Index

!Xû, 6, 87–108 Ake, Adeniran, 203 !Xûntali, 87, 88, 102, 108, 109 Akede Eko, 14 AkedeAgabaye, 20 Abia State University, 115 Akinsowon, Christianah Abiodun, 203 Abiola, M.K.O., 16 Akintola, Samuel Ladoke, 17 Abuja, 21, 191 Akuffo, Fred, 124, 125 access to information, 2, 31, 32, 122 alangizi, 217 Access to Information Act (Uganda), 32 Alaroye, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 Accra, 123, 131 Alaroye Magasini, 20, 21–2 Acheampong, Kutu, 124, 125 amakholwa, 62, 66–7, 70, 81, 82 Achebe, Chinua, 4 amaZulu see Zulu Acholi, 161 ANC see African National Congress Acholiland, 161 Angola, 4, 88, 100, 101, 102 106, 109 Adepoju, Lanrewaju, 17 Ankanyiso Yase Natal, 15 Adewuyi, Gbenga, 17 Ankrah, Joseph, 124, 125 African Charter on Human and Anti-Terrorism Act (Uganda), 32, 33 People’s Rights, 31 Anyim, Anyim Pius, 20, 21 African Christianity, 195, 196, 202, apartheid, 67, 84, 89, 101, 108 203, 205–7, 208 legacies, 84 African Independent Churches, 7, rule, 61 195, 196, 197, 201, 205, 206, 208 struggle, 88 African Indigenous Churches (AICs), system, 76 195–208 aphungu, 217 African language(s) Arabic, 114, 189 see indigenous languages Argus Company, 67 see also under specifi c languages articulation, 88, 91, 92, 95–100, 101, African National Congress (ANC), 15, 107, 163 62, 64, 65, 67, 68, 76, 89 assegais, 73 African-oriented Christian Ateso, 30, 37 Churches, 208 Awolowo, Obafemi, 14 African United Front, 73, 83 azimwale, 7, 8, 219, 229, 230, 231 Afrifa, Akwasi, 124, 125 Afrikaans, 62, 87, 102, 108 Babalola, Emmanuel, 197 Afrikaans Stereo, 89 Babangida, Ibrahim, 17, 20, 185 Afrikaner Nationalist Government, 62 Banda, Brian, 230 Afrikaner Volksfront (AVF), 89 Banda, Hastings Kamuzu, 211, 212, Aguiyi-Ironsi, Johnson Thomas, 20 213, 214, 215, 216, 217 AICs (African Indigenous Churches), Banda, Joyce, 229, 230 195–208 Banda, Lucius, 217, 220, 221, AIDS, 103, 219 222, 223 Airtel, 38 Banyamulenge, 19 Akan, 123, 126, 127, 128, 132, 133, Baptist Mission, 196 138, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147 boda-boda, 46

235 236 Index

Bokosi, Malume, 217, 223, 224, 228 Chilembwe, John, 211 Bona Magazine, 60 Chimombo, Overton, 217 Bondo district, 168 Chinyanja (Chewa/Chichewa/ Bondo town, 161 Nyanja), 13, 15, 213 Bonga, Paul Knox, 64 Chitukuko Cha Amai m’Malawi broadcasting, 19, 37, 46, 47, 48, 87, (CCAM), 216 88, 91, 92 Chiyanja see Chinyanja community broadcasting, 88, 89, Choice FM, 133 91, 135 Christian(s), 65, 66 deregulation, 121, 132, 133 African, 195, 196, 206 Ghana, 121–48 Churches, 208 indigenous languages, 121–48 conviction, 195 Kenya, 153–78 expression, 195 Malawi, 213, 218 liturgy, 197 Nigeria, 188, 191 mission stations, 61 public, 37, 46, 47, 48, 87, 88, 91, missionaries, 13 92, 135 missionary work, 61 South Africa, 87–93, 102, 103, 105, Christianisation, 70, 82, 84 106, 107 Christianity, 7, 66, 82, 195, 202, Uganda, 28, 30, 31–5, 37, 38, 41, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208 43–53 African, 195, 196, 202, 203, Broadcasting Act (South Africa), 90 205–7, 208 Broadcasting Council (Uganda), 49 conversion, 66–7, 70 Bukedde TV, 37 reinterpretation, 202 Busia, Kofi Abrefa, 124, 125 Western-oriented, 208 Buthelezi, Mangosuthu, 68 Church Missionary Society (CMS), 13 Bwalo la Nyasaland, 18 Church of Christ, 13 Church of England, 63 Cable Television Network (CTN), 169 Church of Scotland Mission, 13 Callaway, H., 63 Churchill, Winston, 69, 70 CAMA (Consumer Association of Citi FM, 133 Malawi), 229 Citizen FM, 169 Cameroon, 59 Citizen TV, 169 Capital FM, 139, 169 civil wars, 19, 160, 161, 175 Catholic Church, 13, 202 Classic FM, 169 CCAM (Chitukuko Cha Amai CMS (Church Missionary Society), 13 m’Malawi), 216 code switching, 213, 218 CCSU (Communication, Culture and CODESA (Convention for a Society Unit), 16 Democratic South Africa), 89 cellular see mobile Colenso, Bishop, John William, 63, censuses, 187–91 64, 70 Chamberlain, Neville, 69, 70 colonial Chamgei FM, 168 administration, 15, 19 Champion, A.W.G., 15, 64, 72 authority, 171 Cherubim and Seraphim church, 203 era, 61, 67–73, 131, 198, 213 Chewa (Chichewa/Chinyanja/ governance, 211 Nyanja), 13, 15, 213 government, 124, 132, 185, 190 Chichewa (Chewa/Chinyanja/ labour system, 216 Nyanja), 13, 15, 213 languages, 3, 4, 59, 61, 83 Index 237

legacy, 155, 156, 157, 159, 163, 198 CPA see Communal Property masters, 60, 82, 130, 132 Association occupation, 159 CPP see Convention People’s Party order, 61 CTN (Cable Television Network), 169 period, 6, 65 power, 3, 83, 199 Dagaare, 127, 139 propaganda, 19 Dagbani, 127, 132, 138, 143 rule, 59, 124 Daily Nation, 169 systems, 59, 61, 83 Daily Sun, 116 colonialism, 2, 5, 14, 18, 23, 59, Daily Thrust, 116 128, 206, 211, 213 Daladier, Édouard, 70 colonialists, 14, 15, 72 Dangbe, 127 colonisation, 82, 61, 67, 82, 84, 123 Dembe FM, 37 colonised, 59, 204 Democratic Progressive Party, Africans, 196 222, 229 people(s), 3, 6, 60 Democratic Republic of Congo, identities, 6, 60 19, 161 societies, 62 Department of Native Affairs, 73 colonisers, 3, 59, 205 dialogic space, 78, 60, 65, 74, colonists, 61, 204 78–82, 84 Comet, The, 183, 184 Diamond Society, 203 ‘Commercial Press’, 16 digital migration, 51 Communal Property Association Dinuzulu, King, 72, 83 (CPA), 99, 106, 108, 109 disarticulation, 98, 157 Communication, Culture and Society Divorce Act (South Africa), 79 Unit (CCSU), 16 Doke, C.M., 63 Communications Act (Uganda), 32 Drah, Kuma, 137 community DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo), broadcasting, 88, 89, 91, 135 19, 161 empowerment, 103 DRCM (Dutch Reformed Church identity, 42 Mission), 13 media, 6, 48–9, 88, 92, 93, 101, 144 Dube, John, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 72, participation, 6, 93, 94, 98, 104, 73, 82, 83 105, 106, 187 Dutch, 61, 123 radio, 6, 37, 49, 87–109, 144, 168 Dutch East India Company, 61 presentation, 6 Dutch Reformed Church Mission Constitution (Ghana), 134, 135, 148 (DRCM), 13 Constitution (Kenya), 155 Dutchification period Constitution (South Africa), 62 (1652–1795), 61 Constitution (Uganda), 31, 32 Consumer Association of Malawi East African, 169 (CAMA), 229 Easy FM, 169 Convention for a Democratic South ECK (Electoral Commission of Africa (CODESA), 89 Kenya), 153 Convention People’s Party (CPP), 124, Edo Bible, 202 125, 132 Edo Liturgical Group, 202 Coro FM, 168 Edo Mass, 202 corruption, 29, 74, 75, 157, 217, 218, Edo Missal, 202 220, 222 Efik, 13, 199 238 Index

