Limerick and the First World War

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78 Market day in Abbeyfeale, County Limerick, early twentieth century. Note the total absence of motor vehicles (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 79

4 Limerick and the First World War

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Limerick and the ered death and injury on an alties. Each side tried to break unprecedented scale. Machine the stalemate by first pounding First World War guns and artillery dominated the enemy trenches with the battlefield, so that soldiers artillery to force a way advancing unprotected over through and then sending in Somme. The whole history open ground were mown waves of soldiers to over- of the world cannot contain down. The only solution was whelm them. The result was a more ghastly word. to dig in and by 1916 a series disastrous, with masses of - Friedrich Steinbrecher of parallel trenches stretched soldiers cut to pieces in a hail from the Swiss border to the of bullets.129 By 1916, the war had changed Belgian coast. Any attempt to the world forever and news of cross the barbed-wire-filled At least 244,000 Irishmen its progress filled the local no-man’s land between the served in the armed forces of newspapers. Millions had suff- trenches resulted in high casu- the English speaking countries

The march of death: a haunting image of the Western Front (Imperial War Museum, London). 80 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 81

during the war. In addition to fought with such bravery that Limerick. Interestingly, his those already serving, 4,000 he was later awarded the family had established Barri- Limerick men joined up betw- Victoria Cross, the highest ngton’s Hospital in the city, een 1914 and 1918, of whom military decoration awarded which treated many wounded over 1,000 were killed.130 for valour in the British armed Limerick soldiers from the forces. Six of his sons served in front and later wounded the First World War, including Volunteers in the War of Inde- Patrick, a sergeant with the pendence.133 Connaught Rangers, who died at Gallipoli (1915).131 Seven McKnight brothers from The Western Front Limerick fought in the British Army during the First World The two great battles of 1916 132 War and one was killed. were Verdun and the Somme. In February the Germans Sir Charles Barrington (1848- launched an offensive against 1943) of Glenstal Castle was the French Army to take director of recruiting for

By 1916, Limerick had a strong military tradition. Generations of Limerick men had fought in countless wars on every conti- nent. Limerick was a garrison town with four barracks and a long history of recruitment to the British army. During the First Boer War (1881), John Danagher aged twenty from St Mary’s Parish, Limerick,

Bright and colourful posters were used to drum up enthusiasm for the war (South Dublin Library).

Most recruits to the British armed forces in Ireland came from urban areas. This poster is a vain attempt to redress the 81 balance (Courtesy James Walker, Dublin). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 82

Verdun. In order to relieve pressure on Verdun, the British launched their own offensive against the Germans, on the Somme. July 1st 1916, the first day of the Battle of the Somme was the bloodiest day in British military history, but seen from a Limerick perspective September was the grimmest month when the 16th Irish Division was put into the front line. Five Limerick men died on the first day of the Somme out of forty-three Limerick men killed in July. September 3rd, 9th, and 15th saw respectively ten, fourteen and ten Limerick men killed with a monthly total of sixty- four. The battle ended in November.134 Limerick Men on the Forgotten Fronts of 1916

While World War One is usually associated with the carnage of the Western Front,

82 Recruiting posters made clever use of the German invasion of Belgium, a small Catholic country like Ireland, to encourage recruitment (South Dublin Library). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 83

having been killed in action, but three later died of wounds.137

Limerickman, Private Thomas O’Brien, died of his wounds on the 9th September in the German colony of Tanganyika (modern Tanzania) which was invaded from British Uganda by a large contingent of South African troops. He is remem- bered on a gravestone in Glin Roman Catholic churchyard as twenty-three Limerick men (Iraq) which was engaged in well as on the war memorial in also died on less well known heavy fighting against the Tanzania.138 fronts in 1916. In addition, Turks for the next four years. three Limerick sailors Fourteen Limerick men died in drowned. One man died in this campaign in 1916, nine of India and Limerick’s last whom were serving with the casualty of the Gallipoli Connaught Rangers.136 campaign died of wounds on 5th of January and was buried In October 1915 a joint British in Turkey. Lieutenant Lee who and French force landed in died in France on 4th July had Salonika (Greece) to assist served in the forces which had Serbia against Austrian and taken South-West Africa (now Bulgarian forces. Eight Lime- Namibia) from the Germans at rick men, serving in a variety the outbreak of the war.135 of regiments died on this front in 1916. Disease was as big a In 1914 the British landed a killer as the fighting, as none force at Basra in Mesopotamia of the men are recorded as

