DOCSLIB.ORG

Rail Passengers' Rights Under Regulation (Ec) No

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rail Passengers' Rights Under Regulation (Ec) No Zbornik PFZ, 66, (2-3) 363-390 (2016) 363 RAIL PASSENGERS’ RIGHTS UNDER REGULATION (EC) NO 1371/2007 AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION IN SPAIN: DOES THE SPANISH RAIL SECTOR REGULATION COMPLY WITH THE ACQUIS COMMUNAUTAIRE? Prof. Dr. Maria Victoria Petit Lavall * UDK: 347.763.4(46) Dr. Achim Puetz ** 339.923:061.1>(46:4EU) Izvorni znanstveni rad Primljeno: kolovoz 2015. Regulation (EC) No 1371/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Co- uncil, of 23 October 2007, on Rail Passengers’ Rights and Obligations, contains the basic EU rules regarding the protection of passengers in rail transport, both on a domestic and an international level. Similarly to what happens in carriage by air (Regulation No 2027/1997, as amended by Regulation No 889/2002) and sea (Regulation No 392/2009), the Rail Passenger Regulation refers —in its Articles 4, 11 and 15— to an international Convention, the Uniform Rules concerning the Contract of International Carriage of Passengers by Rail (Appen- dix A to the 1999 COTIF Convention). However, it introduces some additional rights that do not always fit easily into the framework designed by the Rules, especially as regards the liability of the carrier in case of delay, missed connections and cancellation. The only judgment of the European Court of Justice on this issue (Case C-509/11, ÖBB-Personenverkehr) addresses only part of the problem, in particular, the compensation of the ticket price in case of delay. Furthermore, Re- gulation No 1371/2007 does not prohibit the existence of national measures that improve the passengers’ protection, so domestic law has to be taken into account, too. In Spain, the relevant legislation was adopted in 2004 and has not been amended after the Regulation came into force, so some of its provisions are clearly * Maria Victoria Petit Lavall, Ph. D., Professor, Institute for Transport Law (IDT), Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, Castellon de la Plana, Spain; [email protected] ** Achim Puetz, Ph. D., Lecturer, Institute for Transport Law (IDT), Universitat Jau- me I, Avda. Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, Castellon de la Plana, Spain; [email protected] 364 M. V. Petit Lavall, A. Puetz: Rail Passengers’ Rights Under Regulation (EC) No 1371/2007... inconsistent with the acquis communautaire. The paper seeks to describe the exact content of the passengers’ rights under Regulation No 1371/2007 and to identify those domestic rules that cannot be applied any more since they are con- trary to European Union law and should therefore be repealed. Keywords: Rail transport, acquis communautaire, Spanish rail sector re- gulation, passenger protection I. INTRODUCTION More than a decade ago, in its 2001 White Paper “European Transport Policy for 2010: Time to Decide”1 the European Commission set as an objec- tive the introduction of measures for the protection of passengers in all modes of transport. Since then, considering the passenger as a consumer, and thus as the weak part of the contract of carriage, has been a constant feature in Community legislation that, faced with certain undesirable practices carried out by transport undertakings, has established minimum rights that are to be respected in any case.2 Although the air transport sector pioneered in establis- hing the first passenger protection regulation3, the measures adopted therein have been extended in a similar way to other modes of transport.4 As regards rail transport, the Community enacted Regulation (EC) No 1371/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 23 October 2007, on rail passen- gers’ rights and obligations, which entered into force on 3 December 2009.5 1 COM (2001) 370 final, of 12 September 2001. 2 European Commission (2002), Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: “Consumer Policy Strategy 2002-2006, COM (2002) 208 final, para. 3.1.5.1. 3 Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 11 February 2004, establishing common rules on compensation and assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding and of cancellation or long delay of flights, and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 295/91 (O.J. L 46, 17 February 2004). 