Peranan Asean Mendorong Pemerintahan Militer Dalam Menegakkan Demokrasi Di Myanmar

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Peranan Asean Mendorong Pemerintahan Militer Dalam Menegakkan Demokrasi Di Myanmar PERANAN ASEAN MENDORONG PEMERINTAHAN MILITER DALAM MENEGAKKAN DEMOKRASI DI MYANMAR Skripsi Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Hubungan Internasional Oleh : Ikrimah NIM : 106083002812 PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2010 LEMBAR PERNYATAAN : Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa : 1. Skripsi ini merupakan hasil karya asli saya yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu persyaratan memperoleh gelar strata 1 di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2. Semua sumber yang saya gunakan dalam penulisan ini telah saya cantumkan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 3. Jika di kemudian hari terbukti bahwa karya ini bukan hasil karya saya atau merupakan hasil jiplakan dari karya orang lain, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi yang berlaku di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Jakarta, 13 Oktober 2010 Ikrimah ABSTRAK Myanmar merupakan salah satu negara berkembang di kawasan Asia Tenggara yang dikuasai oleh rezim militer otoriter. Sejak merdeka Myanmar diselimuti oleh masalah domestik yang kompleks. Stabilitas politik dan masyarakat yang masih rentan dan adanya disintegrasi nasional menjadi salah satu alasan bagi militer untuk melakukan intervensi dalam pemerintahan. Tahta pemerintahan yang diduduki oleh militer tidak menjamin perbaikan kondisi politik negara, karena hal tersebut mengakibatkan Myanmar memiliki tambahan beban permasalahan dengan mendangkalnya proses peralihan kekuasaan kepada pihak yang dipilih rakyat. Fenomena kuatnya rezim militer Myanmar dan lambatnya proses demokrasi berdampak pada kredibilitas ASEAN sebagai organisasi regional Asia Tenggara yang menaungi Myanmar. Dengan bergesernya konsep masalah demokrasi menjadikan demokrasi sebagai bagian dari urusan internasional, maka peran ASEAN dalam mengatasi masalah Myanmar sangat diperhatikan masyarakat internasional. Melalui pendekatan constructive engagement dan penyelesaian masalah berdasarkan konsensus, ASEAN berusaha mengatasi permasalahan demokrasi di Myanmar. Penelitian ini memiliki hasil temuan bahwa peran ASEAN tidak cukup berhasil dalam mengupayakan kehidupan demokrasi di Myanmar. Ketidakberhasilan ASEAN disebabkan ASEAN terbentur oleh hambatan yang bersifat internal maupun eksternal yang berpengaruh terhadap kehidupan demokrasi Myanmar yang berjalan stagnan. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dan didukung oleh teori-teori sehingga diperoleh bukti yang mendukung kebenaran hasil temuan. ASEAN terbukti belum berhasil memainkan perannya disebabkan ASEAN tidak mampu mengupayakan keterlibatan semua pihak dalam rencana pesta demokrasi tahun 2010. Selain itu, ASEAN tidak berhasil mendorong pemerintah militer Myanmar untuk dapat membentuk peraturan pemilu yang memiliki asas keadilan bagi semua pihak di Myanmar. Peran ASEAN yang belum berhasil ini disebabkan adanya beberapa hambatan internal dan eksternal yang mempengaruhi prospek demokrasi Myanmar. Secara internal, ASEAN memiliki prinsip dan cara penyelesaian masalah yang mempengaruhi kapabilitas ASEAN dalam mengimplementasikan perannya. Sedangkan secara eksternal, adanya kepentingan-kepentingan negara luar terhadap Myanmar sehingga menjadikan beberapa peran ASEAN dalam mengupayakan kehidupan demokrasi di Myanmar mengalami kegagalan. Kata Kunci : ASEAN, Militer, Demokrasi KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin, segala puji bagi Allah SWT Yang Maha Pengasih Lagi Maha Penyayang, yang telah mencurahkan Rahmat dan Karunia Nya kepada penulis sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Dalam penyusunan skripsi ini, penulis menyadari terdapat banyak kendala yang menghambat langkah penulis untuk merampungkan skripsi ini. Namun, berkat bimbingan, bantuan serta motivasi dari berbagai pihak akhirnya penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Secara khusus penulis menyampaikan terima kasih kepada : 1. Prof.Dr.Bahtiar Effendy sebagai Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik dan Dr. Hendro Prasetyo, MA, sebagai Wakil Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2. Nazaruddin Nasution, SH, MA, sebagai Ketua Jurusan Hubungan Internasional dan Agus Nilmada Azmi, M.Si, sebagai Sekretaris Jurusan Hubungan Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 3. M. Adian Firnas, M.Si, sebagai Dosen Pembimbing Skripsi penulis yang telah memberi arahan, saran, dan ilmunya hingga penulisan skripsi ini dapat diselesaikan dengan baik. 4. Mutiara Pertiwi, MA, sebagai Pembimbing Akademik Penulis. 