Limerick was a major garrison town with four barracks: New (now Sarsfield) Barracks, Castle Barracks, Strand Barracks 83 and the Artillery Barracks, above, pictured in 1898 (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 84

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL

2nd Private James Pierce, 1st Gunner Patrick Bond, 5th Private John William Yates, 3rd Private Timothy Ahern, 2 S P P Gloucestershire Regiment. KIA Royal Field Artillery Royal Army Medical Corps, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW O R ( Newcastlewest Cappamore (Coventry) Limerick Newcastlewest R T A D P 3rd Sapper Bernard J. McSweeney, Stoker Michael Cosgrove, 7th Private Michael Downes, 6th Private Patrick Connors, L L Royal Engineers Royal Naval Reserve, drowned Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, KIA R R St Michaels Church Street, Rathkeale Old Francis Street St. John's 2 P F D R D 5th Seaman Michael Doran, 2nd Company Sergeant Major 10th Private Joseph Hannan, 7th Seaman William Elligot, L P Royal Naval Reserve, DOW William Thomas Vause, DCM, King's Liverpool Regiment, KIA Royal Naval Reserve, drowned P R Taylor's Row, John St. Middlesex Regiment, DOW Limerick Limerick M R S Limerick and London c O 6th Gunner John Cotter, 17th Private John Kelly, 8th Private Patrick Coleman, R E P Royal Garrison Artillery 4th Private James Bell, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, DOW Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW B t Donaghmore and Blackboy Pike Royal Munster Fusiliers Prospect Row, Limerick Tooreen, Croom I F Ellen St. 2 P C 7th Private Patrick Cronin, 18th Private Patrick Cusack, 9th Private Patrick Healy, I R G Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW 6th Fireman Michael Burke, Royal Munster Fusiliers KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW B R Donnelly's Lane, Carey's Road Mercantile Marine, drowned Glin Maiden street, Newcastlewest R A Limerick L A 8th Private William O'Donnell, 20th Private Robert Houlihan, Private Mortimer O'Sullivan, B P C Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA 9th Private Michael McCarthy, Royal Munster Fusiliers Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW F R R Ardpatrick Royal Army Service Corps Roches Road, Rathkeale Newcastlewest S F Limerick D 9th Private Christopher Lowe, 21st Private Michael Casey, 11th Lance Corporal Patrick L A P Royal Irish Regiment 14th Gunner Thomas O'Connell, Connaught Rangers, KIA Meehan, Leinster Regiment, DOW C R C St. Patrick's, Limerick Royal Garrison Artillery, KIA Ballybricken Rathkeale F L M St. Michael's, Limerick D 11th Private David Madden, 27th Private William O'Connell, 12th Private Charles Tuite, R P Royal Munster Fusiliers, 15th *Staff Nurse Elizabeth Grace Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW P D O died as POW Stewart, Queen Alexandra's Nicker, Pallasgreen and Ool St. John's Limerick R B M Newcastlewest Imperial Nursing Service S 28th Lane Corporal George Madeley, 13th Private John Ryan, K Limerick 17th Lance Corporal Peter Fitzger Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA W L ald, Royal Munster Fusiliers, 16th Private Denis Curtin, High Road, Thomondgate Limerick L R DOW Irish Guards F 18th Private Patrick Cusack, G Kilmallock Ballingarry C Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA ( 21st Private John Lillis, 20th Second Lieutenant Thomas Glin B P Connaught Rangers, KIA Richard Beamish Lloyd, C Private Patrick Kelly, L Limerick Royal Army Service Corps S Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW M Cartown, Kildimo Sergeant George Piper, Carey's Road, Limerick F P Connaught Rangers, KIA 23rd Private John Joseph Guinane, L T 19th Lance Sergeant Patrick Barry, Rathkeale Royal Munster Fusiliers R South Lancashire Regiment, KIA P St Michael's Limerick L 22nd Private George Raphael Gibb, Knockaderry, Newcastlewest R Connaught Rangers, DOW Corporal Patrick Keane, F P 20th Private Michael McNamara, Island Road Cottages Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA C R Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW St. Michael's, Limerick B 29th Private John Lillis, Connaught St. Munchin's J Rangers, KIA 25th Captain George Browning, k P Private Christopher O'Donnell, Limerick Special List K R Connaught Rangers Carass Court, Croom N 30th Private John Gavin, Garryowen C Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA 27th Lance Corporal John Irwin, M 21st Captain Dan Sheehan, C Vize's Field, Limerick Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA B Irish Volunteers, drowned at I Ellen Street, Limerick 31st Private James FitzGerald, Ballykissane 2 L M Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Lance Corporal John Nash, Ballintubrid, Newcastlewest F L Anhid, Croom Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW F 24th Constable James O'Brien, B John Street, Limerick R Dublin Metropolitan Police, F 84 shot in Dublin B Glin

