An Open Source Analysis of China's Anti-Satellite Testing in Space
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Small Satellite Launchers
SMALL SATELLITE LAUNCHERS NewSpace Index 2020/04/20 Current status and time from development start to the first successful or planned orbital launch NEWSPACE.IM Northrop Grumman Pegasus 1990 Scorpius Space Launch Demi-Sprite ? Makeyev OKB Shtil 1998 Interorbital Systems NEPTUNE N1 ? SpaceX Falcon 1e 2008 Interstellar Technologies Zero 2021 MT Aerospace MTA, WARR, Daneo ? Rocket Lab Electron 2017 Nammo North Star 2020 CTA VLM 2020 Acrux Montenegro ? Frontier Astronautics ? ? Earth to Sky ? 2021 Zero 2 Infinity Bloostar ? CASIC / ExPace Kuaizhou-1A (Fei Tian 1) 2017 SpaceLS Prometheus-1 ? MISHAAL Aerospace M-OV ? CONAE Tronador II 2020 TLON Space Aventura I ? Rocketcrafters Intrepid-1 2020 ARCA Space Haas 2CA ? Aerojet Rocketdyne SPARK / Super Strypi 2015 Generation Orbit GoLauncher 2 ? PLD Space Miura 5 (Arion 2) 2021 Swiss Space Systems SOAR 2018 Heliaq ALV-2 ? Gilmour Space Eris-S 2021 Roketsan UFS 2023 Independence-X DNLV 2021 Beyond Earth ? ? Bagaveev Corporation Bagaveev ? Open Space Orbital Neutrino I ? LIA Aerospace Procyon 2026 JAXA SS-520-4 2017 Swedish Space Corporation Rainbow 2021 SpinLaunch ? 2022 Pipeline2Space ? ? Perigee Blue Whale 2020 Link Space New Line 1 2021 Lin Industrial Taymyr-1A ? Leaf Space Primo ? Firefly 2020 Exos Aerospace Jaguar ? Cubecab Cab-3A 2022 Celestia Aerospace Space Arrow CM ? bluShift Aerospace Red Dwarf 2022 Black Arrow Black Arrow 2 ? Tranquility Aerospace Devon Two ? Masterra Space MINSAT-2000 2021 LEO Launcher & Logistics ? ? ISRO SSLV (PSLV Light) 2020 Wagner Industries Konshu ? VSAT ? ? VALT -
The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017
Federal Aviation Administration The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 January 2017 Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 i Contents About the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 51 United States Code, Subtitle V, Chapter 509 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA AST’s website: http://www.faa.gov/go/ast Cover art: Phil Smith, The Tauri Group (2017) Publication produced for FAA AST by The Tauri Group under contract. NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. ii Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 GENERAL CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Introduction 5 Launch Vehicles 9 Launch and Reentry Sites 21 Payloads 35 2016 Launch Events 39 2017 Annual Commercial Space Transportation Forecast 45 Space Transportation Law and Policy 83 Appendices 89 Orbital Launch Vehicle Fact Sheets 100 iii Contents DETAILED CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . -
China's Space Program: an Overview
Order Code RS21641 Updated October 18, 2005 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web China’s Space Program: An Overview Marcia S. Smith Specialist in Aerospace and Telecommunications Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary The People’s Republic of China successfully completed its second human spaceflight mission on October 17, 2005. China is only the third country, after Russia and the United States, able to launch people into space. Its first human spaceflight was in 2003 when a single astronaut, or “taikonaut,” made a flight lasting slightly less than a day. The 2005 flight lasted five days, and involved two taikonauts. As the United States embarks upon President Bush’s “Vision for Space Exploration” to return astronauts to the Moon by 2020 and someday send them to Mars, some may view China’s entrance into the human exploration of space as a competitive threat, while others may view China as a potential partner. This report will be updated as warranted. Introduction China has been launching satellites since 1970. Most of the launches are of Chinese communications, weather, remote sensing, navigation, or scientific satellites. Some of those satellites may be for military applications, or are dual use. Some were commercial launches for foreign countries or companies, primarily placing communications satellites into orbit. China launched its first astronaut, or “taikonaut,”1 in October 2003. China has three space launch sites: Jiuquan (also called Shuang Cheng-tzu) in the Gobi desert; Xichang, in southeastern China (near Chengdu); and Taiyuan, south of Beijing. Jiuquan was China’s first launch site, and is used for launches of a variety of spacecraft, including those related to the human spaceflight program. -