4 Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 24 November 2010, concerning the rights of passengers when travelling by sea and inland waterway and amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 (O.J. L 334, 17 December 2010); Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 16 February 2011, concerning the rights of passengers in bus and coach transport and amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 (O.J. 55, 26 Febru- ary 2011). 5 O.J. L 315, 3 December 2007. A synoptic overview of its content can be seen, e.g., in Amerio, S. (2010), La tutela del viaggiatore nel trasporto ferroviario: un’occasio- Zbornik PFZ, 66, (2-3) 363-390 (2016) 365 This Regulation contains the EU legal regime on carrier liability in rail passenger transport by implementing the relevant part of the Uniform Rules concerning the Contract for International Carriage of Passengers and Luggage by Rail (CIV UR), Appendix A to the Convention concerning International Carriage by Rail (COTIF) of 9 May 1980, as amended by the Vilnius Protocol of 3 June 1999 (Art. 6 § 1.a).6 Apart from the traditional liability for death and injury in case of accident, and for delays and incidents with the baggage (loss, damage and delay), particular attention is now paid to frequent cases of bre- ach of contract: cancellations, missed connections, delays or overbooking. It is precisely the obligation of the carrier and the correlative rights of passengers in such cases that shall be analysed in the present study. To this purpose, rail passenger rights according to Regulation (EC) No 1371/2007 shall be exami- ned, with special reference to Spanish domestic legislation, in particular, the 2003 Rail Sector Act (RSA)7, developed by the 2004 Rail Sector Regulation (RSR)8, as well as the 1987 Land Transport Organization Act (LTOA)9, all of which have been modified on repeated occasions. As a matter of fact, the draft of a new Rail Sector Act10 is being debated in Parliament at this moment, although it remains unclear whether it will be passed before the end of the present legislature. ne (forse) perduta, Contratto e Impresa/Europa, Vol. 15 (1), pp. 491-499; Piloñeta Alonso, L. M. (2014), El contrato de transporte terrestre de personas, in: Menén- dez, P. (Ed.), Régimen jurídico del transporte terrestre: carreteras y ferrocarril (pp. 855- 940), Cizur Menor, Thomson Reuters-Aranzadi, pp. 864 et seq. 6 The EU itself joined the COTIF by an Agreement between the European Union and the Intergovernmental Organization for International Carriage by Rail on the Ac- cession of the European Union to the Convention concerning International Car- riage by Rail (COTIF) of 9 May 1980, as amended by the Vilnius Protocol of 3 June 1999 (O.J. L 51, 23 February 2013). The possibility that “regional economic integration organizations” access the Convention is expressly envisaged by Art. 38 COTIF. Spain, on its part, had already ratified the Convention on 7 June 2002 [published in the Spanish Official Journal (B.O.E.) No 149, 23 June 2006]. 7 Act No 39/2003, of 17 November (B.O.E. No 276, 18 November 2003). 8 Enacted by Royal Decree No 2387/2004, of 30 December (B.O.E. No 315, 31 De- cember 2004). 9 Act No 16/1987, of 30 July (B.O.E. No 182, 31 July 1987), developed by the Regu- lation enacted by Royal Decree No 1211/1990, of 28 September (B.O.E. No 241, 8 October 1990). 10 B.O.C.G. Series A, No. 152-1, 14 May 2015. 366 M. V. Petit Lavall, A. Puetz: Rail Passengers’ Rights Under Regulation (EC) No 1371/2007... II. THE RULES CONTAINED IN REGULATION (EC) No 1371/2007 1. Scope of application According to its Article 2.1, Regulation (EC) No 1371/2007 shall apply immediately to all rail journeys and services throughout the Community, both intra-Community and domestic, provided by one or more licensed11 railway undertakings.12 However, while this is true for some of the rules envisaged by the Regulation (Art. 2.3)13, paragraphs 4 and 5 of Article 2 allow for the Mem- ber States to grant, among other things: a) a temporary exemption (for a peri- od of no longer than five years, which may be renewed twice for a maximum period of five years on each occasion) from the application of the remaining provisions of the Regulation to all domestic rail passenger services14; and b) an exemption without any temporary limit from the application of the remaining provisions of the Regulation to urban, suburban and regional rail passenger services.15 11 The rules on licensing of railway undertakings are contained as of today in Chapter III of the Directive 2012/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 21 November 2012, establishing a single European railway area (O.J. L 343, 14 December 2012), which replaced as of 15 December 2012 the Directive 95/18/CE, mentioned in Art. 2.1 of Regulation (CE) No 1371/2007. 