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May Limerick P G P P 24th Shoeing Smith Charles Private George Gardiner, 1st Private Patrick Leen, 5th G R R R W O'Gorman, 2nd Reserve Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA (Royal Irish) Lancers, DOW N C L N Regiment of Cavalry, Taylor's Row, John St. Abbeyfeale DOW Dublin Casualties in 29th Private Patrick Greene, S S P P Limerick 2nd Lance Corporal Patrick R R R R KIA Royal Inniskilling Ryan, Irish Guards, KIA S C O S 26th Private John Mooney, Fusiliers, DOW Doon Royal Irish Fusiliers, KIA Doon S C P S 3rd Private Francis Corbett, Context Limerick R W K R ed Private Patrick O'Grady, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA T M L L Michael O'Connor, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA St. Michael's L civilian, killed during Old Pallas, Pallasgreen G P P Rising 4th Edward Daly, Irish Volun Private Patrick Shea, A total of 288 Limerick people fell R P R R W Ballyhahill teers, executed D R P T Irish Guards, KIA Frederick (O'Curry) Street during the conflicts of 1916. Nine E 27th Private John Best, Royal Cappamore P P P Inniskilling Fusiliers, KIA Rifleman Arnold Hayden, of these were a result of the Easter Gunner William Treston, R F R R W Ballyorgan, Kilmallock Royal Irish Rifles, DOW D M G M st Royal Field Artillery Adare Rising while the remaining 279 fell L Lance Corporal William Abbeyfeale on the various fronts of the war or P P P Burke, Royal Munster Private John O'Dea, 30th Corporal Michael Enright, R P R R W Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA died of natural causes while in Royal Munster Fusiliers, A R R N St. John's Fedamore L DOW service. It is clear that in 1916 the P P L 5th Private James Kennedy, Lance Corporal Timothy Ardagh war had a greater impact on the R G C M W Cronin, Royal Dublin Royal Army Medical Corps Captain Cecil Herbert S R B R Fusiliers, KIA Limerick and Scotland people of Limerick than the Easter Michael Furnell, S Drumcollogher 139 P P P Royal Garrison Artillery Private Albert Rising. Many Limerick soldiers R * R R W O'Callaghan, Royal Private John Cunneen, DOW also returned suffering from severe d S N S Royal Inniskiling Fusiliers, Ballyclough Munster Fusiliers, DOW N I St. Michael's Limerick L P KIA wounds, physical and mental, L L R R Watergate Lance Corporal Michael having witnessed the carnage of a P H L Lance Corporal James Ryan, Royal Irish D I Fusiliers, DOW Gallipoli and the Somme. P Garland, Cameronians K B Cappamore R (Scottish Rifles) KIA Bruff P S G 6th Private William Kelly, Of the nine killed in connection C R Connaught Rangers, DOW P Lance Corporal Walter L R St. Mary's, Limerick with the Rising, three were Irish R W Mills, Royal Dublin C S C Fusiliers, KIA Private Michael Munroe, Volunteers: Ned Daly and Con C P Limerick The King's (Liverpool L , R R Regiment), DOW Colbert were executed after the S IA Private Edward Storan, S Limerick K Royal Inniskilling Rising. Donal Sheehan was C C Fusiliers, KIA Private John Noone, P drowned in County Kerry on the I R Castleconnell Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA R W S Brennan's Row way to pick up arms from the Aud. P S Jane Costello, Civilian, R C killed in rising Private Patrick Shine, Two were in the Royal Irish P l, L S Kilmallock Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA C Constabulary (James O’Brien and C Newcastlewest P G Constable Christopher Christopher Miller); two were in R L Miller, RIC, killed in rising C 8th Cornelius (Con) Colbert, V R Ballycahane, Pallaskenry the British Army (Charles I Irish Volunteers, executed E P B 28th Lance Corporal Peter Moanleana, Castlemahon O’Gorman and Patrick Leen); and R L B Fitzgerald, Royal Munster 9th Lance Corporal David two were civilians caught in the A R Fusiliers, DOW C Best, Royal Munster J Rockhill, Kilmallock crossfire (Jane Costello and D Fusiliers, KIA s Ballyorgan, Kilmallock Michael O’Connor). 85 G