April 2015 Issue 15
Issue 15 April 2015 All about the Chinese Space Programme GO TAIKONAUTS! Editor’s Note COVER STORY Finally, we did it without major delay! You may have noticed that the number of articles is less than that in previous issues and the length of some articles is also much shorter this time. Yes, it is a compromise we have to ... page 2 Quarterly Report October - December 2014 Launch Events The last quarter of 2014 was the busiest quarter in Chinese space history. China made 10 successful space launches in three months, setting a new national record for a quarterly launch rate: • On 20 October, at 14:31, a CZ-4C lifted off from Taiyuan Satellite Centre and put ... page 3 Micro/Nano Satellite Technologies and Applications in China Micro/nano satellite technologies are becoming more and more active in China, Quarterly Report from universities to research institute and industries, from scientific research to technology demonstration and to practical applications. Some launched project January - March 2015 examples are: Chuangxin-1 (CX-1), the first Chinese micro satellite used for telecommunication built in Shanghai; Naxing-1, the first nano satellite built by a Launch Events Chinese university in Beijing; Banxing-1 (BX-1), a micro satellite used to provide On the second last day of this in-orbit images of the SZ-7 orbit module to inspect the space module and to quarter, China made its first conduct in-orbit proximity operations, built in Shanghai as well; ZDPS-1A, the space launch in 2015, again first pico satellite at kilogram level built by a Chinese university in Hangzhou; showing that the first quarter Tianxun-1 (TX-1), a micro satellite for Earth observation built by a university in is off-season for the Chinese space programne. -
China on Track with Its Extraterrestrial Mission
OPINION: GIST OF PEOPLE’S DEMOCRACY P.24 | FEATURES: GREATER IPR PROTECTION P.36 VOL.64 NO.19 MAY 13, 2021 WWW.BJREVIEW.COM SPACE TREK RMB6.00 China on track with its USD1.70 AUD3.00 GBP1.20 extraterrestrial mission CAD2.60 CHF2.60 )/$ЮፑʶѮՁὙڍJPY188 ᥪԦ̼Ձe COVER STORY $127+(5 *,$17/($3 A new chapter in extraterrestrial exploration opens with the launch of the ‘control room’ of China’s space station By Li Qing 12 BEIJING REVIEW MAY 13, 2021 http://www.bjreview.com t 11:23 a.m. on April 29, The second stage was to test key tech- a rocket blasted off from nologies needed for a permanent space the Wenchang Spacecraft station, including extra-vehicular activities Launch Site in Hainan and orbital docking. In 2008, fighter pilot Province, carrying the core Zhai Zhigang ventured out of the Earth- $section of China’s space station. orbiting Shenzhou-7 spacecraft and walked After traveling a little over eight minutes LQVSDFHEHFRPLQJ&KLQD·VÀUVWWDLNRQDXWWR on the domestically developed Long March- leave a “footprint in the universe.” 5B Y2 rocket, the module, named Tianhe, To amass more experience for develop- which means harmony of the heavens, sepa- ing a space station, an experimental space rated from the rocket and entered into orbit. lab, Tiangong-1, was lifted up in 2011 to A key step in the construction of the space test the technologies for rendezvous and station that is expected to be completed next docking between spacecraft. A month later, year, Tianhe will act as the management and Shenzhou-8 entered into orbit and accom- control hub of the station as well as a node plished the first automatic rendezvous and for docking with other spacecraft, up to docking with Tiangong-1. -
China's Orbital Launch Activity
China’s Orbital Launch Activity This graphic provides foundational data on China’s orbital launch sites and launch vehicles, as well as on the general structure of China’s state-managed space industry. Orbital Launch Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center Vehicles Currently in 酒泉卫星发射中心 Operation Long March-2C First Launch General Organization of China’s Space Industry 1970 Long March-2D Long March-2F Central Committee of the National People’s Supreme People’s Total Orbital Launches Communist Party of China Congress Court 123 Long March-3A China’s first orbital launch took place Long March-3B/E from this site. Used for government Central Military Commission missions to all orbits and is the only Long March-3C State Council People’s Liberation Army site supporting human spaceflight Long March-4B missions. Long