12 For the definition of the term “railway undertaking”, Art. 3.1 of Regulation (EC) No 1371/2007 refers to Directive 2001/14/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 26 February 2001, on the allocation of railway infrastructure capac- ity and the levying of charges for the use of railway infrastructure and safety certi- fication (O.J.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Belt and Road Transport Corridors: Barriers and Investments
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Belt and Road Transport Corridors: Barriers and Investments Lobyrev, Vitaly and Tikhomirov, Andrey and Tsukarev, Taras and Vinokurov, Evgeny Eurasian Development Bank, Institute of Economy and Transport Development 10 May 2018 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/86705/ MPRA Paper No. 86705, posted 18 May 2018 16:33 UTC BELT AND ROAD TRANSPORT CORRIDORS: BARRIERS AND INVESTMENTS Authors: Vitaly Lobyrev; Andrey Tikhomirov (Institute of Economy and Transport Development); Taras Tsukarev, PhD (Econ); Evgeny Vinokurov, PhD (Econ) (EDB Centre for Integration Studies). This report presents the results of an analysis of the impact that international freight traffic barriers have on logistics, transit potential, and development of transport corridors traversing EAEU member states. The authors of EDB Centre for Integration Studies Report No. 49 maintain that, if current railway freight rates and Chinese railway subsidies remain in place, by 2020 container traffic along the China-EAEU-EU axis may reach 250,000 FEU. At the same time, long-term freight traffic growth is restricted by a number of internal and external factors. The question is: What can be done to fully realise the existing trans-Eurasian transit potential? Removal of non-tariff and technical barriers is one of the key target areas. Restrictions discussed in this report include infrastructural (transport and logistical infrastructure), border/customs-related, and administrative/legal restrictions. The findings of a survey conducted among European consignors is a valuable source of information on these subjects. The authors present their recommendations regarding what can be done to remove the barriers that hamper international freight traffic along the China-EAEU-EU axis.
    [Show full text]
  • BARCELONA TRAM SERVICE (SPAIN) PPP for CITIES Specialist Centre on PPP in Smart and Sustainable Cities
    WITH THE SUPPORT OF: PPP for CITIES Specialist Centre on PPP in Smart and Sustainable Cities PPP FOR CITIES CASE STUDIES BARCELONA TRAM SERVICE (SPAIN) PPP for CITIES Specialist Centre on PPP in Smart and Sustainable Cities Josep Navarro, Joan Enric Ricart, Francesc Trillas, Miquel Rodríguez Planas & Jordi Salvador With the collaboration of Barcelona's Autoritat del Transport Metropolità (ATM) September 2017 PPP FOR CITIES CASE STUDIES BARCELONA TRAM SERVICE (SPAIN) Josep Navarro, Joan Enric Ricart, Francesc Trillas, Miquel Rodríguez Planas & Jordi Salvador With the collaboration of Barcelona's Autoritat del Transport Metropolità (ATM) PPP FOR CITIES The Specialist Centre on PPPs in Smart and Sustainable Cities (PPP for Cities) is a research, innovation and advisory center that aims to provide public administrations throughout the world with support in the organization, management and development of projects involving collaboration between the public and private sectors in the smart cities arena. It is also a partnership platform between companies and administrations from all over the world where they can further explore the dynamics of public-private partnerships, create guides to good practices and standards and design solutions to the issues facing cities. The center is led by IESE Business School and is part of the United Nations’ International Centre of Excellence on PPPs program. It has the support and sponsorship of Barcelona City Hall and other public administrations and private companies. This document was prepared by the Public-Private-Sector Research Center as a document of interest for the study of public private partnerships rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation.