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June JuLY 11th Private Patrick Gallery, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA 10th Private Terence Neville, 26th Private Michael Gleeson, 1st Private Edward Hartney, Royal P P P S St. John's Limerick Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, accident Munster Fusiliers, KIA S R I R Walsh's Lane, Edward Street New Road, Rathkeale Duggan's Row, Limerick G L L W 14th Major James FitzGerald Bannatyne, 11th (Prince Albert's Private Francis Sheahan, 28th Private John Foran, Private James Harvey, P P B P Own) Hussars, DOW Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, KIA R R M A Fanningstown Castle Market Alley, Limerick Killoughteen, Newcastlewest St. Michael's Limerick S C L K 16th Lance Corporal Patrick Hogan, 11th Private John Moloney, Private Thomas Halvey, Company Sergeant Major D P L S Lancashire Fusiliers, KIA Welsh Regiment, DOW Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW Robert Modler, Royal R R G B Limerick Kilmallock Edward St. Limerick Inniskilling Fusiliers KIA L G N B Court Matrix, Rathkeale K L 19th Private John Goulding, 16th Private William Harnett, Sergeant Henry O'Brien, P P Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Dublin Fusiliers, KIA Irish Guards Captain John Forrest Ruttledge R R P P Ardagh Newcastlewest Shanagolden MC, West Yorkshire Regiment, KIA S H G R Castleconnell C D 21st Rifleman William Carroll, Captain James Parker, Private Charles O'Shaughnessy, P P B London Regiment (Post Office Royal Army Medical Corps Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Sergeant John Smith, R T P Rifles), KIA Limerick St. Michael's Limerick Hampshire Regiment, KIA S R R L Wolfe Tone Street Limerick K N N 17th Lieutenant James St. John 29th Lance Corporal Patrick Foran, R R 26th Private Patrick Lillis, Dundon, Royal Army Medical Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW 3rd Private George Patrick H C P D Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Corps Josses Lane, Mungret Street McNamee, Suffolk Regiment, KIA D M R S Garvey's Long Lane, Clare Ascot Terrace, O'Connell Avenue Limerick C B B Private James Hanley, Street K Private Thomas Hogan, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA 4th Lieutenant Frederick Henry P P Private William Lynch, Royal Irish Fusiliers, KIA Newcastlewest Norris Lee, Irish Guards, DOW R C R Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Limerick Limerick D R K Corporal Patrick Hogan, Athea, Ardagh C 22nd Sergeant James Murphy, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Private Francis McDonnell, P P Lieutenant Gerald Spring-Rice, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Maiden Street, Newcastlwest Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW K P R Border Regiment, KIA Fedamore River Lane, Mary Street B R N 30th Private Martin Kennedy, Mount Trenchard, Foynes A C Private Patrick Sweeney, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA 5th Private William Bourke, P 28th Private Patrick O'Gorman, Connaught Rangers Punches Lane, Carey's Road, Connaught Rangers, Drowned P C R Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Glue Yard Lane, Sand Mall Limerick Garryspillane, Knocklong R S N St. John's Square, Limerick C L Private Robert Mulcahy, 23rd Private Joseph Conway, 7th Corporal Thomas Connelly, L P 29th Sergeant Michael Cullinane, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Leinster Regiment, KIA P R Royal Irish Fusiliers St Michael's, Limerick St. Michael's, Limerick St. John's Limerick R D S Abbeyfeale S F Private Timothy O'Dwyer, Lance Corporal Patrick Lynch, Private John Tuohey, C L Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA P Private Daniel Sheehan, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW B R Bowman Street, Limerick R Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Athlacca Stradbally, Castleconnell A M P Mountcollins, Abbeyfeale Private John Williams, Lance Corporal Thomas O'Brien, 8th Major Clement Ignatius Ryan, M P Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA P Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Essex Regiment, KIA S R St. Mary's, Limerick Rathkeale Scarteen R C A P 25th Private Jeremiah McAuliffe, 9th Private Denis Hayes, O S P Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Leinster Regiment, DOW I R R Chapel Street, Kilfinane Bulgaden F N S Private James H Wilson, L Corporal John McGrath, P Canadian Expeditionary Force, P B Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA C executed R R St Munchin's Limerick S Limerick W L Second Lieutenant William 10th Private John Byrnes, 2 S P Brabazon Owens, Royal Munster Fusiliers R R Royal Engineers Limerick W A Hazeldene, Limerick Private James Gammel, P P 86 Royal Irish Fusiliers, KIA R R Hospital L F Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 87

