The Memorial Album As Aide-Mémoire
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Portraits of Aboriginal People by Europeans and by Native Americans
OTHERS AND OURSELVES: PORTRAITS OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLE BY EUROPEANS AND BY NATIVE AMERICANS Eliana Stratica Mihail and Zofia Krivdova This exhibition explores portraits of Aboriginal peoples in Canada, from the 18th to the 21st centuries. It is divided thematically into four sections: Early Portraits by European Settlers, Commercially-produced Postcards, Photographic Portraits of Aboriginal Artists, and Portraits of and by Aboriginal people. The first section deals with portraits of Aboriginal people from the 18th to the 19th century made by Europeans. They demonstrate an interest in the “other,” but also, with a few exceptions, a lack of knowledge—or disinterest in depicting their distinct physical features or real life experiences. The second section of the exhibition explores commercially produced portraits of First Nations peoples of British Columbia, which were sold as postcards. These postcards date from the 1920s, which represents a period of commercialization of Native culture, when European-Canadians were coming to British Columbia to visit Aboriginal villages and see totem poles. The third section presents photographic portraits of Aboriginal artists from the 20th century, showing their recognition and artistic realizations in Canada. This section is divided into two parts, according to the groups of Aboriginal peoples the artists belong to, Inuit and First Nations. The fourth section of the exhibition explores portraits of and by Aboriginals. The first section sharply contrasts with the last, showing the huge gap in mentality and vision between European settlers, who were just discovering this exotic and savage “other,” and Native artists, whose artistic expression is more spiritual and figurative. This exhibition also explores chronologically the change in the status of Aboriginal peoples, from the “primitive other” to 1 well-defined individuals, recognized for their achievements and contributions to Canadian society. -
Copying People55: Northwest Coast Native Response to Early Photography*
"Copying People55: Northwest Coast Native Response to Early Photography* MARGARET B. BLAGKMAN [Photographs] . owe their existence to a loose cooperation (quasi-magical, quasi-accidental) between photographer and subject — mediated by an ever simpler and more automated machine . which even when capricious can produce a result that is interesting and never entirely wrong (Sontag, l913'-53)- . the portrait, reflecting a multi-faceted human being, must be realized in a moment, and once realized remains fixed and unchangeable. The problem becomes more complex when the photographer's aim and the sitter's desire go beyond recording facial features to a more penetrating portrait of the individual (Heyert, 1979:53). Regardless of how else it might be viewed, an historical photograph must be recognized as the outcome of an interaction between photographer and subject matter. When the subject of the image is human, the inter action is, of course, all the richer and more complex. There exists a large visual archive of such historical interactions between early photographers and British Columbia native Indians. Historians and anthropologists are aware that such images are capable of providing a wealth of ethnological and cultural historical data, but to fully understand them one must know not only what the photographers bring to the act of creating images but also the ideas natives hold about the images, their creation and their functions. Although photographers have not always been explicit about what they do or why they do it, the documentation of their work is far richer than the record of native response to their activities. The cultural milieu of Victorian image-making — the photographers, the subjects of * Several people have contributed in substantial ways to the final version of this paper. -
Freight Wagons Ascend the the Great Bluff on the Thompson River Eight Miles Above Spences Bridge
THE GREAT BLUFF Freight wagons ascend the the Great Bluff on the Thompson River eight miles above Spences Bridge. This photograph shows the poles and wires of the the Collins Overland Telegraph, an ambitious attempt to lay an electric telegraph line from San Francisco, California to Moscow, Russia. Although the project died on the vine, the telegraph did connect New Westminster with Barkerville. the bluff was 88 miles above yale. 170 BRITISH COLUMBIA & YUKON GOLD HUNTERS: A HISTORY IN PHOTOGRAPHS BRITISH COLUMBIA 171 HISTORICAL PHOTO #000763 ROYAL BC MUSEUM & ARCHIVES PHOTOGRAPHY BY FREDERICK DALLY, 1868. INSTALLING CRIBBING ON THE CARIBOO WAGON ROAD This painting by Rex Woods shows a party of Royal Engineers installing cribbing on the Cariboo Wagon Road above Spences Bridge. Dress for the officers was a scarlet tunic with dark blue trousers featuring a scarlet strip along the seams; yellow cord on the shoulder straps, collar and sleeve cuffs; blue collar and cuffs; yellow cord on the shoulder straps, collar and sleeve cuffs; blue collar and cuffs; blue pill-box with a yellow band and red piping; and a buff white belt. The sappers wore grey shirts with their uniform. A wall of rock has been breached and a cleft is being cribbed and filled as horses drag heavy logs from below the limber-line on "goboy" skids or sleds. Sappers and Chinese toil in the background. Their assignment completed, the detachment of Royal Engineers was disbanded in 1863. Many remained as 172settlers BRITISH in the COLUMBIAexpanding & west. YUKON GOLD HUNTERS: A HISTORY IN PHOTOGRAPHS BRITISH COLUMBIA 173 PAINTING & DRAWINGS MG-6068 REX WOODS ROYAL BC MUSEUM & ARCHIVES TWENTY-SIX MEMBERS OF THE NINCCHUMSHIN FIRST NATIONS GATHER FOR A GROUP PHOTO NEAR SPENCES BRIDGE ON THE Twenty-six members of the Nincumshin First Nations gather for a group photograph near Spences Bridge on the Thompson River THOMPSON RIVER. -
