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War and Insurgency in the Western Sahara
Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) is part of the U.S. Army War College and is the strategic-level study agent for issues relat- ed to national security and military strategy with emphasis on geostrategic analysis. The mission of SSI is to use independent analysis to conduct strategic studies that develop policy recommendations on: • Strategy, planning, and policy for joint and combined employment of military forces; • Regional strategic appraisals; • The nature of land warfare; • Matters affecting the Army’s future; • The concepts, philosophy, and theory of strategy; and, • Other issues of importance to the leadership of the Army. Studies produced by civilian and military analysts concern topics having strategic implications for the Army, the Department of Defense, and the larger national security community. In addition to its studies, SSI publishes special reports on topics of special or immediate interest. These include edited proceedings of conferences and topically-oriented roundtables, expanded trip reports, and quick-reaction responses to senior Army leaders. The Institute provides a valuable analytical capability within the Army to address strategic and other issues in support of Army participation in national security policy formulation. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press WAR AND INSURGENCY IN THE WESTERN SAHARA Geoffrey Jensen May 2013 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. -
Tesis Doctoral AOE: La Cuestión De La Soberanía Y El Abandono Del Sahara
TESIS DOCTORAL AÑO 2015 ÁFRICA OCCIDENTAL ESPAÑOLA: LA CUESTIÓN DE LA SOBERANÍA Y LA RETIRADA DEL SAHARA JOSÉ CARLOS LÓPEZ-POZAS LANUZA ENSEÑANZA MILITAR DE GRADO SUPERIOR INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO GENERAL GUTIÉRREZ MELLADO DIRECTOR: DR. D. FERNANDO PUELL DE LA VILLA TUTORA: DRA. Dª. ALICIA GIL GIL INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO GENERAL GUTIÉRREZ MELLADO ÁFRICA OCCIDENTAL ESPAÑOLA: LA CUESTIÓN DE LA SOBERANÍA Y LA RETIRADA DEL SAHARA AUTOR: D. JOSÉ CARLOS LÓPEZ-POZAS LANUZA DIRECTOR: DR. D. FERNANDO PUELL DE LA VILLA TUTORA: DRA. Dª. ALICIA GIL GIL I II ÍNDICE Página LISTADO DE SIGLAS EMPLEADAS ........................................................................ VII INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................................... XI Justificación .......................................................................................................... XI Objetivos e hipótesis ............................................................................................ XII Estado de la cuestión ......................................................................................... XIV Fuentes ............................................................................................................... XVI Metodología ....................................................................................................... XIX Organización de la tesis ....................................................................................... XX Reflexión final y agradecimientos ..................................................................... -
Refugee Camps and Exile in the Construction of the Saharawi Nation
Singing like Wood-birds: Refugee Camps and Exile in the Construction of the Saharawi Nation Nicola Cozza Wolfson College Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Development Studies Refugee Studies Centre Queen Elizabeth House Faculty of Social Studies University of Oxford Trinity Term 2003 [ttf CONTENTS Acknowledgments viii Glossary of abbreviations and acronyms ix Maps x - xv I - INTRODUCTION 1 'Humanitarian emergencies': the merging of global influences and local processes 4 Saharawi refugees, Polisario camps and social change 7 Methodological considerations 12 Verbal interactions 15 Trust, tribes and bias: assessing interviewees' information 19 Fieldwork and trans-local processes 22 Outline of the following chapters 26 II - THE GENESIS OF WESTERN SAHARA AND OF ITS POST-COLONIAL CONFLICT. AN HISTORICAL ANALYSIS 31 Western Sahara: