Tesis Doctoral AOE: La Cuestión De La Soberanía Y El Abandono Del Sahara

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Tesis Doctoral AOE: La Cuestión De La Soberanía Y El Abandono Del Sahara TESIS DOCTORAL AÑO 2015 ÁFRICA OCCIDENTAL ESPAÑOLA: LA CUESTIÓN DE LA SOBERANÍA Y LA RETIRADA DEL SAHARA JOSÉ CARLOS LÓPEZ-POZAS LANUZA ENSEÑANZA MILITAR DE GRADO SUPERIOR INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO GENERAL GUTIÉRREZ MELLADO DIRECTOR: DR. D. FERNANDO PUELL DE LA VILLA TUTORA: DRA. Dª. ALICIA GIL GIL INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO GENERAL GUTIÉRREZ MELLADO ÁFRICA OCCIDENTAL ESPAÑOLA: LA CUESTIÓN DE LA SOBERANÍA Y LA RETIRADA DEL SAHARA AUTOR: D. JOSÉ CARLOS LÓPEZ-POZAS LANUZA DIRECTOR: DR. D. FERNANDO PUELL DE LA VILLA TUTORA: DRA. Dª. ALICIA GIL GIL I II ÍNDICE Página LISTADO DE SIGLAS EMPLEADAS ........................................................................ VII INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................................... XI Justificación .......................................................................................................... XI Objetivos e hipótesis ............................................................................................ XII Estado de la cuestión ......................................................................................... XIV Fuentes ............................................................................................................... XVI Metodología ....................................................................................................... XIX Organización de la tesis ....................................................................................... XX Reflexión final y agradecimientos ...................................................................... XXI PRIMERA PARTE. EL PROBLEMA DE LA SOBERANÍA ......................................... 1 CAPÍTULO PRIMERO. ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS ........................................... 3 1.1. EL CONCEPTO MARROQUÍ DE SOBERANÍA ............................................................... 3 1.2. LÍMITES DE MARRUECOS DESDE EL SIGLO XI HASTA 1860 ..................................... 7 1.3. LOS EXPLORADORES QUE LLEGARON AL SAHARA ................................................ 16 1.4. TAZERUALT, EL REINO DE SIDI HACHEM Y EL ESTADO DE BEIRUK ...................... 22 1.5. LAS RELACIONES ENTRE BEIRUK, TAZERUALT, MARRUECOS Y LOS EUROPEOS. EL TRÁFICO DE NÁUFRAGOS EUROPEOS ............................................................... 28 1.6. LA EXPEDICIÓN DE HASSAN I EN 1882 ................................................................. 35 1.7. LA SITUACIÓN DEL SUS Y DEL NUN DESDE LA EXPEDICIÓN DE 1886 HASTA PRINCIPIOS DEL SIGLO XX ................................................................................... 40 CAPÍTULO 2. EL PROCESO COLONIZADOR ........................................................... 47 2.1. LOS POBLADORES DEL NORTE DEL SAHARA Y SUS RELACIONES CON EL SULTÁN Y LOS EUROPEOS A PARTIR DE 1882 ........................................................................ 47 2.2. LOS ANTECEDENTES DEL DESEMBARCO OFICIAL ESPAÑOL EN EL NORTE DEL SAHARA: LAS TENTATIVAS EUROPEAS ................................................................. 51 2.3. MA EL AININ: EL MAURITANO QUE FUNDÓ SMARA .............................................. 55 2.4. LOS ACUERDOS HISPANO-FRANCESES .................................................................. 61 2.5. EL DESEMBARCO OFICIAL ESPAÑOL EN EL SAHARA .............................................. 64 III África Occidental Española: La cuestión de la soberanía y la retirada del Sahara SEGUNDA PARTE. EL PROCESO DE REVERSIÓN ................................................. 71 CAPÍTULO 3. LA RETROCESIÓN DE IFNI Y TARFAYA ........................................ 75 3.1. EL CONCEPTO DEL “GRAN MARRUECOS” ............................................................. 76 3.2. LA GUERRA DE IFNI-SAHARA. LOS PRINCIPALES ACTORES .................................. 81 3.3. LA GUERRA DE IFNI-SAHARA: ANTECEDENTES PRÓXIMOS (JUNIO DE 1956- NOVIEMBRE DE 1957 ............................................................................................ 84 3.4. LAS OPERACIONES EN IFNI ................................................................................... 91 3.5. LAS OPERACIONES EN EL SAHARA ........................................................................ 94 3.6. LA RETROCESIÓN DE IFNI ..................................................................................... 99 CAPÍTULO 4. LA FASE PRELIMINAR DEL ABANDONO DEL SAHARA: JULIO DE 1974- OCTUBRE DE 1975 .......................................................... 105 4.1. INTERESES Y MEDIOS DE LAS GRANDES POTENCIAS ............................................ 106 4.1.1. Los intereses de EEUU y su papel en el conflicto .................................... 