March-4C China Meteorological China Academy of Sciences Long March-5 Administration Long March-6 Long March-7 Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) SASTIND: Regulation and SASAC: Appointment Long March-11 planning of military industrial State Administration for State-owned Assets of senior executives, Others complex. Regulates launch Science, Technology Supervision and management and policy and re-entry activities and Industry for Administration guidance National Defense Commission of the State (SASTIND) Council (SASAC) Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center Estimated$11B CNSA 太原卫星发射中心 Budget in 2018 China National Space China Aerospace Science and China Aerospace Science and 1988 First Launch Administration (CNSA) Industry Corporation (CASIC) Technology Corporation (CASC) CASIC is China’s primary CASC is the primary State Owned Total Orbital Launches manufacturer of missiles and Enterprise responsible for the 80 China Commercial Space related equipment. -
Science Researches of Chinese Manned Space Flight
SPACE SCIENCE ACTIVITIES IN CHINA Science Researches of Chinese Manned Space Flight AUTHORS GU Yidong Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, GAO Ming Beijing 100190 ZHAO Guangheng LIU Yingchun JIN Zhaojun ABSTRACT With the complete success of the 2nd stage of Chinese Manned Space Program (CMSP), several science researches have been performed on Tiangong-1 experimental spacelab, which was docked with three Shenzhou spaceships one after another. The China’s real spacelab, Tiangong-2 will be launched in 2015, docked with a Shenzhou spaceship soon. After six months, it will be docked with the first Chinese cargo ship (Tianzhou-1). More space science researches, involving with space biology, fluid physics, fundamental physics, materials science, Earth science, astronomy and space environmental science, will be operated on Tiangong-2 spacelab, and crewed and cargo spaceships. Furthermore, the considerable large-scale space utilization of Chinese Space Station is planned. The research fields include yet not limited to space medicine and physiology, space life science and biotechnology, fluid physics and combustion in microgravity, space material science, and fundamental physics in microgravity, space astronomy, Earth science, space physics and space environment utilization, technology demonstration. KEY WORDS Science research, Chinese Manned Space Program (CMSP), Space station 1 Progress and Future Plans of China’s experimental space laboratory, was visited by the other Manned Space Program two Shenzhou spaceships after Shenzhou-8 in the latest two years. Shenzhou-9 spaceship docked with Tian- Tiangong-1, serving as a target spacecraft as well as an gong-1 in June, 2012, which was China’s first manned ·14· GU Yidong, et al.: Science Researches of Chinese Manned Space Flight spacecraft rendezvous and docking. -
China Dream, Space Dream: China's Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States
China Dream, Space Dream 中国梦，航天梦China’s Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States A report prepared for the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Kevin Pollpeter Eric Anderson Jordan Wilson Fan Yang Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Dr. Patrick Besha and Dr. Scott Pace for reviewing a previous draft of this report. They would also like to thank Lynne Bush and Bret Silvis for their master editing skills. Of course, any errors or omissions are the fault of authors. Disclaimer: This research report was prepared at the request of the Commission to support its deliberations. Posting of the report to the Commission's website is intended to promote greater public understanding of the issues addressed by the Commission in its ongoing assessment of U.S.-China economic relations and their implications for U.S. security, as mandated by Public Law 106-398 and Public Law 108-7. However, it does not necessarily imply an endorsement by the Commission or any individual Commissioner of the views or conclusions expressed in this commissioned research report. CONTENTS Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................... i Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 -
A New Dawn for China's Space Scientists