a geographical overview 32 The birth of the Moors 34 Traditional tribal hierarchies 37 Inter-tribal hierarchies 37 The 'tribe' in Western Sahara 41 The 'ghazi' and social change 43 Spanish colonisation 45 From Spanish colony to Spanish province 48 Identifying Spanish Saharawi and providing goods and services 55 Colonial plans for independence 61 The birth of the Polisario Front 63 The last years of Spanish colonisation in Western Sahara 64 Genesis and development of the armed conflict in Western Sahara 71 III - WHO ARE THE SAHARAWI? THE REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF THE PEACE-PROCESS IN WESTERN SAHARA 78 'Saharawi': blood, land and word-games 79 From the UN to the OAU, and back to the UN 82 The MINURSO and the 1991 UN plan 85 The dispute over voter eligibility 91 The 1974 Census 92 Morocco vs. -
The Limbs Factory: Circuits of Fear and Hope and the Political Imagination on the Western Sahara
The American University in Cairo School of Global Affairs and Public Policy The Limbs Factory: Circuits of Fear and Hope and the Political Imagination on the Western Sahara A Thesis Submitted to Cynthia Nelson Institute for Gender and Women’s Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Gender and Women’s Studies in Middle East/ North Africa Kenza Yousfi Committee members: Dr. Martina Rieker, IGWS, AUC Dr. Hanan Sabea, SAPE, AUC Dr. Nizar Messari, SHSS, AUI May/2015 . Acknowledgments This project would not have been possible without the people who have supported me all the way through the stress, confusion, and passion that enabled me to write. I thank my committee members: Martina, Hanan, and Nizar, for their intellectual engagement and the political horizons they have opened to me throughout the past few years. My friends around the globe, I hope that reading these pages compensate you with the hours of counseling and listening you had to lead me through. Only you could understand my craziness. My family, although very far from sharing any political ideas, I must be thankful for your encouragement and concern of safety even when you did not know where in the world I was. I thank all the Saharawis who wanted to help by all means while I was in the camps. Many thanks for the NUSW for coordinating my stay and providing me with the logistics, and to the family that hosted me like a family member, not a stranger. I owe a particular debt to one person who shall remain unnamed for his own safety, who made my access to the Saharawi camps possible, and who showed a concern about my research and safety. -
ASSOCIATION of CONCERNED AFRICA SCHOLARS Recent Publications of Interest
NEWSLETTER NUMBER 6, February 1982 CONTENTS Letter from Executive Secretary 1 African Studies and U.S. Intelligence . 2 ACCESS Report on Springbok Tour . • . 5 ACAS Political Education and Action . 6 Why Optimism About a Namibian Settlement? 7 ASSOCIATION OF CONCERNED AFRICA SCHOLARS Recent Publications of Interest . • . 8 P.O. Box 791, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 We Say No to Apartheid Sport . 9 Reagan Administration and Western Sahara 12 Summary of Solidarity Conference Papers . 14 LETTER TO ACAS MEMBERS FROM EXECUTIVE SECRETARY Through this committee, ACAS has provided de positions and helped rally support for the Dear Fellow ACAS Members, Dennis Brutus Defense Campaign and we are playing a central role in trying to free Pr o In the fall I wrote to you on behalf of the fessor Ernest Wamba-dia-Wamba detained in Board urging that you join with us to revital Zaire. We are also monitoring and collectinc ize the Association of Concerned Africa Scho information about the massive deportation of 0 lars. It is our belief that as specialists Ethiopian students and expect to participate in ~r~c~n St~dies we are not likely to impact as individuals on American foreign policy but in an effort to block such actions. Finall y, our plans for a high-quality informative as a group of concerned scholars working to newsletter to be published three times a gether with other broad-based progressive or year are proceeding well as are our efforts ganizations, . we can and indeed must vigorously to organize ACAS panels at the African Stu make our voice heard. -