    [Show full text]
  • TCRP Research Results Digest 77
    May 2006 TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration Subject Areas: IA Planning and Administration, VI Public Transit, VII Rail Responsible Senior Program Officer: Gwen Chisholm-Smith Research Results Digest 77 International Transit Studies Program Report on the Fall 2005 Mission INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES IN THE PLANNING AND FINANCING OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS This TCRP digest summarizes the mission performed October 20– November 5, 2005, under TCRP Project J-3, “International Transit Studies Program.” This digest includes transportation information on the cities and facilities visited. This digest was prepared by staff of the Eno Transportation Foundation and is based on reports filed by the mission participants. INTERNATIONAL TRANSIT participants to learn from foreign experience STUDIES PROGRAM while expanding their network of domestic and international contacts for addressing The International Transit Studies Prog- public transport problems and issues. ram (ITSP) is part of the Transit Cooperative The program arranges for teams of pub- Research Program (TCRP). ITSP is managed lic transportation professionals to visit ex- by the Eno Transportation Foundation under emplary transit operations in other countries. contract to the National Academies. TCRP Each study mission focuses on a theme that was authorized by the Intermodal Surface encompasses issues of concern in public Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 and re- transportation. Cities and transit systems to authorized in 2005 by the Safe, Accountable, be visited are selected on the basis of their Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity ability to demonstrate new ideas or unique Act: A Legacy for Users. It is governed by approaches to handling public transportation a memorandum of agreement signed by the CONTENTS challenges reflected in the study mission’s National Academies, acting through its theme.
    [Show full text]
  • 2013 Contents
    Annual Report 2013 Contents U3 Key figures at a glance Group management report 40 – 179 U4 Events 2013 41 Stragey and commercial management system The Company 01 – 33 48 Shipping Finance 62 Aviation Finance 01 Mission Statement 82 Offshore Finance 02 About us 96 Land Transport Finance 10 Letter to our shareholders and business partners 110 Important deals 2013 13 The Board of Managing Directors 112 Financial Institutions 14 Report of the Supervisory Board 116 Investment Management 19 The Supervisory Board 124 ITF International Transport Finance Suisse AG 20 Corporate Governance Report 2013 126 Financial position and performance 30 Our employees 142 Remuneration 144 Non-financial performance indicators/sustainability Financial and equity markets 34 – 39 151 Report on material events after the reporting date 152 Report on opportunities and risks 34 Financial markets and DVB’s financial markets activities 176 Report on expected developments for 2014 36 Equity markets and the DVB share 179 Explanatory disclosures under takeover law 39 Financial calendar 2014 179 Report of the Board of Managing Directors on relations with affiliated companies Consolidated financial statements 180 – 240 181 Income statement 181 Appropriation of profits 182 Statement of comprehensive income 183 Statement of financial position 184 Statement of changes in equity 185 Cash flow statement 186 Segment report 187 Notes Audit opinion 241 Further information 242 – 252 242 DVB worldwide 244 Key words 246 Glossary 250 Abbreviations 252 Imprint Symbols Reference to the internet
    [Show full text]
  • Recast of the First Rail Freight Package
    HOUSE OF LORDS European Union Committee 10th Report of Session 2008–09 Recast of the First Rail Freight Package Volume II: Evidence Ordered to be printed 19 May 2009 and published 2 June 2009 Published by the Authority of the House of Lords London : The Stationery Office Limited £price HL Paper 90–II CONTENTS Oral Evidence Network Rail Written Evidence 1 Oral Evidence, 2 March 2009 6 Supplementary Evidence 11 European Rail Infrastructure Managers (EIM) Written Evidence 12 Oral Evidence, 2 March 2009 15 Rail Freight Group Written Evidence 21 Oral Evidence, 9 March 2009 25 NewRail Written Evidence 34 Oral Evidence, 16 March 2009 38 Supplementary Evidence 46 Office of Rail Regulation (ORR) Written Evidence 53 Oral Evidence, 23 March 2009 56 European Rail Freight Association (ERFA) Written