August P M P P P yal 11th Private Robert Alfred, Private Thomas Gleeson, 1st Private Patrick Scully, Sergeant Frederick Roughan, S R R M South African Infantry, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Irish Guards Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA W N D Graigue, Adare Limerick Limerick West Watergate M B P P P Private John O'Dwyer, Private Daniel O'Brien, 3rd Bombardier Christopher 25th Private William Hartnett, O R R R KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Magner, Royal Field Artillery Australian Infantry, KIA F M K S St. John's Limerick Chapel Lane Rathkeale Limerick Knockadiveen, Abbeyfeale L P P C 15th Driver Daniel Golden, Private John O'Connell, 4th Lance Sergeant Daniel 28th Sergeant Major Albert L W R R Royal Field Artillery, DOW Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Greene, DCM, MM, Boucher Heaney, Rifle L K E I Limerick Glenbrohane, Knocklong Northumberland Fusiliers, KIA Brigade C Kilcolman, Ardagh Limerick and Rathfarnam P P S Private Michael Guerin, 21st Private Thomas O'Callaghan, R R I C dge Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW 6th Private John Wilbank, 30th Private James Hayes, A N S M KIA St Mary's Limerick Herbertstown Gordon Highlanders, DOW Royal Munster Fusiliers, C Castletown DOW R P 16th Private John Hannon, 23rd Private John Kelly, C Boherbuoy, Rathkeale L R R S Royal Muster Fusiliers, KIA The Loyal North Lancashire 14th Private Michael Butler, R L S H St. John's Limerick Regiment, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA 31st Lance Corporal Philip W L Kilfinane Nicholas Street Naughton, L Rev. Jeremiah Austin L Royal Munster Fusiliers, P R Hartigan SJ, Army Chaplains' 24th Captain Noel Cairns Clery D P 16th Private John Corbett, DOW R J Dept., died of jaundice MC, Royal Field Artillery, KIA C M IA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Shanagolden G A L Croom Ballinahinch House, Ballyneety P S Knocklong P R L Private Patrick Reddan, 18th Private Thomas Connery, P R N N W Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA 25th Corporal Stephen Supple, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA R L L Doyle's Cottages, Garryowen Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW Kilfinane C A Castleconnell R P 17th Private Martin McGrath, 20th Private Thomas Coffey, L R M R W King's Own Scottish 26th Private Daniel Merner, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA B F R Borderers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Newcastlewest P M Arthur's Quay, Limerick Convent Street, Limerick P R P Private Michael Sheehy, P C P C d Private John O'Mara, 27th Corporal William Henry Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA R G L G Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW Shilcock, Oxford and Bucks Newcastlewest S Clare street Light Infantry, KIA P P C Limerick 21st Private Patrick Slattery, S R R L 18th Private John Dillon, Royal Irish Regiment, KIA R S S S Royal Irish Regiment DOW 28th Donworth, Captain Thomas Stradbally A St. Mary's Francis, Army Veterinary P L P Corps, drowned 22nd Lieutenant Frank Moran, R Private Daniel Dineen, P R R W Bruree Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA B Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA R A S Adare Miltown, Bruff Private James Ryan, Royal M P L M n, Munster Fusiliers 23rd Private Michael Gallagher, R Private Michael McMahon, R E St. Munchin's Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA S R S Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Cannons Row, John St Askeaton 29th Private Christopher P P O'Gorman, Australian 24th Sergeant David Boddy, Private John Sullivan, R L Infantry, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA C B Francis Street, Limerick Newcastlewest St. John's Limerick P Lance Corporal Michael C 31st Private Thomas Berkley, C ce, 19th Private Patrick Maher, Bourke, R Connaught Rangers, KIA e Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA S St. Michael's, Limerick L Whitewine Lane, Watergate Limerick S P 20th Sergeant Michael Ahern, Private Michael Broderick, B R Royal Field Artillery, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA R L West Watergate Abbeyfeale H P Private Michael Boyce, Private Michael Hedderman, R Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW 87 H Limerick Fedamore Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 88