Western Sahara Atlas
FICSS in DOS Western Sahara Atlas Map Field Information and Coordination Support Section As of April 2007 Division of Operational Services Email : [email protected] ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( Ihamchioun((( ((( ((( Id Abd ((( ((( ((( Caleta de Sebo (((((( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( Orzola ((( ((( Aguelloui ((( ((( ((( ((( ((Igdi( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( Sidi Bou Lanouar Sidi Mohamed el Gaut ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( Adaï ((( ((( ((( ((( Asaca Tagant ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( Tinajo((( ((!(! ((( ((( (((!! ((( ((( Tracim (((((( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( Aït Moussa ou Daoud ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( Tías!! ((( Aït Boukha ((( ((( El-Abiar((( ((( Targoumaït ((( ((( ((( ((( Tanezida ((( ((( ((( ((( Los Sauces ((( Puntagorda ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( Taïdalt ((( ((( ((( ((( Corralejo !! ((( ((( !! Tostón ((( ((( ((( ((( Los Llanos Aferkert El Borj ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( La Oliva ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( Assa ((( Afur ((( Tidergit ((( ((( ((( ((( Tefía ((( Tejina ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( !! ((( ((( ((( ((( Fuencaliente ((( ((( !! ((( ((( Aouinet Torkoz ((( Agua-García!! ((( ((( !! ((( Tan-Tan ((( ((( ((( Antigua ((( Tistguezzemtz !!! Ajui ((( Tiglit ((( ((( ((( !!!! ((( El Amparo((( ((( !! (((((( !! ((( ((( ((( !! Güimar ((( ((( ((( Tilemsoun ((( Aldea((( de Chilegua ((( ((( !! ((( ((( ((( ((( !! ((( ((( ((( ((( Hermigua ((( ((( ((( ((( Vilaflor !! El Cedro((( ((( ((( !! !! Las Palmas ALGERIAALGERIA !! ((( ((( !! !! ALGERIA ((( ALGERIAALGERIA !! ((( ((( !! ALGERIAALGERIA !! ((( ((( !! ((( ALGERIAALGERIA ((( !! ((( ((( !! ((( ALGERIAALGERIA ((( -
Contribution to the Study of Some Lithic Monuments of West-Sahara
M. MILBURN and l. KÓBEL-WETTLAUFFER, Ronda - München CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF SOME LITHIC MONUMENTS OF WEST SAHARA PART I The object of this report is to describe various constructions seen during several different expeditions and particularly to those possibly not observed by previous writers during their extensive studies of these regions. Our own studies were of necessity restricted to observation and measure ment. No excavation was attempted. We thank Professors Th. Monod and G. Souville for their invaluable help and encouragement; Mr. James Swauger for his information on dolmen sites; and Mr. Charles Freeman, who initially drew and described sorne of the sites in Spanish Sahara. The opportunity to carry out field studies in the latter territory is owed almost entirely to the generous material aid and facilities provided by our friends Majar Fernándo Labajos Hernández, Majar Fernán do de Carranza and Don Guillermo Díaz Santiago. In sorne cases French or Spanish words are used when their English equivalent is not known. Degrees magnetic are used for all compass bearings. F ollowing the first expedition, in September 1972, to Spanish Sahara, certain points were noted as being broadly relevant to the area covered. These were later borne in mind, with most encouraging results. It was seen, for instance, that sorne of the magnificent two or three storey "chouchet" constructions in Spanish territory were largely intact - allowing for deterioration due to the passage of time; in Mauritania and Morocco © Del documento, los autores. Digitalización realizada por ULPGC. Biblioteca, 2017 almost all had been pillaged or roughly excavated. Secondly, the presence of crude modern rock "carvings" in a given area was often evidence that nearby was much older word, hunting scenes, symbols, domestic animals and wild life, such as gazelles, ostriches, rhinos and elephants. -
Mauritania Mali Morocco Algeria Western Sahara Senegal
