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Louis XIV De France 1 Louis XIV De France Louis XIV de France 1 Louis XIV de France Louis XIV Roi de France Portrait de Louis XIV par Hyacinthe Rigaud (1701) Règne 14 mai 1643 - 1er septembre 1715 Sacre 7 juin 1654, Reims Dynastie Maison de Bourbon Titre complet Roi de France et de Navarre Coprince d'Andorre Prédécesseur Louis XIII Successeur Louis XV Héritier Louis de France (1661-1711) Louis de France (1711-1712) Louis de France (1711-1715) Autres fonctions Roi de Navarre Période 14 mai 1643 - 1er septembre 1715 Monarque Louis III Prédécesseur Louis XIII Successeur Louis XV Coprince d'Andorre Louis XIV de France 2 Période 14 mai 1643 - 1er septembre 1715 Monarque Louis XIV Prédécesseur Louis XIII Successeur Louis XV Nom de naissance Louis-Dieudonné Naissance 5 septembre 1638 Saint-Germain-en-Laye Décès 1er septembre 1715 Château de Versailles, Versailles Père Louis XIII Mère Anne d'Autriche Conjoint(s) Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche Mme de Maintenon Descendance Louis de France (1661-1711) Anne-Elisabeth de France Marie-Anne de France Marie Thérèse de France (1667-1672) Philippe-Charles de France Louis-François de France Résidence(s) Palais du Louvre Château de Versailles Signature Rois de France Louis XIV, nommé à sa naissance Louis-Dieudonné et surnommé par la suite le Roi-Soleil ou encore Louis le Grand (Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 5 septembre 1638 – Versailles, 1er septembre 1715) est, du 14 mai 1643 jusqu’à sa mort, roi de France et de Navarre, le troisième de la maison de Bourbon de la dynastie capétienne. Louis XIV, qui a régné pendant 72 ans, est le chef d'État qui a gouverné la France le plus longtemps. Il est aussi le monarque qui a régné le plus longtemps en Europe. Louis XIV accède au trône quelques mois avant son cinquième anniversaire, mais, après une minorité très marquée par la révolte de la Fronde (1648-1653), il n’assume personnellement le contrôle du gouvernement qu’à partir de la mort de son ministre principal, le Cardinal Mazarin, en 1661. Il ne prit jamais plus de ministre principal et Louis XIV de France 3 accentua encore son rôle direct dans l'État après la mort de ses puissants ministres Colbert (1683) et Louvois (1691). Son règne marqua l'apogée de la construction séculaire d'un absolutisme royal de droit divin. Louis XIV vit son autorité absolue bénéficier de la fin historique des grandes révoltes nobiliaires, parlementaires, protestantes et paysannes, qui marquaient la vie du royaume depuis plus d'un siècle. Louis XIV a accru le territoire de la France et sa puissance en Europe. Il mène la diplomatie et la guerre à son gré en combattant durant plusieurs séries de guerres européennes. Il fait fortifier les villes conquises par Vauban et entoure ainsi les nouvelles frontières de leur « ceinture de fer », dans le cadre d'une politique territoriale de « pré carré » qui redessine et rationalise les limites du pays. Son gouvernement personnel coïncide également avec un effort de développement économique, commercial et colonial, mené notamment par son ministre Colbert, et qui est le volet économique de la recherche de la prédominance française. Sous son règne, la France acquiert une prééminence européenne non seulement politique et militaire mais aussi culturelle grâce à la présence de figures intellectuelles protégées par le mécénat royal, telles que Molière, Racine, Boileau, Lully, Le Brun et Le Nôtre. D'autres, plus indépendants, tels le poète La Fontaine, le philosophe Blaise Pascal, l'épistolaire Madame de Sévigné, le moraliste La Bruyère ou le mémorialiste Saint-Simon font également du règne l'apogée historique du classicisme français. Ces performances culturelles contribuent au prestige de la France, de son peuple, de son langage parlé par les élites et dans toutes les cours d'Europe, et bien sûr de son roi. Il est dès son vivant parlé du « siècle de Louis XIV », sur le modèle des siècles de Périclès et d'Auguste, ou encore du « Grand Siècle ». L'une des grandes œuvres du roi a aussi été la mise en place d'un État centralisé et absolutiste. Il le dirige après 1682 depuis le vaste château de Versailles, dont il a ordonné la construction. Ce dernier, modèle architectural de nombreux palais européens par la suite, est le cadre d'une étiquette très élaborée à laquelle il soumet la noblesse de cour, qu'il tient étroitement en main auprès de lui. Louis XIV réduisit aussi le rôle des Parlements, réprima les ultimes révoltes antifiscales paysannes, entretint un très long bras de fer avec les jansénistes et prit la décision controversée de la révocation de l'édit de Nantes en 1685. La fin de son long règne fut ternie par l'exode