Evidence 60 Oral Evidence, 23 March 2009 69 Freightliner PL Oral Evidence, 23 March 2009 74 Federal Network Agency Written Evidence 78 Oral Evidence, 30 March 2009 80 Regulatory Service for Railway Transport and for Brussels Airport Operations Oral Evidence, 6 April 2009 88 Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies (CER) Written Evidence 96 Oral Evidence, 6 April 2009 99 Arriva Written Evidence 109 Oral Evidence, 6 April 2009 113 Brian Simpson MEP Written Evidence 121 Oral Evidence, 7 April 2009 122 Michael Cramer MEP Oral Evidence, 7 April 2009 131 Department for Transport Written Evidence 137 Oral Evidence, 20 April 2009 141 Supplementary Evidence 149 Written Evidence Cargo Rail Europe 151 Deutsche Bahn AG 151 European Association for
    [Show full text]
  • "Report on Competition in Railway Freight Transport in Spain"
    "REPORT ON COMPETITION IN RAILWAY FREIGHT TRANSPORT IN SPAIN" TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 I. INTRODUCTION 7 II. LEGAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RAIL FREIGHT TRANSPORT IN SPAIN 9 II.1. Regulation of the rail freight sector 9 II.1.1. The gradual liberalisation of the sector in the EU 9 II.1.2. National rules 15 II.2. Economic characteristics of rail freight transport in Spain 31 II.2.1. Rail infrastructure 35 II.2.2. Rail freight transport 50 II.2.3. Access to rolling stock 60 II.2.4. Repair and maintenance of rolling stock 69 II.2.5. Additional, complementary and ancillary services 74 III. INDICATORS OF COMPETITIVENESS IN THE RAIL FREIGHT MARKET IN SPAIN 79 III.1. The Spanish rail network has a different rail structure from other European countries and less intensive use of the rail infrastructure 79 III.2. Rail represents a small proportion of the total in Spain, and in the last decade that proportion has declined more than in other countries 81 III.3. Spain is one of the countries where new companies have least penetrated the rail freight transport market in relative terms 84 III.4. According to various indicators, the Spanish rail incumbent is relatively inefficient 85 IV. FACTORS LIMITING THE LEVEL OF COMPETITION IN THE SPANISH RAIL SECTOR 95 IV.1. Factors relating to infrastructure 95 IV.1.1. International isolation 95 IV.1.2. Slow freight movement on the rail infrastructure 96 IV.1.3. Smaller average size of trains than in the main competitor countries 96 IV.1.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Strengthening Passengers Rail Is Essential for the Decarbonisation of Transport in Spain
    Strengthening passengers rail is essential for the decarbonisation of transport in Spain A greater use of the existing network, an improvement of national and cross-border infrastructures and an adapted taxation are fundamental pillars to boost the train as the main means of transport for passengers in Spain and Europe 10 February 2021.- The eco-union association and ECODES foundation, as Spanish partners of the Europe on Rail initiative, published today the report "Present and Future of Passenger Rail Transport in Spain" (available in Spanish only) with the aim of promoting policies and measures to strengthen national and international rail transport in Spain in the framework of the European Year of Rail. This report shows how the launch of new direct cross-border connections between major European and Spanish cities, with day and night trains, the implementation of a fair environmental taxation that integrates the benefits of rail, and an increase in investment in rail infrastructure can contribute to exponentially reduce CO2 emissions in Spain and Europe. Moreover, these measures would turn the rail transport system into the preferred option for citizens when planning their journeys. Rail is essential to reach the environmental and climate objectives by 2030 and 2050, which are needed to respond to the climate emergency through the process of transformation and transition of transport and mobility. Because of its sustainability, high capacity and operability, rail transport is the main lever to achieve the decarbonisation of Spain, while contributing to the cohesion of the national territory and to an increase its competitiveness and connectivity with Europe. Jérémie Fosse, director of eco-union and one of the co-authors of the report, stresses that "if we really want to achieve the climate objectives, we need an attractive, competitive and sustainable rail system that offers a real alternative to the more polluting options such as air travel and private cars".