Eko Akete, 14 Forum for Democratic Ekwueme, Alex, 20 Change (FDC), 39 El Salvador, 160 frames/framing, 7, 155, 159, 160, Eldoret, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 161, 164, 165, 166, 171, 168, 172, 173 173–6, 177, 171 Electoral Commission of active-conflict frames, 175 Kenya (ECK), 153 amplification, 159 Eleti Ofe, 14 cultural, 191 Elmina, 123 differentiated, 175, 176 Eluku, 17 dominant, 164–7 English, 44, 45, 48, 52, 59–62, 68, 71, indigenous radio, 7, 155, 173–7 73, 102, 113–22 intergroup, 170 “Englishisation”, 113–20 media framing, 158, 159 ethnic media policies, 134 categorization, 177 post-conflict frames, 175 conflicts/clashes, 99 pre-conflict, 175 differences/differentiation, 100, Free Church of Scotland, 13 108, 158 freedom of diversity, 35, 41, 44 expression, 5, 28–56, 145 grievances, 19 media, 28, 134 identities, 19, 137, 171 opinion, 31 nationalism, 72 press, 31 newspapers, 19 speech, 31 politics, 14 French, 3, 30, 59, 114, 189, 201 radio stations, 91 Frente Farabundo Martí para relations, 100 la Liberación Nacional representation, 99 (FMLN), 160 self-determination, 175 Fuze, Magema Magwaza, 70, 72 territories, 154 violence, 19 Ga, 127, 138, 139, 142, 143 ethnicity, 20, 38, 148, 155, 157, 159, Ga-Adangbe, 123, 127 164, 170, 171, 175, 176 Gambari, Ibrahim Agboola, 21 European languages, 3, 4, 61, 113, 190 Gaskiya Tafi Kwabo, 18, 188 Ewe, 123, 126, 127, 132, 133, 138, Gatundu, 162 143, 144, 146, 147 GBC see Ghana Broadcasting Ewondo, 13 Corporation Gerard, Abbort, 64 Faleti, Adebayo, 18 Ghana Family TV, 169 broadcasting, 121–48 Farmers’ Market, 74 geo-political profile, 123–6 FDC (Forum for Democratic language attitudes, 128–9 Change), 39 political regimes, 125 FGD see Focus Group Discussions radio stations, 139 First Republican Constitution Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (Ghana), 124 (GBC), 132, 137, 138 FMLN (Frente Farabundo Martí para Ghana ICT for accelerated la Liberación Nacional), 160 development, 131, 134, 135 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), 35, Giles, L.C., 19 36, 39, 42, 44 globalisation, 113 Index 239

Globe Broadcasting and IFP (Inkatha Freedom Party), 16, Communications Limited, 191 67–8, 76 Goldsmith Media Group, 4 Igbo language, 114, 199 Gonja, 127, 143 Igbo people, 20, 23 Great Lakes Region of Africa, 153 Igboland, 200 ‘griots’, 217 Ijebu, 17 Grout, L., 63 Ijebu-Ode, 203 Grusi, 123 Ijo Adulawo, 207 Guan, 127 “Ijo Orile Ede Adulawo Ti Kristi” 203 Guardian, 116, 190 IkwezeLe Afrika, 15 Guidelines for Local Language Ilanga, 5, 6, 16, 59–86 Broadcasting (Ghana), 6–7, 122, Ilanga LangeSonto, 65, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80 131, 133, 134, 136, 142, 145 Ilanga Lase Natali see Ilanga Gur, 123, 126 Ilanga LeTheku, 65, 79 Gurma, 