massif des protestants persécutés, par une série de revers militaires, par les famines très meurtrières de 1693 et de 1709, par la révolte engendrant la guerre des Camisards, et par de nombreux décès dans la famille royale. Mais la régence de son successeur, Louis XV, âgé de cinq ans à la mort de son arrière-grand-père, se déroule sans heurts, ce qui témoigne de la stabilité du royaume établie par le monarque. Habité de l'idée de sa gloire et de son droit divin, soucieux d'accomplir en permanence son "métier de roi", Louis XIV est devenu l'archétype du monarque absolu. Louis XIV de France 4 La jeunesse Louis Dieudonné Fils de Louis XIII et d'Anne d'Autriche, Louis est le fruit d'unions politiques multi-culturelles puisque ses grands-parents paternels Henri IV et Marie de Médicis, étaient respectivement français et italien. Ses grands-parents maternels, Philippe III et Marguerite d'Autriche étaient espagnol et autrichien, bien que tous deux Habsbourg, proches parents l'un de l'autre[1] . Au traditionnel titre de Dauphin de Viennois est ajouté à sa naissance celui de Premier fils de France. L’enfant est aussi prénommé Louis-Dieudonné, car, après presque vingt-trois ans de mariage sans enfant, plusieurs fausses couches de la reine et la mésentente Anne d'Autriche et le futur roi Louis du couple royal, la naissance inattendue de l’héritier du XIV trône est considérée comme un don du Ciel. Certains y voient même un miracle[2] . La naissance de Louis est suivie, deux ans plus tard, par celle de Philippe, d'abord titré duc d'Anjou, puis duc d'Orléans à la mort de son oncle. Elle éloigne du trône le frère du roi régnant, Gaston d'Orléans, comploteur impénitent dont le cardinal de Richelieu, premier ministre de Louis XIII, craignait qu'il ne mène en cas d'accession au trône une politique favorable aux nobles et aux Habsbourg. La naissance tant espérée d'un dauphin est ainsi une victoire politique pour Richelieu. À la mort de son père, l'enfant devient roi sous le nom de Louis XIV. Comme il n'a que quatre ans et demi, sa mère, Anne d'Autriche, devient régente. Elle choisit contre toute attente le cardinal Mazarin comme Premier ministre, en dépit de la désapprobation des cercles politiques français de l'époque dont beaucoup n'apprécient pas qu'un Italien, fidèle de Richelieu, dirige la France. Louis XIV de France 5 L'éducation du roi En plus de ses fonctions ministérielles, Mazarin, parrain de Louis XIV, se voit attribuer par la reine en mars 1646 la responsabilité de l'éducation du jeune monarque et de son frère. Il devient donc « surintendant au gouvernement et à la conduite de la personne du roi et de celle de M. le duc d'Anjou ». Malgré les efforts des différents précepteurs engagés pour prodiguer cours de latin, histoire, mathématiques, italien et dessin, Louis n'est pas un élève très travailleur. Mais, suivant l'exemple du grand collectionneur d'art qu'est Mazarin, Louis XIV se montre très sensible à la peinture, à l'architecture, à la musique et surtout à la danse qui est, à l'époque, une composante essentielle de l'éducation d'un gentilhomme : on dit que le jeune Louis s'entraîne à danser environ deux heures par jour de l'âge de 7 à 27 Louis XIV sous les traits de Jupiter ans. vainqueur Louis XIV, enfant, en costume romain. Louis XIV de France 6 Louis, le "miraculé" Dans son enfance, Louis XIV échappe à plusieurs reprises à la mort : • À 5 ans, il manque de se noyer dans un des bassins du jardin du Palais-Royal. Il est sauvé in extremis. • À 9 ans, le 10 novembre 1647, il est atteint de la variole. Dix jours plus tard, les médecins n’ont plus aucun espoir mais le jeune Louis se remet "miraculeusement". • Le 30 juin 1658, le roi est victime d’une grave intoxication alimentaire lors de la prise de Bergues dans le Nord. Le lundi 8 juillet, on lui donne les derniers sacrements et on commence à préparer la succession mais Guénaut, le médecin d’Anne d’Autriche, lui donne un émétique à base d’antimoine et de vin qui guérit encore une fois "miraculeusement" le roi. Louis XIV, en costume de sacre en 1648 L'épreuve de la Fronde Après avoir célébré sa première communion à l'église Saint-Eustache le 25 décembre 1649, Louis XIV, qui n'a alors que 12 ans, entre au conseil en 1650. C'est l'époque de la Fronde, une contestation de l'autorité royale par les parlements et la noblesse qui allait marquer durablement le monarque. En réaction à ces événements, Louis XIV s'appliqua plus tard à continuer le travail commencé par Richelieu : affaiblir les membres de la noblesse d'épée en les obligeant à servir comme membres de sa cour en transférant la réalité du pouvoir à une administration très centralisée et à la noblesse de robe.
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