor is gebaseerd op het verschil in intelligentie tussen de drie. Er wordt veel geswitcht tussen registers, van wetenschappelijk naar simpel en andersom, hierdoor ontstaan veel misverstanden en vallen uitspraken op meerder manieren te interpreteren. Kortom, het is een serie die vol zit met woordspelingen. Door het succes van de serie is deze 5 inmiddels naar vele talen vertaald en vormt daarom het perfecte onderwerp voor de case study in deze scriptie. In dit onderzoek zal een analyse gemaakt worden van de woordspelingen in The Big Bang Theory en hun vertaling in de Nederlandse ondertiteling. We hebben hier voor gekeken naar seizoen 1 t/m 7, wat in totaal 160 afleveringen van ongeveer twintig minuten zijn. We hebben hieruit een selectie gemaakt van 158 voorbeelden van woordspeling, dit aantal achten wij genoeg om ons onderzoek goed uit te kunnen voeren en om een goed overzicht te krijgen van de gebruikte vertaalstrategieën. De motivatie voor dit onderzoek komt voor uit het feit dat, hoewel het aantal onderzoeken naar humorvertaling in de laatste jaren is gegroeid (uitgebreidere informatie hierover volgt later in dit werk, zie theoretisch kader), er in vergelijking met andere onderzoeksvelden nog weinig werk is verricht en daarnaast is The Big Bang Theory nog nooit het onderwerp geweest van een dergelijke studie. Enkele voorbeelden zijn het onderzoek naar humorvertaling in de comedyserie The Simpsons door Martínez Sierra en Chaume Varela uit 2004 en het artikel ‘Towards a Model of Describing Humour Translation: A Case Study of the Greek subtitled Versions of Airplane! and Naked Gun’ van Asimakoulas, ook uit 2004. Dat The Big Bang Theory niet eerder is onderzocht is niet vreemd, aangezien het mogelijke corpus voor een onderzoek naar humorvertaling in media gigantisch is. Met het tempo waarop vandaag de dag films en series worden geproduceerd zal dit corpus ook alleen maar groeien. Ook achten wij onderzoek naar humorvertaling van belang, omdat als gevolg van de groeiende en zich steeds sneller verspreidende media de behoefte aan vertaling meegroeit en deze ook steeds sneller moet worden uitgevoerd. De vertaling zal zich dus mee moeten ontwikkelen op het gebied van software, strategieën en efficiëntie. Elk onderzoek zal hieraan bijdragen. De analyse van The Big Bang Theory die wij maken zal uitgevoerd worden aan de hand van theorieën over humor en humorvertaling van onder andere Delabastita (1993), Zabalbeascoa (2005) en Carroll (2014), daarnaast zal gebruik gemaakt worden van de theorieën over ondertiteling van Díaz Cintas (1999, 2004), Luyken (1991) en Sánchez (2004). Voor de classificatie van de woordspelingen en de bijbehorende vertaling zal gebruik gemaakt worden van de vertaalstrategieën van Delabastita (1993), meer informatie hierover volgt bij het theoretisch kader. De onderzoeksvraag die bij deze 6 scriptie hoort luidt als volgt: ‘Hoe worden de woordspelingen uit The Big Bang Theory vertaald en wat zijn de gevolgen wanneer ze vertaald worden voor de Nederlandse ondertiteling?’ 1.1 Onderzoeksmethode Om de onderzoeksvraag succesvol te kunnen beantwoorden zullen we ons ten eerste verdiepen in de studies over ondertiteling. Hiermee zullen we kunnen vaststellen wat de objectieven en beperkingen zijn voor de ondertitelaar, wat dus ook onvermijdelijke gevolgen bevat voor de Nederlandse ondertiteling van The Big Bang Theory
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