September

1st Private Daniel Ahern, 4th Private Michael Hogan, Royal Private Patrick White, Corporal Martin O'Sullivan, Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW Munster Fusiliers, DOW Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, KIA Castleconnell St. Michael's, Limerick Moore Street, Cappamore Knockainy

Private John McCormack, Corporal William Walsh, Private Patrick Edwards, 9th Driver Michael Bray, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Field Artillery, KIA Donnelly's Lane, Carey's Road Co. Limerick St. John's Limerick Private James O'Brien, Captain John William Private Thomas Lawless, Private William Clancy, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA WhiteBell, Royal Munster Leinster Regiment, KIA Royal Irish Regiment, KIA St. Mary's Place, Athlunkard Fusiliers, KIA St. Michael's, Limerick Oola Street, Limerick Cappamore 3rd Acting Bombardier John Private Daniel Griffin, Private Michael Wade, 11th Private William Coughlan, Coughlan, Royal Field Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW Artillery, DOW Bulgaden St. John's, Limerick Palatine Road, Bruff Newtown, Bruff Private John Hayes, 5th Private Michael Dee, Private John Dunne, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Lance Sergeant Charles, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Irish Guards Fedamore Donoghue, Royal Munster Cross of the Tree, Knocklong Newcastlewest Fusiliers, DOW Private John Lillis, Private Robert Gabbett, Ballywilliam Private Daniel Galvin, The King's (Liverpool Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Leinster Regiment, KIA Regiment), KIA 15th Private Cornelius Cagney, O'Curry Street, Limerick St Johns, Limerick Boherbuoy Irish Guards, KIA 6th Private Peter Paul Clarke, Banogue, Croom Private Edward Godsell, Lance Corporal John, Leinster Regiment, DOW Royal Irish Regiment, KIA McNamara, Royal Munster Lance Corporal Michael Dromkeen and Pallasgreen Glentworth Street, Limerick Fusiliers, KIA Gilligan, Irish Guards, KIA Private Michael O'Connell, St, Mary's Limerick St. Mary's Limerick Captain Edward Hegarty MC, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Irish Regiment, KIA Private Daniel Moloney, Rifleman Daniel Hartnett, Caherline Limerick and Clonmel Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA N.Z. Rifle Brigade, KIA Private Michael O'Donovan, Grattan Street, Limerick Dromtrasna Collins, Private Patrick McMahon, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, KIA Abbeyfeale Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Private William Murphy, Boherbuoy George's Quay Royal Irish Regiment, KIA Private Michael Maloney, 7th Rifleman Samuel Adams, Co. Limerick Irish Guards, KIA Private Patrick McNamara, Royal Irish Rifles KIA Adamstown Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Lance Sergeant Joseph Richmond Terrace, Henry St John's Noonan, Royal Munster Private Michael Mulcahy Street Fusiliers, KIA MM, Royal Army Medical Private Michael Moore, Private Cornelius Bennett, Boherbuoy Corps, KIA Connaught Rangers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Meanus St. Patrick's, Limerick Private Thomas O'Brien, Clare Street 3rd South African Horse, DOW Private Martin Mulqueen, Private Denis O'Shaughnessy, 8th Private Patrick Hickey, Fleanmore, Glin Royal Munster Fusiliers Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA St. John's Lmerick Limerick Private James O'Dwyer, St. Patrick's Limerick Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Lance Corporal Daniel Private Timothy Sheehan, Private John O'Halloran, Ballynoe West, Nealon, Irish Guards, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Newcastlewest Templebraden, Pallasgreen Kilmallock Glin Private John O'Shea, Private Patrick Noonan, Private Patrick Walsh, Private James Roche, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Irish Guards Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW Limerick Limerick Browne's Place, Edward Walsh's Lane, Carey's Road Street Private John Ryan, Irish Guards, KIA