106 4.1.2. Los intereses de la Unión Soviética y su papel en el conflicto ................. 114 4.1.3. Los intereses de Francia y su papel en el conflicto ................................... 115 4.2. INTERESES Y MEDIOS DE MARRUECOS ............................................................... 121 4.2.1. El expansionismo alauita ........................................................................... 121 4.2.2. La situación económica de Marruecos ...................................................... 122 4.2.3. La situación político-social ....................................................................... 124 4.2.4. El inicio de las reivindicaciones ................................................................ 131 4.2.5. El Frente de Liberación y Unidad (FLU) .................................................. 134 4.3. INTERESES Y MEDIOS DE ESPAÑA ....................................................................... 136 4.3.1. Primera fase. La política de España a principios de 1974 ......................... 137 4.3.2. Segunda fase. Actuación de España ante la presión de Marruecos........... 148 4.3.3. Tercera fase. España pierde la confianza .................................................. 151 4.3.4. Cuarta fase. Marruecos aumenta la presión .............................................. 155 4.3.5. Quinta fase. España abandona ................................................................... 157 4.4. INTERESES Y MEDIOS DE LOS ACTORES SECUNDARIOS ........................................ 160 4.4.1. Los intereses de Argelia y su papel en el conflicto ................................... 161 4.4.2. Los intereses de Mauritania y su papel en el conflicto ............................. 167 4.4.3. La población saharaui ................................................................................ 173 4.5. LA SECUENCIA DE LOS HECHOS .......................................................................... 182 IV Índice 4.5.1. La declaración de Hassan II de su intención de recuperar el territorio y la declaración de España de su intención de promulgar el estatuto............... 183 4.5.2. La decisión española de convocar un referéndum .................................... 187 4.5.3. La petición de Marruecos para que interviniera el TIJ .............................. 188 4.5.4. La declaración de España de su intención de abandonar el territorio ....... 193 4.5.5. La actuación del FLU ................................................................................ 197 4.5.6. Las negociaciones con el Polisario ............................................................ 200 4.5.7. La resolución del TIJ y la Marcha Verde .................................................. 203 CAPÍTULO 5. EL PROCESO DE ABANDONO DEL SAHARA: 16 DE OCTUBRE- 14 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 1975 ........................................................... 207 5.1. LA GESTACIÓN Y PREPARACIÓN DE LA MARCHA VERDE. ................................... 207 5.2. LA SECUENCIA DE LOS HECHOS. LOS FRENTES DIPLOMÁTICO Y POLÍTICO. ......... 214 5.3. LA SECUENCIA DE LOS HECHOS. EL FRENTE MILITAR. ........................................ 231 5.4. LOS ACUERDOS DE MADRID .............................................................................. 239 CAPÍTULO 6. LAS ACTUACIONES DE EEUU Y NACIONES UNIDAS .............. 243 CAPÍTULO 7. LA TRANSFERENCIA DE PODERES Y LA RETIRADA DE ESPAÑA .............................................................................................. 255 7.1. LAS OPERACIONES MILITARES ............................................................................ 255 7.2. LAS CUESTIÓN DEL REFERÉNDUM ...................................................................... 261 7.3. EL SENTIR DE LOS ESPAÑOLES ............................................................................ 267 7.4. LAS ACTUACIONES POLÍTICAS DE LOS PRINCIPALES ACTORES ............................ 270 7.5. EL VERDADERO TRASFONDO DE LOS ACUERDOS DE MADRID ............................ 273 CONCLUSIONES ......................................................................................................... 279 FUENTES Y BIBLIOGRAFÍA .................................................................................... 283 APÉNDICE CARTOGRÁFICO ................................................................................... 291 Anexo n.º 1. Mapa de Sandon d'Abbeville ......................................................... 293 Anexo n.º 2. Mapa de Vicenzo Coronelli ........................................................... 295 Anexo n.º 3. Mapa de Rigoberto Bonne ............................................................. 297 Anexo n.º 4. Mapa del Imperio de Marruecos .................................................... 299 Anexo n.º 5. Mapa de la Berbería occidental ...................................................... 301 Anexo n.º 6. Mapa
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