123 imali yamakhanda, 72 Gwaladi, Joe, 219 Imam, Abubakar, 19 imbongi, 217 Habermas, 213, 214 IMC (Independent Media Council), 33 Halliday, M.A.K., 200 iMfecane period, 101 Haruna, I.B.M., 186 imibhumbhuluzo, 73 Hausa language, 18, 114, 138, 143, Impi Yamakhanda, 72, 83 188, 199 Imvo Zabantsundu, 15 Hausa people, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 Independent, 37 Highveld Stereo, 89 Independent Broadcasting Authority HIV/AIDS, 103, 219 Act (IBA), 87, 88, 89, 91 Holy Aruosa Church, 207 Independent Churches see African Hope FM, 169 Independent Churches House of Reggae, 169 Independent Communications Hutus, 19, 160 Authority of South Africa (ICASA), 87, 89, 90 IBA Act see Independent Broadcasting Independent Media Council (IMC), 33 Authority Act ‘Independent Press’, 15 Ibadan, 17, 203 indigenous churches, 195–208 ibandla, 66, 81 indigenous language media Ibo language, 188 crusading role, 23 Ibo people, 20, 23 democracy, 13–27 ICASA see Independent freedom of expression, 28–58 Communications Authority of nationalist struggle, 14–16 South Africa post-independence period, 16–18 ICC see International Criminal role in census, 182–94 Court Indigenous Language Media and ICT for Accelerated Development Democracy module, 24 (ICT4AD), 131, 134, 135 indigenous languages ICT4AD, 131, 134, 135 broadcasting, 121–48 ICTs (Information and press, 13, 15 Communication Technologies), 28 radio, 129, 153–78 Idegbe, Ikechukwu, 184 see also language(s) IDPs (Internal Displacement of Information and Communication Persons), 173 Technologies (ICTs), 28 240 Index

“information for all” initiative, 118, 120 Kalenjin (language), 19, 154, 155, 168 Inkanyiso Yase Natali, 64 Kalenjin (people), 161, 162, 163, Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), 16, 165, 172 67–8, 76 Kalenjin radio, 163, 164, 165, 168, Inkazimulo, 65 170, 171–2, 173, 174 Inkundla Ya Bantu, 64, 67 Kameme FM, 168 Innis, Harold Adams, 106 Kampala, 35, 43, 45, 48, 50 Inooro FM, 168 Kangura newspaper, 19 inswani, 72, 73 Kangura press, 160 inter-group relations, 153–81 Kano, 185, 191, 192 Interception of Communications KANU (Kenya National African Act (Uganda), 33 Union), 189 Internal Displacement of Persons Karikari, Kwame, 137 (IDPs), 173 Kasem, 127 International Convention on Civil Kass FM, 161, 168 and Political Rights, 31 Katamzi, Phillip Goduka, 64 International Criminal Court (ICC), Kaunda, Billy, 218 153, 154, 155, 161, 162 KBC (Kenya Broadcasting internet, 35, 49, 50, 52, 113, 114, 115, Corporation), 168, 169 116, 117, 118–19, 120, 214 Kenya, 15, 16, 118, 131 access, 50 indigenous language radio, addiction, 117 153–78 regulation, 32 SMS project, 118 service provision, 30, 38 Kenya Assemblies of God Church, 162 Ipepa Lo Hlanga, 64 Kenya Broadcasting Corporation Ironsi see Aguiyi-Ironsi, Johnson (KBC), 168, 169 Thomas Umunnakwe Kenya National African Union Iroyin Yoruba, 14 (KANU), 189 Isigidimisama Xosa, 15 Kenya Television Network (KTN), 169 isiNdebele, 63 Kenya Times, 169 isiSwati, 63 Kenyatta, Mzee Jomo, 15, 161, isiXhosa, 13, 62, 63 161, 172 isiZulu, 5, 13, 