Mountminnett, Ballybrood

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OCTOber NOVEMBER DECEMBER

Lance Corporal Edgar Walter 1st Private John Gaynor, 3rd Lieutenant Eyre Frederick 11th Private Philip Joseph Cronin, Wills, Rifle Brigade, KIA Machine Gun Corps. DOW Morton Dann, Canadian Lancashire Fusiliers, William Street, Limerick Mount Kennett Infantry (British Columbia Adare Regt.), KIA 17th Private Jeremiah Buckley, 3rd Private John White, Kilkeedy and Ontario 19th Private Timothy Carroll, Irish Guards, DOW Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Knocklong Adare 7th Private John O'Gorman MM, Island Road Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW Private Denis O'Dwyer, Corporal Christopher Doon Private Joseph Griffin, Irish Guards, KIA Brummell, Royal Munster Royal Munster Fusiliers Oola Fusiliers 10th Private Thomas Alexander, Catherine Place, Limerick Francis Street Royal Irish Fusiliers 18th Private Patrick O'Sullivan, Limerick Private Edmund Higgins, Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW 4th Private John Lyddy, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Newcastlewest Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW 14th Second Lieutenant Charles Knockainey St. John's, Limerick Paul Close, Royal Dublin 19th Private John Hall, Canadian Fusiliers, DOW 23rd Private Patrick Earls, Infantry (British Columbia 6th Rev. Cornelius McAuliffe Limerick Royal Munster Fusiliers Regt.) KIA OFM, Army Chaplain's Margaret's Place, Limerick Department 15th Lieutenant Patrick Joseph Limerick and British 24th Private John Lane, Meenoline North, Fawl, Middlesex Regiment, Columbia Royal Munster Fusiliers Templeglantine DOW 25th Sergeant James Mitchell, Emmet Plce, Limerick Abbeyfeale Royal Dublin Fusiliers, DOW Captain John O'Brien MC, 18th Private Patrick McDonnell, Limerick Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Richmond House, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA 26th Private Thomas Byrne, The Crescent Shanagolden East Yorkshire Regiment 20th Private Denis Morrissey, Oola 13th Second Lieutenant Solomon King, Northumberland Royal Dublin Fusiliers, DOW Lance Corporal Bartholomew Fusiliers, KIA Broadford Galvin, Royal Irish Rifles, KIA Limerick 21st Driver Joseph Murphy, Limerick 14th Gunner John O'Brien, Royal Army Service Corps 27th Private Arthur Hetherington, Royal Garrison Artillery Ballingarry and Chester Grenadier Guards, KIA Capanahana, Lisnagry 24th Private John O'Keefe, Verona Esplenade, Limerick 23rd Drummer Robert Francis Royal Irish Rifles Private Joseph Power, Williams, Seaforth Limerick Irish Guards, DOW Highlanders, KIA 25th Private Philip Comiskey, Mount Vincent, Rosbrien Limerick Royal Dublin Fusiliers, KIA 28th Private William McCormack, 27th Captain Heffernan James Limerick Royal Irish Regiment, KIA Considine, MC, Royal Irish Fedamore Regiment, KIA Derk, Pallasgreen 30th Private Patrick O'Sullivan, Irish Guards, DOW 28th Second Lieutenant George Ballyhahill Agar Trevor Benson MC, Middlesex Regiment, KIA Castleconnell

