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Songhees Supplement

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Songhees Supplement SUPPLEMENT TO THE 2003 BOOK: “SONGHEES PICTORIAL. A History of the Songhees People as Seen by Outsiders 1790-1912”, by Grant Keddie. Published by the Royal B.C. Museum, Victoria B.C. Copyright © Royal BC Museum, All rights reserved. This web site information is placed here as a copyright supplement to my (Grant Keddie, Curator of Archaeology) book Songhees Pictorial. Much of the material acquired in the process of researching for the book was not included in the final publication. Many researched photographs were not used and chapters from the original written manuscript were left out. Supplemental information is provided here on the images used in the book as well as some related images that were not used. This information is organized by book chapter and presented according to institution accession numbers as arranged in the book. In addition, some chapters have additional notes on specific topics related to the subject mater of the chapter. These “additional notes” will appear after the supplemental information on the images within each chapter. Also left out of the book were a number of subject related appendices. These will be located at the end – after the chapter suppliment section. INSIDE FRONT COVER PAGE RBCM, PN8890. Original Print. Close-up of an outdoor photograph of unknown woman. c.1904-1909. Original Print. This is the same woman in RBCM PN9420 sitting down, and in RBCM PN8891 standing up with a large fish sticking out of a basket. The location is in front of the village just south of the Johnson Street Bridge. She is also in PN6859 (not shown) that is part of the series of tent camp photos at Hope Point. This is NOT the same woman in PN8860 on page 141 as mistakenly stated in the book. CONTENTS (Page 5) RBCM PN6346. Tom James in cowboy outfit. This Tom James is not the person mentioned in the book who was involved in a legal battle to receive compensation during the removal of the Reserve in 1911. This Tom James lived on Discovery Island much of his life. He was one of the Songhees who provided information to anthropologist Wayne Suttles. An original print had “Hebins Louie – Songhees Indian”. However, his foster daughter Joan Morris, who has an original of this print, identified this person as Tom James. Tom James of Discovery Island died April 3, 1961. His death certificate gives his age as 99 and lists him as being born in “Esquimalt”. His father’s name was “James”. He was also reported as age “104” at death. Wayne Suttles was told Tom’s father was “Doctor Jim” a Songhees, and his mother Wuqwalquluq was from Valdes Island. [The information on his 1921 marriage certificate is different. It would indicate he was born about 1871 in “Malahut” [Malahat]. His father is listed as Tommy Cutwhamalak and his mother Mary. There may be some mix-up here with another Tom James]. On March 27, 1921 Tom (age 50) married his second wife Elizabeth Harry (age 57, B:c.1864). She was a Penelekut from Kuper Island. Her father was Bill Tsilloughkaynim and her mother Eltzemia. They were married by Charles Tate at the “Indian Church Esquimalt”. At this time they lived on the Tsout reserve in East Saanich. Tom’s third wife was Alice Sam (B: c. 1874, D: Feb. 1, 1963, age 89) of Saanich. Rev. Charles Tate performed the marriage. Alice’s father is listed as “Sam” on her death certificate. Wayne Suttles recorded her father as Sam Charles – a Songhees, and Alice’s mother as Cowichan with an East Saanich mother and a Beecher Bay father. Alice was the granddaughter of Setakanim of Beecher Bay and her granddaughter was Martha Guerin. Chief John Albany told Grant Keddie that Alice’s father was Sam Qullamult and that Alice inherited a house on the New Songhees Reserve from her father. Their daughter Hilda married Joseph Thomas of the Esquimalt Band. Tom’s son Andrew owned a house on Chatham Island Reserve #2. A Memorandum of the Royal Commission in 1915 stated that Tom James fishes for 4 months a year off Discovery Island. He “last worked” as a fisherman in 1941. He lived on Chatham Island in the 1940s-1957. In the years prior to his death he lived on Cooper Road on the New Songhees Reserve. DEDICATION PHOTOGRAPH (Page 6) * For more quotes from Chief John Albany, see Appendix 7 below. RBCM PN8844. An unnamed boy with his dog at Mud Bay on the Old Songhees Reserve, c. 1910. Original Print. This same child can be seen with family members in RBCM PN8883. INTRODUCTION (Pages 7-9) RBCM, PN6811. Most houses are of the traditional shed–like style with planks tied to their sides. Original Print. Note the extensive Douglas fir forested areas in the background – the presence of which is supported by later photographs and