    [Show full text]
  • Euro-Asian Transport Linkages Development
    Informal document No. 1 Distr.: General 20 January 2017 English only Economic Commission for Europe Inland Transport Committee Working Party on Transport Trends and Economics Group of Experts on Euro-Asian Transport Links Fifteenth session Yerevan, 31 January and 1 February 2017 Item 2 of the provisional agenda Identification of cargo flows on the Euro-Asian transport links Draft report of the phase III of the Euro-Asian Transport Links project Prepared by the "Scientific and Research Institute of Motor Transport" (NIIAT) Introduction 1. This document contains the draft final report of the phase III of the Euro-Asian Transport Links (EATL) project. It presents the results of the project’s phase III whose aim was to identify measures to make the overland EATL operational. 2. In particular, the report offers an overview and analysis of the existing situation in transport and trade along EATL routes, it reviews existing studies, programmes and initiatives on the development of EATL in the period 2013-2016, it identifies main transportation and trade obstacles in transport, trade, border-crossing, customs and transit along the EATL routes, and it formulates recommendations to overcome the identified obstacles as well as to further develop the trade across the EATL area. 3. This document is submitted to the fifteenth session of the Group of Experts on EATL for discussion and review. Informal document No. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. EURO-ASIAN TRADE ROUTES AND FREIGHT FLOWS I.1. Economics and trade current situation in EATL Region I.1.1. General overview: world trade and economics I.1.2.
    [Show full text]
  • ILSA Begins the Screening Process of Train Drivers for Its New Hitachi Bombardier Trains
    ILSA begins the screening process of train drivers for its new Hitachi Bombardier trains ▪ The company is vigorously committed to job creation and is offering up to 100 train driver positions for its high-speed trains. ▪ The screening process will begin in March and is expected to end in July. 4 FEBRUARY 2021. ILSA, the first private operator of High Speed trains in Spain, has published its first vacancies for train drivers. Specifically, the company has published up to 100 vacancies for High Speed (300 km/h) train drivers. Among the essential requirements, it is important to have a valid Category B Railway Vehicle Driving Licence, as well as between two and six years’ proven professional experience within the RFIG (General Interest Railway Network). In addition, drivers must have the certificate of psychophysical fitness in force pursuant to article 63 of the FOM 2872/2010 order of 5 November ILSA offers its drivers a Comprehensive Career Development Programme based on a permanent contract, with attractive remuneration and a strong commitment to training, diversity and the professional career of its team in a cutting edge, digital and multimodal rail operator. The screening process will begin next March and is expected to end in July, a month before the arrival of the first ILSA train to begin the approval process. As well as the train driver positions that the company has just offered in the market, coming months will see ILSA launch a new screening process to incorporate more than 500 people for Customer Service. ILSA, earmarked to start operations in 2022 on most of the high-speed routes, connecting Madrid, Barcelona, Seville, Malaga, Córdoba, Valencia, Alicante and Zaragoza, has invested 800 million euros in the construction of 23 new trains of the latest generation.
    [Show full text]
  • Finished Vehicle Logistics by Rail in Europe
    Finished Vehicle Logistics by Rail in Europe Version 3 December 2017 This publication was prepared by Oleh Shchuryk, Research & Projects Manager, ECG – the Association of European Vehicle Logistics. Foreword The project to produce this book on ‘Finished Vehicle Logistics by Rail in Europe’ was initiated during the ECG Land Transport Working Group meeting in January 2014, Frankfurt am Main. Initially, it was suggested by the members of the group that Oleh Shchuryk prepares a short briefing paper about the current status quo of rail transport and FVLs by rail in Europe. It was to be a concise document explaining the complex nature of rail, its difficulties and challenges, main players, and their roles and responsibilities to be used by ECG’s members. However, it rapidly grew way beyond these simple objectives as you will see. The first draft of the project was presented at the following Land Transport WG meeting which took place in May 2014, Frankfurt am Main. It received further support from the group and in order to gain more knowledge on specific rail technical issues it was decided that ECG should organise site visits with rail technical experts of ECG member companies at their railway operations sites. These were held with DB Schenker Rail Automotive in Frankfurt am Main, BLG Automotive in Bremerhaven, ARS Altmann in Wolnzach, and STVA in Valenton and Paris. As a result of these collaborations, and continuous research on various rail issues, the document was extensively enlarged. The document consists of several parts, namely a historical section that covers railway development in Europe and specific EU countries; a technical section that discusses the different technical issues of the railway (gauges, electrification, controlling and signalling systems, etc.); a section on the liberalisation process in Europe; a section on the key rail players, and a section on logistics services provided by rail.