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granted to the wives and fami- Technical Instruction held early The Home Front lies of soldiers who had enlisted. in 1916, Councillor Anthony Their purpose was to entice Mackey referred to the export of Letters connected the battle recruits, and to help fund the oats and drew comparisons with front with the home front. One living expenses of those whose the Famine where Ireland had of seven children from Carey’s ‘bread-winner’ had gone to war. been ‘denuded’ of food, men and Road, Limerick, Patrick Browne A soldier’s wife and family money. It was suggested that the served with the 1st Battalion received a flat rate, supple- amount of land under tillage 143 Royal Irish Rifles. On 5 June mented by an extra sum based should be increased. 141 1916, he wrote from Fovant on his rank. Training Camp, Wiltshire: At a public meeting held soon Although the Irish economy after, it was claimed that the Dear Mother just a few lines boomed during the war years, situation for some labouring to let you know I received the benefits to Limerick were men and their families was your parcel alright, but I did uneven. Farmers did very well, ‘approaching famine’ and a have a laugh when I see due to the demand in Britain for proposal was made that one what you send me. I would Irish agricultural produce, as quarter to a half of an acre at a rather if you would not send did the food processing facto- reasonable price should be made so much the next time ries, pig-buyers and cattle-deal- available to labouring men to because it would go to waste. ers of the city, as well as the keep them from starvation.144 banks and shops, which bene- On the 18 October 1916 a letter fited from the general prosper- By 1916 the war had hit Limer- arrived at the Browne house ity. On the other hand, the ick Port very badly. The activi- containing a second envelope increasing price of food, clothing ties of German submarines, or with flowers that Patrick had and rent caused enormous hard- U-boats made journeys to picked at the front. These still ships for the poor.142 The war Britain far more dangerous than exist and though they have dried caused a shortage of copper to ports on the East coast. The out, the poignant sentiments sulphate and carbonate of soda resulting unemployment caus- they contain can still be used for spraying potatoes, ed great hardship for the dock- experienced. Patrick Browne which resulted in an outbreak of ers and their families. Also, the was killed in action on 25 potato blight. Pork production collapse in coal imports resulted October 1917 and is buried in was also affected and food in steep increases in coal, gas Prowse Point Military Cemetery, prices reached unprecedented and electricity prices. This Belgium.140 levels, causing unease. At a impacted on the entire popula- meeting of Limerick County tion which relied on coal and Separation allowances were Committee of Agriculture and gas for heating and cooking.145

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