59–86 Kenyatta, Uhuru, 153, 154, 162 Isolezwe, 65, 68 KFM radio, 37 Isolezwe NgeSonto, 65 Khanyile Incorporated Legal Firm, 79 Iwe Iroyin, 188 Khoe, 102 Izindaba Zabantu see UMAfrika Khoekhoegowap, 102 iziqhaza, 66 Khumalo, Zethu MaPhoswa, 80, 81, 82 Jabavu, John, 15 Khwe, 6, 87–108 ‘Jabulani! Freedom of the Airwaves’ Khwedam, 88, 105, 106, 108, 109 Conference, 89 Kiambaa, 162 Jan van Riebeeck, 61 Kibaki, Mwai, 153, 154, 155, 162, Jele, Menzi, 80, 81 164, 165, 166, 171, 172 Joy FM, 126, 133 Kikuyu-Kalenjin relationship, 174 Jubilee Alliance, 154 Kikuyu (language), 19, 155, 163, 168 Kikuyu (people), 162, 163, 164, 165, Kachepa, Billy, 221 170, 171, 172, 173, 174 Kalenjin-Kikuyu relationship, 174 Kikuyu radio, 165, 168, 172, 173 Index 241

Kimberley, 87, 88, 90, 92, 96, Maama FM, 48, 49 101, 102 Majimbo Constitution (Kenya), Kinyarwanda language, 19 163, 172 Kiss FM, 169 majority-controlled media, 6, 92 Kisumu, 161, 164, 168 Makama, Samu’ila, 184 Kiswahili see Swahili Makondetsa, Anthony, 222 KTN (Kenya Television Malawi, 7, 8, 14, 18, 59, 211–34 Network), 169 Malawi Broadcasting Corporation Kwa, 123, 126 (MBC), 212–13, 218 Kwacha, 14 Malawi Congress Party, 14, KwaZulu-Natal see Natal 212, 216 see also Nyasaland African Congress La Voix du Patriote, 161 Malawian government, 59 Lagos, 21, 185, 191 Mandla-Matla, 67 land resettlement, 163, 173 Man’ganja, 213 language(s) marginalisation, 88, 100, 230 African, 2, 3, 4, 5, 13–24, 61, 62, colonial policies, 2 89, 113, 131, 189, 208 economic, 230 barriers, 118 indigenous content, 36 colonial, 3, 4, 59, 61, 83 indigenous languages, 6 development, 6, 61, 62, 63, 114–19, minority groups, 106, 144 127, 137, 144 people, 130, 135, 138, 147, 148 European, 3, 4, 61, 113, 190 public, 131 Ghana, 121–48 regional, 171 majority languages, 143, 144 voices, 133 minority languages, 23, 143, 144, youth, 212 145, 146 Marrianhill Monastery, 64, 65 Nigeria, 113–20, 182–93 Marxism, 215–16, 225, 230 orthography, 63, 114, 115, 116 Matafale, Evison, 222 politics, 195–208 Mathonsi, Nhlanhla, 77, 80 standardisation, 6, 114, 115, 116 Mau-Mau rebellion, 15 structure and agency, 1–8 MBC (Malawi Broadcasting Uganda, 28–56 Corporation), 212–13, 218 see also indigenous languages Mbenjere, Lawrence, 217, 222, 224, Latin, 196, 204 225, 231 Le Témoin-Nyabusorongo, 161 Mboya, Tom, 15 Legislative Council (Malawi), 14 Mbukushu, 102 Limann, Hilla, 124, 125 mbumba, 212, 214 local languages see indigenous MDDA (Media Development and languages Diversity Agency), 108 Lomwe, 213, 229 MDGs (Millennium Development Luganda, 30, 37, 43, 44, 45 Goals), 134 Luhya, 163 media Luo (language), 19, 30, 37, 44, 155 access, 5, 28, 50, 51, 135, 169 Luo (people), 161, 163, 164 alternative media, 6, 14, 93, Luo radio, 164, 165, 168, 170, 104, 105 171–2, 173, 174 diversity, 1–8, 28, 34, 38, 40, 51 Luweero FM, 45 frames see frames Lwase Afrika, 15 freedom, 5, 28, 44–51, 51, 52, 133, 242 Index media – continued Namibia, 88, 100, 101, 102, 106 ownership, 5, 28, 35, 36–41, 44, 52, Naro, 102 89, 214 Natal Advertiser, 73 role of, 2, 29, 35, 161, 186 Natal