Drawing of Colonial Victoria “Victoria, on Vancouver Island.” Artist: Linton (Ca. 1857). (BC Archives, Call No. G-03249)
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Counterpoint
Counterpoint Coming to Terms with Photographs: Descriptive Standards, Linguistic “Othering,” and the Margins of Archivy JOAN M. SCHWARTZ RÉSUMÉ Cet article confronte certains postulats des archivistes concernant les photo- graphies, en particulier en ce qu’ils façonnent le vocabulaire de notre pratique profes- sionnelle. Il suggère que les archivistes, à travers leurs normes et leurs pratiques, sont dans une large mesure responsables du fait que les utilisateurs des archives n’ont jamais apprécié à leur juste valeur les documents visuels. Parce que les photographies sont comprises et conservées de façon différente dans les bibliothèques et les centres d’archives, l’article s’attache au discours institutionnel et aux pratiques de celles-ci, particulièrement à l’usage des termes « special media » et « non-textual », à l’adoption par les RDDA du terme « graphic material » pour décrire l’art et la photographie et aux implications pour la numérisation à la pièce. L’auteure suggère enfin que, en adoptant un modèle textuel de l'information consignée et un modèle bibliographique de la classi- fication des images, nous perpétuons notre fixation sur le contenu factuel au lieu de se concentrer sur les origines fonctionnelles des images. En conséquence, nous n’arrivons pas à incorporer les idées nouvelles et stimulantes sur la réalité et la représentation, le contexte et le sens, et ce faisant, nous reléguons les photographies aux marges de l'archivistique. ABSTRACT This essay confronts certain assumptions held by archivists relating to photographs, in particular, those which govern the terms we employ in our professional pursuits. It suggests that, if users of archives have persistently failed to appreciate the value of visual materials, then archivists – through their standards and practices – are, in large measure, responsible. -
The Cariboo Wagon Road
THE CARIBOO WAGON ROAD he success of the Cariboo goldfields necessitated the further Timprovement of the roads to the Cariboo. In May 1862, Colonel Richard C. Moody advised Governor James Douglas that the Yale to Cariboo route through the Fraser Canyon was the best to adapt for the general development of the country and that it was imperative its construction start at once. The governor concurred and it was decided that the road would be a full 18-feet wide in order to accommodate wagons going and coming from the goldfields and thus it came to be known as the Cariboo Wagon Road. The builders were to be paid large cash subsidies as work progressed and upon completion of their sections were to be granted permission to collect tolls from the travelers for the following 5 years. Captain John Marshall Grant of the Royal Engineers, with a force of sappers, miners, and civilian labor, was to construct the first six miles out of Yale, while Thomas Spence was to extend the road the next seven miles to Chapman’s Bar, at a cost of $47,000. From here, Joseph William Trutch, Spence’s partner, was to tackle the section to a point that would become Boston Bar, a distance of 12 miles, at a cost of $75,000. From here, Spence would continue the road to Lytton. Walter Moberly, a successful engineer, with Charles Oppenheimer, a partner in the great mercantile firm ROYAL ENGINEER'S BUCKLE & BUTTONS. COURTESY WERNER KASCHEL of Oppenheimer Brothers, and Thomas B. Lewis accepted the challenge to build the section from Lytton until the road joined a junction with the wagon road to be built by Gustavus Blin Wright and John Colin Calbreath from Lillooet to Watson’s stopping house. -
The Cowichan: a Canadian Heritage River
