El Conflicto Del Sahara Occidental

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El Conflicto Del Sahara Occidental LOS AUTORES IGNACIO FUENTE COBO es Teniente Coronel de Artillería diplomado de Estado Ma- yor. Está destinado en la División de Estrategia y Planes del Estado Mayor Conjunto como Jefe de la Sección de Estrategia. Ha sido profesor de de Organización de la Escuela de Estado Mayor y Jefe del Área de Organización de la Escuela de Guerra del Ejército. Es colaborador del Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos y de la Univer- sidad San Pablo CEU de Madrid en diversas publicaciones, cursos y conferencias. Es graduado por el Colegio de Defensa de la OTAN de Roma y Master en “Paz, Se- guridad y Defensa” por el Instituto Universitario “General Gutiérrez Mellado” de la UNED. FERNANDO M. MARIÑO MENÉNDEZ es Catedrático de Derecho Internacional Pú- blico desde 1982 y en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid desde 1990, donde dirige su Instituto Universitario “Francisco de Vitoria” de Estudios Internacionales y Europeos. Es también Catedrático “Jean Monnet” de la Comisión Europea y dirige la cátedra “Concepción Arenal” de estudios sobre personas y grupos vulnerables. En la actua- lidad es Presidente del Comité de Naciones Unidas contra la Tortura. Ha publicado y dirigido más de ochenta volúmenes y trabajos sobre Derecho Internacional y Derecho Europeo y ha dirigido más de veinte tesis doctorales. CONFLICTOS INTERNACIONALES CONTEMPORÁNEOS 4 IGNACIO FUENTE COBO FERNANDO M. MARIÑO MENÉNDEZ EL CONFLICTO DEL SAHARA OCCIDENTAL INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS ESCUELA DE GUERRA INTERNACIONALES Y EUROPEOS DEL EJÉRCITO «FRANCISCO DE VITORIA» MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA CATÁLOGO GENERAL DE PUBLICACIONES OFICIALES http://publicaciones.administracion.es Edita: INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES Y EUROPEOS «FRANCISCO DE VITORIA» UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID © Autores y editor 2005 NIPO: 076-05-234-6 (edición en papel) NIPO: 076-05-240-6 (edición en línea) ISBN: 84-9781-253-0 Depósito Legal: M-19104-2006 Imprime: Imprenta Ministerio de Defensa Tirada: 800 ejemplares Fecha de edición: mayo 2006 Las opiniones emitidas en esta publicación son de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores. Los derechos de explotación de esta obra están amparados por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual. Nin- guna de las partes de la misma puede ser reproducida, almacenada ni transmitida en ninguna forma ni por medio alguno, electrónico, mecánico o de grabación, incluido fotocopias, o por cualquier otra forma, sin permiso previo, expreso y por escrito de los titulares del © Copyright. ÍNDICE Páginas INTRODUCCIÓN ......................................................................... 9 PRIMERA PARTE. La dimensión militar y diplomática del con- flicto del Sahara. Teniente Coronel Ignacio Fuente Cobo ............ 11 1. LOS COMIENZOS DE LA COLONIZACIÓN ..................... 13 2. NUEVAS CIRCUNSTANCIAS INTERNACIONALES ..... 21 3. LAS REPERCUSIONES POLÍTICAS DEL CONFLICTO .. 25 4. EL NACIMIENTO DEL NACIONALISMO SAHARAUI. EL FRACASO DE LA VÍA PACÍFICA ...................................... 29 5. LA LUCHA ARMADA CONTRA ESPAÑA ........................ 33 6. LOS ACCIONES ANEXIONISTAS DE MARRUECOS ..... 39 7. LA BATALLA DIPLOMÁTICA ........................................... 43 8. LA MARCHA VERDE .......................................................... 49 9. LA OPERACIÓN MARABUNTA ......................................... 53 10. LOS ACUERDOS DE MADRID Y EL FIN DEL SAHARA ESPAÑOL ............................................................................... 57 11. LA RESISTENCIA DEL FRENTE POLISARIO A LA INVA- SIÓN ................................................................................................. 63 12. LA HUIDA DE LA POBLACIÓN CIVIL ............................. 67 5 ÍNDICE Páginas 13. LA PROCLAMACIÓN DE LA INDEPENDENCIA Y EL RECONOCIMIENTO INTERNACIONAL ........................... 71 14. GUERRA ABIERTA EN EL DESIERTO ............................. 77 15. LA REACCIÓN MARROQUÍ ............................................... 85 16. LA NUEVA FASE DE LA ESTRATEGIA MILITAR POLI- SARIA ..................................................................................... 89 17. LA OFENSIVA HUARI BUMEDIAN ................................. 93 18. LA ESTRATEGIA MARROQUÍ DE LAS COLUMNAS .... 99 19. LA NUEVA ESTRATEGIA MARROQUÍ DE LOS MUROS 103 20. LA ESTRATEGIA SAHARAUI ANTE LOS MUROS ........ 109 21. EL ESTANCAMIENTO MILITAR Y EL COMIENZO DE LAS CONVERSACIONES DE PAZ ..................................... 119 22. EPÍLOGO FINAL: EL SAHARA UN PROBLEMA SIN RE- SOLVER ................................................................................. 135 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ........................................................................... 