! ! k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k A B C D E F G H I k J k k k k k k Ounara kSidi kMokhtar kAït Ourir Tineghir k k k ! Souk el Had du Drâa k Guemassa Toufghine Talemdout Koukrimat k Imider k k k k k Tasga k k ary Bouabout k k k Smimou k k AmizmizAsni Asgaour k Tagherat k k k k k k k Anou NizamTiouit k k Languages k Oukaïmeden k Alnkikf Douar Cheïkh Taguentk Talaïnt k k kk Tamanark k Amerzgane k Iârhabene k k Ijjoukak k k k kk Zaouia Tileklt k Zaouia Aït Kalla Oulad Ammar k Unreckordk ed k Imi n’Kern k Uninhabited/Unknown Argana k k Askaoun Anzel ktzm k 1 Tamri kTanefacht Aoulouzk k k k Agdz Tansikht 1 k k k k Ighels k k Aghoud k Taznakht k Arazane Taliouine k k Bou Azer k k k k Totally Unrecorded Priority 1 Languages P# 1, 2, & 3 k k Taghddout k k k k k k Zagora k k Issil ! Takkat k El Gloá k k skhi Noksoula k ime-MRT, Imeraguen Ti n’ el Mekkik k k k Bou er Rbi Foum ZguidkLamhamidk Languagesk of k Tisfriouine k Mork occo k Tassila Sint Igherm zen-MRT, Zenaga k k Tissint kTameguert k Timslitt Tanalt Mrimina tzm k k Tata k k Tafraoutk Imitekk Akka Iguirene MauritSiantit nia Timkyet k Languages Mirhlekfkt k k k k Toukhal k k Sidi Ifni Taffermit Talat n’Yissi Akka Uninhabited/Unknown k k Orzola Aït Oua BelliTouzounine shi Guinate k k k kk OughraneTkagant Adaï Teguise k k k k Icht ! Bou IzakarnTagmout k sp!a k kFoum el Hassane 2 Partially Unrecorded Prio!rity 1 Languages 2 Tías Corralejo Taïdalt k k ! ! snk-GMB, Soninke La Oliva Sidi Sabi Assa Tegueste ! k k ! Puerto del Rosario El Ayoun Ighoumane -
Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation Concerning Western Sahara
United Nations S/2009/200 Security Council Distr.: General 13 April 2009 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1813 (2008) of 30 April 2008, by which the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) until 30 April 2009 and requested me to provide a report on the situation before the end of the mandate period. The present report covers developments since the issuance of my previous report dated 14 April 2008 (S/2008/251) on the situation concerning Western Sahara. II. Recent developments in Western Sahara 2. Overall, the situation remained calm in the Territory. The Frente Popular para la Liberación de Saguía el-Hamra y de Río de Oro (Frente Polisario) marked its thirty-fifth anniversary on 20 May 2008 and the thirty-third anniversary of the proclamation of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic on 27 February 2009, holding public events on both occasions. 3. King Mohammed VI of Morocco addressed the nation on 30 July 2008, the ninth anniversary of his enthronement, to reiterate the need for respect for the country’s territorial integrity. He also called on Algeria to normalize ties between the two countries and reopen their common borders. Later, on the occasion of the thirty-third anniversary of Morocco’s “Green March”, the King, in another statement, on 6 November 2008, announced his Government’s intention to transfer power to the regions, which would include Western Sahara, as part of “decentralization” reform. -
AGUESSE & PRUJA, Dragonfly Senegal Prior
Odonatologica 5 (2): 107-11 7 June I. 1976 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM OF ODONATOLOGY Lancaster, July 14-18, 1975 Part II Odonata from South Morocco, Rio de Oro and Mauretania, with biogeographicalnotes* H.J. Dumont Institute of Zoology, University ofGhent, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Received January 14, 1976 During spring 1975, dragonflies were collected in various localities in the Western (Atlantic) Sahara. Great faunal heterogeneity was found while moving from North to South. The Moroccan Sahara has a fauna which does not differ from Rio that of North Atlantic Morocco; the fauna of de Oro is very poor, but has even now been insufficiently "sampled”; the fauna of Mauretania is purely Ethiopian, but almost all species known from that country (ten out of in twelve) also occur Morocco and Algeria. Analysis of these dragonfly faunas and with other confirm that the a comparison aquatic groups, the theory boundary between the F.thiopian and Palaearctic domains runs through the desert, somewhere around the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer. It is also concluded that the expansion of the Ethiopian fauna, following the Eocene emergence of the Sahara, must have been more important than that of the Palaearctic fauna, since many Ethiopian elements still occur along the shores but of the Mediterranean, no Palaearctic species is yet known which has succeeded in establishing itself south of the Tropic of Cancer. INTRODUCTION The Odonata from Morocco, as far south as the high Atlas, are becoming well known (AGUESSE & PRUJA, 1958 a, b; L1EFT1NCK, 1966; DUMONT, 1972) and the dragonfly fauna of Senegal is also rather well documented (P1NHEY, 1962, references prior to 1959; AGUESSE, 1964, 1969; PINHEY, 1972; DUMONT, However, the desert limited the in press). -