THE COWICHAN: A CANADIAN HERITAGE RIVER 10-Year Monitoring Report (2003 – 2013) Submitted to: Canadian Heritage Rivers Board Submitted by: Cowichan Valley Regional District 175 Ingram Street, Duncan, BC, V9L 1N8 Prepared by: MADRONE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES LTD. 1081 Canada Avenue, Duncan, BC, V9L 1V2 December, 2013 MADRONE environmental services ltd. Page i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared by Pamela Williams, Genevieve Hill, Dave Priekshot, Trystan Willmott (Madrone Environmental Services Ltd.). Melanie Nash provided layout support and Erin Philip GIS support. Members of the steering committee for the decadal monitoring report were: Kate Miller, Cowichan Valley Regional District, Ted Brookman. BC Wildlife Foundation, Don Closson, BC Parks, Brett Hudson, BC Parks, Rodger Hunter, Cowichan Watershed Board, Helen Reid, Cowichan Tribes, Genevieve Singleton, Cowichan Valley Naturalists, Gerald Thom, Cowichan Lake and River Stewardship Society Tom Rutherford, Department of Fisheries and Oceans and Craig Wightman, BC Conservation Foundation. The following individuals provided professional expertise in reviewing specific sections of the report. In alphabetical order (and with apologies for any inadvertent omissions): Kenzie Cuthbert, Deb Epps, BC Ministry of Environment, Paul Hasselback, Vancouver Island Health Authority, Justin Lange, Madrone Environmental Services Ltd, and Pat Lapcevic, BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations. Page ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Flowing 47 km from Cowichan Lake easterly to Cowichan Bay, the Cowichan River is first and foremost part of the traditional territory of the Cowichan First Nation. They have lived on its banks, plied its waters, used and cared for its resources for thousands of years. In recent history the river has become renowned for excellent fishing, natural beauty, whitewater recreation in the winter and swimming/tubing in the summer. -
Mcbride, Patrick. Still Images, Transitioning
Ethnohistory Field School Report 2013 Still Images, Transitioning Practices among the Stó:lō: Post-contact mortuary images and practices in a changing environment Patrick McBride University of Victoria The Ethnothistory Field School is a collaboration of the Stó:lō Research and Resource Management Centre and the History Departments of the University of Victoria and University of Saskatchewan. In surveying the implications first contact held for First Nations in North America, the discussion weaves around the impact on and between living individuals. Whether positive or negative, the impacts following first contact and subsequent colonization are narrated through the interactions and changes between fellow Native Americans and their new white neighbours. But what of the dead? While perhaps lacking an observable agency, deceased relatives may, through the living, be similarly affected by the cultural and social changes brought about by a post-contact world. For First Nations such as the Stó:lō, where the living have responsibilities for, engage with, and are in turn affected by, the spirits of the dead, changes in mortuary protocols could have meaningful consequences for both. Assessing this relationship in its historical context provides an opportunity to shed new light on the transformations Stó:lō mortuary practices faced before and after the arrival of the Western world. Images of native burial grounds found in the British Columbia Archives, dating from the 1860s to the early 1880s, several identified as within Stó:lō territory, offer an opportunity to assess the beginning of a transition to Western style burials. Historicizing these Stó:lō specific images and re- inserting this point of transition into the continuity of Stó:lō burial rituals is the goal of this project. -
Hannah Maynard
© Copyright 2008 Provincial Capital Commission, Victoria, British Columbia. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This Teacher’s Guide and Student Activity Package and accompanying website was created for the British Columbia Provincial Capital Commission by Open School BC. The website can be found at: http://www.bcpcc.com/Outreach/SS10. Project Manager: Mike Sherman Instructional Designer: Mike Sherman Focus Group Participants: Devinder Deol, Lloy Falconer, Tony Goodman, Julia Lockhart, Kathryn MacLean, Anna McRae, Patrick Nayer, Lisa Read, Rebecca Steele, Vince Warry, Andrea Webb Writers: John Adams, Tony Goodman, Mike Sherman Reviewers: Susan McLean, Elaine Moore, Andrea Webb Editor: Shannon Mitchell Photographs: BC Provincial Archives Copyright: Mike Sherman Production Technician: Laurie Lozoway Media Coordinator: Janet Bartz Website Designer: Janet Bartz Art: Max Licht Flash Programmer: Dwight Owens Video and Narration: Quadra Productions Being Victorian: Teacher’s Guide and Student Activity Package Table of Contents Introduction .................................................... 1 Connections to the BC Social Studies 10 Curriculum ................... 1 What’s in This Guide? . 1 Connections to the Being Victorian Website . 1 Have You Heard? Topic #1: Opium in Victoria .............................4 Background Information . 4 Additional Resources .............................................4 Challenge #1: Analyzing a Historical Photograph. 6 Suggested Additional Activities .....................................8 Have You Heard? Topic #2: Hannah Maynard -
Friends of the British Columbia Archives Is Open to Everyone and Covers the Year from September to August