Government, 73 Media Development and Diversity Natal Industrial and Commercial Agency (MDDA), 108 Workers’ Union of South Africa, 15 Meleka, Evans, 225, 226, 227 Natal (KwaZulu-Natal), 16, 61, 63, 65, Metro FM, 169 66, 70 Millennium Development Goals Natal Mercury, 73 (MDGs), 134 Natal readers, 82 missionaries/missionary, 13, 61, 62, Nation Media Group (Uganda), 37, 64, 66, 70, 71, 73, 82, 195, 196, 38, 52 202, 203, 205, 206 Nation Television (NTV), 37, 169 American, 66 National Broadcasting Policy, 33 behaviour, 66 National Church of Christ, 203 churches, 200 National Community Radio Forum education, 62 (NCRF), 90, 100 era in South Africa, 63 National Democratic Congress (NDC), hymns, 196, 207 124, 125, 148 Natal, 63, 66 National Electronic Media press, 15, 64 Performance Study (NEMPS), Mncwango, Daisy, 80 34, 52 mobile findings, 36–51 market, 115 methodology, 34–6 radio enabled cell phones, 167 National Khoisan Consultative technologies, 23 Council (NKCC), 103 telephony, 23, 28, 31, 35, 38, 49, National Languages Project (Sri 50, 52 Lanka), 189 Mobile Telephone Network (MTN), 38 National Media Commission (Ghana), Mohammed, Murtala, 185 7, 136, 148 Moi, Daniel T. Arap, 16, 161, 172 National Media Policy and Guidelines Mole-Dagbani, 123, 127 for Local Language Broadcasting Monitor, The, 37 (Ghana), 133 Mpakati, Attati, 215, 229 National Media Policy (Ghana), 131, Mtendere Pa Ntchito, 14 134–5, 144 MTN (Mobile Telephone Network), 38 National Party (NP), 102 Multi-Choice, 169 National Population Commission Muluzi, Bakili, 214, 217, 218, 223, (NPC), 184, 185 228, 229 National Resistance Movement Mungiki, 165, 178 (NRM), 39, 40 Museveni, Yoweri Kaguta, 33 National Telecommunication Policy, music lyrics during transition to 144 ‘democracy’, 216–18 Nationalist Government (South Musinguzi, Garuga James, 39 Africa), 62 Mutharika, Binga, 217, 222, 223, Native Baptist Church, 196 228, 229 Native Lands Act (South Africa), 71 NCRF (National Community Radio Na’Abba, Ghali, 20, 21 Forum), 90, 100 NAC see Nyasaland African Congress; NDC (National Democratic Congress), Malawi Congress Party 124, 125, 148 Index 243

Ndiyane, Eric, 80, 81 Official Secrets Act (Uganda), 32 NEMPS see National Electronic Media Ogunde, Hubert, 17 Performance Study Oke-Ibadan, 17 New Nigerian Newspapers Limited, 188 Okyame, 128 New Patriotic Party (NPP), 124, Olusegun-Obasanjo regime, 185 125, 148 oppression, 3, 7, 15, 60, 71, 165 Ngakarimojong, 30 Orange, 38 Ngubane, Jordan K., 69, 71, 83 Orange Democratic Movement Nguni languages, 63, 65 (ODM), 153–4, 164, 165, 170, Nigeria, 6 171, 178 indigenous languages, 6, 113–20, Oro, 17 182–94 Othaya, 162 local language newspapers, 14 Otjiwambo, 102 Nkasa, Joseph, 214, 217, 222, 223 Overtoun Institute of the Free Church NKCC (National Khoisan Consultative of Scotland, 13 Council), 103 Oyo empire, 18 Nkrumah, Kwame, 124, 125, 132 Nokuthula, Nxumalo, 78 Pambana, 16 Nongo U Kristu Ken Sudan Hen Tiv Pan-South African Language Board (NKST), 13 (PANSLAB), 87 NP (National Party), 102 Parliamentary Elections Act NPC (National Population (Uganda), 33 Commission), 184, 185 Party of National Unity (PNU), 154, NPP (New Patriotic Party), 124, 164, 165, 170, 171, 178 125, 148 PDP (Peoples Democratic Party), 20 NRM (National Resistance Peace FM, 138 Movement), 39, 40 Penal Code Act (Uganda), 32 Nsaku, Charles, 217, 219, 220, 221, People, The, 169 227, 228 Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), 20 NTV (Nation Television), 37, 169 People’s Party, 229 Nyanja (Chewa/Chichewa/ phungu, 217 Chinyanja), 13, 213 phungus, 224 Nyasaland African Congress (NAC), Platfontein, 87, 88, 91, 92, 94, 101, 14, 211 102, 107 see also Malawi Congress Party pluralism, 126, 145 Nyembezi, C.L.S., 63 plurality, 4, 6 Nyerere, Julius, 189 PNU see Party of National Unity Nyeri, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, politics of language, 2, 198–200 173 Portuguese language, 3, 4, 102, 189 Nzem, 138, 143 Portuguese traders, 123 Nzema, 126, 127 post-apartheid, 161 Precious Stone Society, 203 Obasanjo, Olusegun, 20, 21 Presbyterians, 13 Obasanjo regime, 185 Presidential Elections Act (Uganda), 33 Observer, 37 press freedom, 31 Odinga, Jaramogi Oginga, 161 Pretoria Boerekommando, 89 Odinga, Raila, 153, 154, 155, 161, ‘Progressive Press’, 16 164, 166 Prophet Mohammed, 22 ODM see Orange Democratic Protracted Social Conflicts (PSC), 151, Movement 156–61 244 Index

PSC (Protracted Social Conflicts), 151, Sang, Joshua Arap, 153, 154, 161 156–61 Sanneh, Lamin, 206 public broadcasting see broadcasting SATRA (South Africa Public Order Management Act Telecommunications Regulatory (Uganda), 32, 33 Authority), 90 public sphere, 7, 14, 205, 206, Sauter, Father John Baptist, 64 213–15, 218, 223 Schmidtsdrift, 101, 102 Seibert, Uwe, 116 Qua Iboe Mission (United Evangelical Seme, Pixley ka Isaka, 15, 67 Mission), 13 set-top boxes, 51 Shangase, Thami, 74 Radebe, Mark, 64 Sharia system, 22 radio-enabled cell phones, 167 Silozi, 102 radio frames see frames SIMAMA, 76, 83 Radiotélévision Libre des Milles SIMPUTER, 117, 119, 120 Collines (RTLM), 159, 160 Sinhalese language, 189 Ramogi FM, 168 Sisonke Council, 74 Rawlings, Jerry, 124, 125 SMS, 118 RDC (Resident District SMS cell phone system, 78 Commissioner), 45, 53 SMS project (Kenya), 119 Red Pepper, 37 South Africa, 6, 41, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, Referendum and Other Provisions Act 64, 65, 69, 70, 74–82, 83, 84, 91, (Uganda), 33 94, 96, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, Reinmann, Cordula, 158, 178 105, 108, 109, 161 religiosity, African, 197, 207 apartheid, 61 religious expression, 195–208 citizens, 65 Remo, 17 community radio, 88–90, 91, 96, Reporting Africa syllabus, 24 97, 109 Resident District Commissioner democracy, 59–84 (RDC), 45, 53 homeland governments, 72 ‘return’, 98, 100, 101 language policy, 131 Reynaud, Paul, 70 language press, 15 Rift Valley, 162, 165, 172 migration, 88 Roman Catholic Church, 13, 202 population, 63, 65, 83 Rome Statute, 154 print media, 65 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 174 radio stations, 87 Royal Media Services, 168 transformation, 