143 SEGUNDA PARTE. La solución del conflicto del Sahara Occi- dental en la perspectiva del Derecho internacional. Dr. Fernando M. Mariño Menéndez ..................................................................... 145 1. Antecedentes históricos y nacimiento del conflicto .............................. 147 2. Situación jurídica internacional del conflicto a comienzos de 1976 ........................................................................................ 153 3. Evolución de la situación jurídica internacional del conflicto (1976-2003) ............................................................................. 157 4. El informe del Secretario General de 23 de Mayo de 2003 y el nuevo Plan de Paz .................................................................................... 163 5. Situación actual del conflicto .................................................. 169 6. Consideraciones finales ........................................................... 175 Bibliografía Sumaria ...................................................................... 179 6 ÍNDICE Páginas ANEXOS ....................................................................................... 181 1. Plan de paz para la libre determinación del pueblo del Sahara Occidental ................................................................................ 183 2. Respuestas de las partes y de los Estados vecinos al plan de paz para la libre determinación del pueblo del Sahara Occi- dental .................................................................................... 191 7 1. INTRODUCCIÓN El conflicto del Sahara Occidental suscita todavía hoy vivas emocio- nes entre los españoles que tanto simpatizan con el destino del pueblo saharaui y que tantas muestras de solidaridad han dado a sus refugiados. Es un tema siempre de actualidad y quizá por ello todos los sucesivos gobiernos democráticos españoles se han cuidado de no favorecer la anexión del territorio saharaui a Marruecos, aunque tampoco hayan sido excesivamente activos en el impulso de la descolonización por medio de un referéndum libre. A estas alturas, mucho se ha escrito y muy bueno por la doctrina espa- ñola sobre este conflicto. En los últimos años, en la perspectiva del Dere- cho internacional, destacan los libros de los Profesores Anna Badía, Juan Soroeta y Jaume Ferrer. Yo mismo hace años publiqué algunos trabajos breves sobre diferentes aspectos del conflicto. También las recopilaciones sobre fuentes doctrinales y documentales publicadas son de gran utilidad. Por lo anterior, en este volumen, se trata sobre todo de dejar espacio a los análisis diplomáticos y militares realizados por el Comandante Ignacio Fuente y añadir por mi parte algunas consideraciones jurídicas a la luz sobre todo del último Plan de Paz. El conflicto del Sahara es un “conflicto de descolonización” no resuelto y el marco jurídico para su resolución está bien definido por el Derecho internacional. Sin embargo, los elementos extrajurídicos interfieren de tal manera en la solución que las perspectivas de ésta siguen siendo oscuras. Porque, en efecto, interfieren tanto la ambición territorial expansiva del vecino marroquí cuanto la exigüidad del cuerpo demográfico del pueblo saharaui, a los que hay que añadir la acción diplomática de Francia a favor de su aliado alauita, una cierta indolencia que ha lindado en ocasiones con la “neutralidad”, de la diplomacia española y un cierto desinterés de 9 INTRODUCCION la Comunidad Internacional y de su principal potencia en cuanto a hacer respetar el Derecho internacional. Como cuestión de principio, ya se ha indicado, el derecho de libre deter- minación del pueblo saharaui es inatacable, pero las vías de la diplomacia no facilitan su protección ni su concreción práctica. Hacia ello deberían converger los esfuerzos de todos los actores privilegiados del conflicto, si actúan de buena fe. El último “Plan de paz” de 2003 ha ofrecido una seria posibilidad de lograr finalmente una paz definitiva y el Reino de Marrue- cos debería apoyarlo como lo apoya el Frente Polisario. Espero que este pequeño volumen sirva para la discusión y el análisis, es decir, para profundizar en el conocimiento del conflicto tan prolongado y aportar ideas para su definitiva pacificación. Fernando M. Mariño Menéndez 10 PRIMERA PARTE. La dimensión militar y diplomática del conflicto del Sahara. 1. LOS COMIENZOS DE LA COLONIZACIÓN En las últimas décadas del siglo XIX las potencias europeas se esta- ban repartiendo África. La conferencia de Berlín de 1884 consagraba una distribución geográfica en la que dos naciones, Gran Bretaña y Francia salían claramente beneficiadas, de manera que sus posesiones territoriales abarcaban la mayor parte de África. Otros países europeos, como Alema- nia, Bélgica, Portugal o Italia obtenían amplias posesiones amparadas en derechos históricos, o en su peso dentro del difícil equilibrio de
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