maps. The Original drawing is in the Washington State Historical Society Archives, Tacoma, Washington. Alden’s caption reads: “Victoria, Vancouver Is., Songies Village, Victoria Harbour”. James Alden produced at least four watercolors of burial sites and several other scenes that included First Nations in canoes in the Victoria area. RBCM, PN16951. The dating of this photo is based partly on the fact that the span of the Point Ellis Bridge that fell May 26, 1896 is still missing and the work on the new bridge contracted to Victoria Machinery Depot Co. Ltd on January 14, 1903 has not commenced. Several old style houses torn down in July, 1899 are missing from the photo. Thomas George’s 1901 house is not present. About the Photographs (Pages 10-12) RBCM PN8816. Daniel and Elizabeth Joseph are the owners of the house. Original Print. The area shown in PN8831 can be seen in the background of this photograph. Jimmy Fraser can be seen in PN8804 and PN6878. RBCM, PN5901. The crabs in the picture are assumed to represent the items she sells, but this may have been staged for the photograph. Original print. Also RBCM, Carte de visite, PN5901 and BCARS, HP3470; HP34407, HP34220, HP18450. This photo was copied to a fake background for a post card of John Valentine & Sons Pub. Co., Montreal and Toronto, #104,199JV, - with caption “Indian Squaw British Columbia”. CHAPTER 1. Songhees – the Place and the People. (Pages 13-15) Territory. Grant Keddie drawing. Provincial Archives of Manitoba, G.1/2581. From transparency of Original. The “Samas” village of 1839, was once located at the east side of the Cadboro Bay. The village appears on this map as three joined fortified dwellings. BCARS, HP8667. Cadboro Bay. Original Print. ADDITIONAL NOTES In the post contact period the use of territories and the boundaries of territories would change with the fluctuating nature of families, which included intermarriage with non-First Nations who had different views of land use. For example, First Nations on Southern Vancouver Island went out of their traditional territory to work in the coalmines at Nanaimo, to fish in newly vacated areas, or to neighbours bogs to pick for the commercial cranberry industry. Change in settlement is reflected in the archaeological record. There are a greater number of archaeological sites found in more exposed localities through time. This pattern is noticeable after about 1800 years ago, again around 1000 years ago with the expansion of defensive sites, and in the case of a few sites only since the 15th century. Large archaeological sites over 2000 years in age are few in number, and occur in protected areas central to many food resources. If there was a lower density of population with a simpler technology in this earlier period, the people may have exploited a wide range of food resources. This would be in contrast to the need of a larger population to specialise. Larger populations need to focus on several resources that have the reproductive and distribution characteristics that would allow for intensified exploitation. Many food resources are subject to over exploitation. Fish and camas plants would be a general exception to this rule among societies in this area. Although people would continue to gather many resources, an increase in fish populations, the development of new fishing technology, and the management and expansion of camas beds, likely played an important role in the development of local cultures in the last 1800 years. CHAPTER 2. Before European Settlement. (Pages 16-19) “Carta que comprehende”. Portion of a Spanish map 1791. Another Spanish map of south end of Vancouver Island from the Galiano and Valdes Voyage of 1792, also shows these rectangles, representing villages. They can be seen around the centre of Parry Bay at Metchosin and at Gordon Head and Cordova Bay. Public Record Office of Great Britain, FO 925/1650. The title of the latter document is “Carta Esserica de la Costa NO. de America. Comprehendida entre la Entrada de Juan de Fuca, y la Salida de las Goletas con algunos Canales interriores arreglada segun los resultados de loas Goletas Sutil y Mexicana desde 5 de Junio a 31 de Agosto de 1792.” An accompaning document pertaining to the numbered places could not be located. Aboriginal trench embankment or defensive site. This is known as archaeological site DcRv12 located at the centre of Parry Bay. Stone burial cairns can be seen to the west in the open fields. Above ground stone burial cairns are always associated with these defensive sites dating to the last 1200 years. The area to the west of this archaeological site in Metchosin may have served as a “no mans land” between the early 18th century territory of the Songhees and the T’sou-ke in the Pedder Bay area.
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