1 Friends of the NEWSLETTER British Columbia Archives Vol. 14, No. 5 Royal BC Museum to Launch Crowd-Sourcing Transcription Site, Transcribe This spring the Royal BC Museum will launch Transcribe, a crowd-sourcing website that will allow the public to transcribe valuable historical records. The project aims to improve the Royal BC Museum and Archives’ public accessibility by turning handwritten, audio, and video records into searchable data. By donating their time to transcribe letters, diaries, journals, and other materials Transcribe volunteers can help share BC’s history from the comfort of home. Crowd-sourcing is an increasingly popular way for archives and museums to improve the accessibility of their collections. The concept behind Transcribe is simple – the Royal BC Museum provides digital photographs of archival materials alongside a blank text area and users type exactly what they see. Volunteers simply visit the website, choose a collection and begin to transcribe, all on their own time. The finished transcriptions are reviewed and approved by Royal BC Museum staff and the data becomes searchable on the Transcribe site. The project was initiated by the New Archives and Digital Preservation department and Archivist Ann ten Cate. “We wanted to enlist the help of volunteers to make our collections more accessible,” said Ember Lundgren, Preservation Manager. “There’s a huge, untapped resource of talented and enthusiastic volunteers, just waiting to help out. Transcribe will help us use that resource. Plus, it’s fun!” 1 Lundgren notes that visitors are not obligated to transcribe work; they will also have the option to view the materials as an online exhibition, and browse existing transcriptions. -
Colonialism, Capitalism, and the Rise of State Schooling in British Columbia, 1849-1900 Trent University
COLONIALISM, CAPITALISM, AND THE RISE OF STATE SCHOOLING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, 1849-1900 A Thesis Submitted to the Committee on Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts and Science TRENT UNIVERSITY Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, Anishinaabe Territory © Copyright by Sean Carleton 2016 Canadian Studies Ph.D Graduate Program May 2016 ABSTRACT Colonialism, Capitalism, and the Rise of State Schooling in British Columbia, 1849-1900 Sean Carleton This dissertation examines the historical relationship between settler colonialism, capitalism, and the rise of state schooling in what is now known as British Columbia between 1849 and 1900. It aims to “unsettle” conventional views of Canadian schooling history by bringing accounts of Indigenous and non-Indigenous education into one analytical frame, and it shows how the state used different forms of schooling for both Indigenous and non-Indigenous children—company, common, public, mission, day, boarding, and industrial schools—to assist colonial-capitalist social formation in the Pacific Northwest. In combining interdisciplinary insights from Indigenous studies, historical materialism, political economy, and critical pedagogy, the dissertation highlights the ways in which state-supported schooling facilitated capitalist accumulation by colonial dispossession. The central argument of the dissertation is that between 1849 and 1900, colonial, provincial, and federal governments strategically took on greater responsibility for schooling as a way of legitimizing the state and supporting the emergence of a capitalist settler society. KEYWORDS: Settler Colonialism; Capitalism; Education; Indigenous Peoples; Violence; Indian Residential Schools; History; Political Economy; British Columbia; Canada. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I gratefully acknowledge the funding I received from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) to complete this dissertation. -
Bchn 1980 Winter.Pdf
THE BRITISH COLU1BIA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION Honorary Patron: His Honour, The Lieutenant—Governor of British Columbia, Henry P. Bell—Irving Honorary President: Anne Stevenson, Box 4570, Williams Lake, V2G 2V6 392—4365 (res.) Officers President: Ruth Barnett, 680 Pinecrest Rd., Campbell River, V9W 3P3 287—8097 (res.) 1st Vice—President: Barbara Stannard, #211—450 Stewart Ave., Nanaimo, V9S 5E9 754—6195 (res.) 2nd Vice—President: Winnifred Weir, Box 774, Invermere, VOA 1KO 342—9562 (res.) Secretary: Prances Gundry, 295 Niagara St., Victoria, V8V 1G4 385—6353 (res.) 387—3623 (bus.) Provincial Archives of B.C. Treasurer: Michael Halleran, #8—1711 Duche St., Victoria, V8R 4W2 598—5883 (res.) Recording Secretary:Margaret Stoneberg, Box 687, Princeton, VOX iWO 295—3362 (res.) Members—at—Large Naomi Miller, Box 1338, Golden, VOA 1HO 344—5000 (res.) Graham Beard, Box 162, Qualicum Beach VOR 2T0 752—9810 (res.) Past—President: Helen Akrigg, 4633 — W. 8th Ave., Vancouver, V6R 2A6 288—8606 (res.) C Ex Officio: John Bovey, Provincial Archivist, Victoria, V8V 1X4 387—3621 (bus.) Patricia Roy, Co—editor, B. C. Historical News 477—6911, local 4793 (bus.) Terry Eastwood, Co—editor, B. C. Historical News 387—6671 (bus.) Chairmen of Committees Constitution and By—laws Anne Yandle, 3450 W. 20th Ave., Vancouver V6S lE4 Historic Trails: John D.Spittle, 1241 Mount Crown Rd., North Vancouver, V7R 1R9 Publications: (not involved with B. C. Historical News) - Arlene Branthall, 5152 Grafton Court, Burnaby, V5H lM7 433—7176 (res.) Cover Photograph: West side of Government Street looking north from Fort Street, Victoria, B. C., showing the Theatre Photographic Gallery (the two— storey, wooden building in the centre) described by David Mattison in this issue.