    [Show full text]
  • Hygiea Internationalis, Title Pages
    HYGIEA INTERNATIONALIS An Interdisciplinary Journal for the History of Public Health Volume 6, No. 2, 2007 The following Swedish research foundations have provided financial support for the journal: Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (FAS) The Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet) ISSN, Print: 1403-8668; Electronic: 1404-4013 URL: http://www.ep.liu.se/ej/hygiea/ Editorial Board Giovanni Berlinguer, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy Virginia Berridge, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, U.K. Patrice Bourdelais, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, France Linda Bryder, University of Auckland, New Zealand Marcos Cueto, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Peru Christopher Hamlin, University of Notre Dame, U.S.A. Robert Jütte, Robert Bosch Stiftung, Germany Øivind Larsen, University of Oslo, Norway Marie C. Nelson, Linköping University, Sweden Dorothy E. Porter, University of California, U.S.A. Günter B. Risse, University of California, U.S.A. Esteban Rodriguez-Ocaña, University of Granada, Spain John Rogers, Uppsala University, Sweden Jan Sundin, Linköping University, Sweden Lars-Göran Tedebrand, Umeå University, Sweden John H. Woodward, The University of Sheffield, U.K. Editorial Committee Laurinda Abreu, Patrice Bourdelais, Jan Sundin and Sam Willner Copyright This journal is published under the auspices of Linköping University Electronic Press. All Authors retain the copyright of their articles. © Linköping University Electronic Press and the Authors Table of Contents Volume 6, No. 2, 2007 Editorial Sam Willner Preface 5 Patrice Bourdelais Introduction. Cultural History 7 of Medical Regulations Articles Iris Borowy International Social Medicin between 13 two Wars. Positioning a Volatile Concept Esteban Rodríguez-Ocaña Medicine as a Social Political Science 37 The Case of Spain c.
    [Show full text]
  • Alzheimers Disease & Dementia
    14th International Conference on ALZHEIMERS DISEASE & DEMENTIA Barcelona, Spain | May 01-02, 2020 Alzheimers 2020 Barcelona, Spain Alzheimers 2020 Alzheimers 2020 Future Shape of Dementia and Alzheimers : Accessions, Organizations & Research Conference Dedicated to Innovate Solution to the Public Health Challenges Your single Destination to reach Largest Assemblage of participants from Dementia Community Opportunity beyond any Comparison to Attend & Network Experience the Global Ambiance with Researchers with Similar Significance Make New Associations and Fostering Potential Partnerships Learning & Knowledge in a Single Package Worldwide Acknowledgement to your Research Profile Explore the best in Cutting Edge Research Learn Beyond your Field of Interest Professional Development to Elevate your Knowledge and Skills Alzheimers 2020 Speakers Representation from 50+ Countries 1 Conference | 2 Days | 14th Conference in Dementia Series 10 Keynote Talks | 60 Plenary Speakers | 10 Interactive sessions Symposia | Workshops | Best Poster Award 100 Attendees | 50 Professors | and many more . Greetings! Welcome to most exciting and fascinating Barcelona, Spain! Within this splendid setting, we plan to deliver a conference that will exceed your expectations. During this year’s Conference, we hope that you will seize the opportunity to rekindle ongoing connections and spark new ones with your colleagues from around the globe It’s with great pleasure and great honor to invite you to the “14th International Conference on Alzheimers Disease and Dementia” scheduled during May 01-02, 2020 at Barcelona, Spain. Welcome Message The Conference will be organized around the theme “Illuminate Riddles of Alzheimers and Dementia” Alzheimers 2020 anticipates more than 500 participants around the globe to experience thought provoking Keynote lectures, Oral & Poster presentations.
    [Show full text]