68, 84, 105 RTLM see Radiotélévision Libre des universities, 24 Milles Collines South Africa Telecommunications Runyakitara, 30, 37, 44 Regulatory Authority (SATRA), 90 Ruto, William, 153, 154, 162 South African Broadcasting Rwanda genocide, 160 Corporation (SABC), 87, 89, 90, 94, 96, 106, 107, 108 SABC see South African Broadcasting South African Defence Forces (SADF), Corporation 88, 100, 101, 102 SADF see South African Defence South African Native National Forces Congress, 67 Salvadorian army, 160 see also African National Congress San, 87, 102, 103, 108 Springvale Mission, 63 Index 245

Sri Lanka, 189 Uganda Media Centre, 33 St. Savior’s Anglican Church, 203 Uganda Telecommunications (UTL), 38 Standard, The, 169 UGCC (United Gold Coast Star, The, 169 Convention), 124 state-run media, 93 Ujama, 189 Statistics South Africa, 63 Ukhozi FM, 60 Stellavision (STV), 169 Ukusa, 16 Stone, Ladejo, 196 UMAfrika, 16, 64, 65 STV (Stellavision), 169 UNDP (United Nations Development Supreme Court of Kenya, 153 Programme), 131, 136 Swahili (Kiswahili), 16, 24, 30, 59, UNESCO 2007 Report, 122 131, 169, 189 UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity Policy, 144 Tamil, 189 Uniiq FM, 133 Tanzania, 24, 59, 189 United Democratic Party, 222 Telecommunications Act United Evangelical Mission (Qua Iboe (South Africa), 90 Mission), 13 Thangatha, 216, 217 United Gold Coast Convention Thiong’o, Ngugi, 3, 4 (UGCC), 124 This Day newspaper, 22, 184 United Mission for Central Africa Timvane, 15 (UMCA), 13 Tiv, 13, 199 United Nations Development translation, 64, 136, 145, 146, 147, Programme (UNDP), 131, 136 195, 200–2, 204–7, 208 United Nations Educational, Scientific treason trial of King Dinuzulu, 72 and Cultural Organization Tsopano, 14 (UNESCO), 24, 118, 119, 120 Tutsis, 19, 160 Universal Declaration of Human Twi, 133, 138, 142, 143 Rights (UDHR), 31 Twi-Fante, 133 Urban TV, 37 see also Akan UTL (Uganda Telecommunications), 38 UAMPs (Uganda All Media Products), Uzibuse, 72 37, 40 Ubaqa, 64 Vanguard, 116 UBC see Uganda Broadcasting Verulam Press, 64 Corporation victimization, 173 UDHR (Universal Declaration of cross-victimization, 164, 166, 174 Human Rights), 31 law-enforcement officers, 45 Udibi Lwase Afrika, 64 the state, 40 Uganda All Media Products (UAMPs), Vision Group (Uganda), 37, 38, 39, 52 37, 40 Volta river, 123 Uganda Broadcasting Corporation Act, 32 wa Mutharika, Binga, 217, 222, 223, Uganda Broadcasting Corporation 228, 229 (UBC), 30, 37, 39, 45, 4, 46, wa Thiong’o, Ngugi, 3, 4 47, 48 Wazobia FM, 191, 192 Uganda Communications Act, 32 Wesleyans, 13 Uganda Communications Westernisation, 84, 117 Commission, 30, 34, 39, 52 Whitney, Frederick, 186 246 Index

Witness, 73 newspapers, 14, 16 World Wide Web, 6, 113–20 people, 14, 17, 22, 23, 207 Yorubaland, 17, 18 Xhosa Express, The (Isigidimisama Xosa), 15 Zhu language family, 102 XK FM, 6, 87–108 Zikalala, Snuki, 87, 108 Zulu, 6, 60, 63, 66, 68, 69, 72, Yao, 213 80, 81 Yoruba Zulu Stereo, 89 laity, 196 Zululand 66 language, 13, 18, 20, 114, 188, Zwelithini, Goodwill, 72, 192, 199 81, 82