5. Segenap pihak Kementerian Luar Negeri, Deplu RI, khususnya Drs. Ade Padmo Sarwono, MA, selaku Direktur Politik dan Keamanan ASEAN dan Ibu Arie yang telah bersedia meluangkan waktu di tengah kesibukannya. vi 6. Bapak/Ibu Dosen Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, yang telah mengajarkan ilmu yang tidak ternilai sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan studi di Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 7. Orang tua tercinta yang selalu membimbing dan memberikan motivasi demi kebaikan dan keberhasilan penulis tanpa pernah mengeluh dan berputus asa. 8. Saudara dan Saudari penulis; Ka Mila dan Ka Zayed, Ka Musriva dan Ka Rahmat, Ka Ria, Ka Chaca, yang turut memberikan dukungan moril dan materiil bagi penulis untuk menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 9. Dani Agus Prasetyo yang telah bersedia meluangkan waktunya menemani penulis dalam pencarian data untuk pembuatan skripsi ini. 10. Sahabat-sahabat terbaik penulis; Fitrianingsih, Annisa Auditasari, Evi Tamala yang sama-sama berjuang dengan penulis dalam susah dan senang selama proses pembuatan skripsi ini, serta untuk Ricka, Yovita, Ika, Ovi dan Novita yang selalu memberi dukungan dan mengingatkan penulis untuk menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 11. Sahabat-sahabat terbaik penulis di HI A ; Anne Normadiah, Ayu Yukhaeroh, Dzuriah Tiara Hanny, Hazrina, dan Ita Fatimah atas kesediaanya berjuang bersama penulis sejak awal hingga masa-masa akhir perkuliahan. 12. Nadya Hajarani Dwi Lestari, terimakasih atas semua informasinya. 13. Teman-teman Mahasiswa/Mahasiswi Jurusan Hubungan Internasional kelas A angkatan 2006. 14. Semua pihak yang telah turut membantu dalam penyelesaian skripsi ini namun tidak dapat disebutkan satu persatu, terima kasih. vii Akhir kata penulis berharap semoga segala kebaikan yang tulus dari semua pihak dapat diterima oleh Allah SWT. Kiranya skripsi ini masih jauh dari sempurna, namun besar harapan bagi penulis agar skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat dan memberikan kontribusi bagi pembaca khususnya mahasiswa FISIP HI UIN, untuk menambah wawasan dalam mempelajari ilmu hubungan internasional. Jakarta, 13 Oktober 2010 Penulis viii DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................... vi DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................. ix Bab I Pendahuluan 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah .......................................................... 1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah ................................................................... 5 1.3 Tinjauan Pustaka ..................................................................... 5 1.4 Kerangka Teori ....................................................................... 9 1.5 Hipotesa .................................................................................. 17 1.6 Metodologi Penelitian ............................................................. 18 1.7 Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................... 18 1.8 Sistematika Penulisan .............................................................. 19 Bab II Latar Belakang Berdirinya Pemerintahan Militer Myanmar 2.1 Intervensi Militer Myanmar dalam Pemerintahan .................. 21 2.2 Perubahan Bentuk Pemerintahan dan Politik di bawah Kekuasaan Jenderal Ne Win .................................... 24 2.3 Kekuasaan Rezim Militer Jenderal Saw Maung dan Kekacauan Politik Myanmar ............................................ 26 2.4 Myanmar Masa Pemerintahan Rezim Militer Jenderal Than Shwe ................................................................ 28 Bab IIIGerakan Perlawanan Prodemokrasi Terhadap Pemerintahan Militer 3.1 Aung San Suu Kyi Sebagai Aktor Demokrasi Myanmar ................................................................................. 31 3.2 Pemilihan Umum Multipartai Tahun 1990 ............................. 36 3.3 Tindakan Pemerintah Militer Myanmar Menghadapi Gerakan Demokrasi ............................................ 40 ix Bab IV Peran dan Hambatan ASEAN dalam Menciptakan Demokrasi di Myanmar 4.1 Keanggotaan Myanmar dalam Organisasi Regional ASEAN .................................................................... 44 4.2 Peranan ASEAN dalam Menegakkan Demokrasi di Myanmar ............................................................................. 49 4.2.1 ASEAN Regional Forum ............................................ 51 4.2.2 Tekanan Internasional Terhadap Myanmar ................ 57 4.2.3 Pendekatan Dialogis dengan Pemerintah Militer Myanmar ......................................................... 63 4.2.4 Pembentukan ASEAN Human Rights Body (AHRB) ........................................................................ 68 4.3 Hambatan ASEAN dalam Menegakkan Demokrasi di Myanmar .........................................................
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