Sahrawi Refugee Situation 4
FORCED MIGRATION POLICY BRIEFING 7 Protracted Sahrawi displacement Challenges and opportunities beyond encampment Author Dr Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh May 2011 Refugee Studies Centre Oxford Department of International Development University of Oxford Forced Migration Policy Briefings The Refugee Studies Centre’s (RSC) Forced Migration Policy Briefings series seeks to stimulate debates on issues of key interest to researchers, policy makers and practitioners from the fields of forced migration and humanitarian studies. Written by academic experts, the briefings provide policy-relevant research findings in an accessible format. The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and should not be attributed to the Refugee Studies Centre, its donors or to the University of Oxford as a whole. Direct your feedback, comments or suggestions for future briefings to the series editor, Héloïse Ruaudel ([email protected]). Further details about the series and all previous papers may be found on the RSC website (www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/publications/policy-briefings). Contents Executive summary 1 1. History of the protracted Sahrawi refugee situation 4 2. Mainstream academic and policy assumptions 14 3. Invisible agencies and the development of civil society ‘intimate aid’ 24 4. Alternative solutions and protection concerns 27 Conclusions and recommendations 31 References 33 Endnotes 41 Executive summary Established by the Polisario Front in 1975–1976 with Algerian support, the Sahrawi refugee camps in South-Western Algeria are currently estimated to house approximately 155,000 refugees (UNHCR/WFP 2004: 1), embodying UNHCR’s second oldest refugee caseload. For over 35 years, these spaces have been administered by the Polisario with substantial support from multilateral humanitarian agencies, state and non-state actors. -
'Mericancommitteeonafrica
'merican Committee On Africa j 198 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 100381(212) 962·1210 I Cable AMCOMMAF December 1981. Dear Friends: As you may have read in recent newspaper reports, the struggle for self-determination in Western Sahara is inten sifying. At this crucial time, the Reagan administration is increasing its involvement with Morocco which illegally occupies Western Sahara. A recent US military mission to Morocco revealed plans for closer military ties between the two nations including major weapons sales. On December 3, Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger met in Fez with King Hassan. The meeting came only a few days after a visit by Admiral Bobby Ray Inman, deputy director of the Central Intelligence Agency. Plans have been announced for Secretary of State Alexander Haig to visit Morocco in Decem~er. The enclosed report by ACOA Literature Director Richard Knight gives background information on the struggle in West ern Sahara and explains what is at s'take. It dramatizes the seriousness of the Reagan administration's military policy in the region. Congress has the power to review and to overturn the sale of weapons to Morocco. In particular, Representative Harold Wolpe and Senator Nancy Kassebaum who chair the congressional subco~nittees on Africa could be key in this process. Please write and urge them to oppose the sale of weapons to Morocco, and write to your own representative and senat0rs as well. Senator Na"nc'/ Kas3e'ha.l.1"1 Hon. Harold Wolpe Chairman Africa P~N Affairs The Sena'te Subcommittee New Jersey & C Sts. SE on Africa Washington DC 20515 S~na·te Office Buildi,1g Washington DC 20002 \ enn' fer~vis , cutive .