NEWSFOCUS In the hot seat. The crew of Shenzhou 9 prepares for China’s fi rst mission to dock spacecraft with astronauts aboard. A New Dawn for China’s Space Scientists China’s crewed space program has won admiration for the engineering mer governor Bo Xilai and the high-profi le on April 22, 2013 prowess on display earlier this week in the Shenzhou 9 mission. fl ight of blind activist Chen Guangcheng. For the party, the elegant pas de deux at 343 kilo- Upcoming science missions hope to steal some of the spotlight meters above Earth’s surface was a timely propaganda triumph. “China’s space pro- BEIJING—When Shenzhou 9 gently fi red its moment: Shenzhou’s former chief designer, gram gives the party legitimacy,” Cheng thrusters to pull to within several centime- Qi Faren. “I wasn’t nervous,” he claims. says. “The leaders can say, ‘Look what we ters of the orbiting Tiangong module on 24 Shenzhou’s fi rst fl ight in 1999, Qi says, was have done for the country.’ ” June, mission managers were on edge. For a far riskier roll of the dice. That landmark The engineering feat is indisputable. a fleeting moment, a question hung in the mission went well, as did the Shenzhou 9 “China is emerging as a world leader in www.sciencemag.org air: Would the astronauts succeed in China’s docking maneuvers, completing a milestone space,” says Mark Stokes, executive direc- fi rst attempt to manually dock the two space- on China’s road to a sustained human pres- tor of the Project 2049 Institute, a think tank craft, circling Earth at 7.8 kilometers per sec- ence in space. -
China Space Station and International Cooperation
China Space Station and International Cooperation Ji QiMing Planning Division, China Manned Space Agency, CMSA [email protected] Contents © China Manned Space Program © China Space Station © International Cooperation I. China Manned Space Program Background Three-step strategy First step: Manned spaceship project Second step: Space laboratory, EVA, RVD Third step: Space station project 4 unmanned space flight missions, 1999-2003 Where did we do? •2003-Shenzhou-5. Yang Liwei became the first Chinese astronaut to fly into space. •2005-Shenzhou-6. First multi-man and multi-day spaceflight. •2008-Shenzhou-7. First EVA by astronaut Zhai Zhigang. •2011-Tiangong-1, Shenzhou-8. automatic RVD (Unmanned mission). •2012-Shenzhou 9. Manual and automatic RVD with Tiangong, first Chinese female astronaut Liu Yang flew in space. •2013-Shenzhou 10. Manual and automatic RVD with Tiangong, space lecture in Tiangong by second female astronautWang Yaping. 10 astronauts flew into space, 2 of them flew twice. Tiangong-1 Shenzhou YANG Liwei SZ-5, 15 Oct 2003 Chinese Astronauts FEI Junlong NIE Haisheng ZHAI Zhigang LIU Boming JING Haipeng SZ-6, 12 Oct 2005 SZ-7, EVA, 25 Sep 2008 JING Haipeng LIU Yang LIU Wang SZ-9, Manual RVD with TG-1 , 16 Jun 2012 NIE Haisheng, WANG Yaping ZHANG Xiaoguang SZ-10, Manual RVD with TG-1, 11 Jun 2013 Chinese Astronauts Spacecrafts II. Chinese Space Station System Architecture Orbit inclination: 42～43〫 Altitude: 340km～450km Designed Life: >10 years Crew member: 3~6 Modules: 3 (basic shape) Robotic arms: 2 Capsule extension is possible Mission duration: 6 months Weight≈70 tons (basic shape) 160~180 tons max Exposure platforms available 1 manned spaceship docked permanently Start to build in 2018, basic shape completed around 2022 Basic Configuration of CSS Core Module : • manage and control center • habitation cabin • node module, serve as docking port and airlock. -
The Real Story on Russian Asats and China's Space Station
“Gravity”: The Real Story on Russian ASATs and China’s Space Station Presentation to Secure World Foundation By Marcia Smith SpacePolicyOnline.com December 9, 2013 Russian ASATs • Premise: Russia launches a direct ascent antisatellite (ASAT) device that creates massive space debris • Real World: – Three countries have developed and launched ASAT systems • Soviet Union/Russia • United States • China – Two countries have launched direct ascent ASATs • United States • China – Russia developed and launched co-orbital, not direct ascent ASATs • The film makers chose the one ASAT-capable country that HAS NOT launched a direct ascent ASAT to blame for the movie’s catastrophe Debris from ASAT Tests Country Satellite(s) Year Total Total Debris Debris Still in Orbit (pieces) (pieces) USSR K 248 (T); K 249/252 (I) 1968 251 85 USSR K 373 (T); K 374/375 (I) 1970 145 36 USSR K 394 (T); K 397 (I) 1971 116 48 USSR K 459 (T); K 462 (I) 1971 27 0 USSR K 880 (T); K 886 (I) 1976 127 60 USSR K 967 (T); K 970 (I) 1977 70 65 USSR K 1171 (T); K 1174 (I) 1980 46 5 US Solwind 1985 285 0 US USA 193* 2008 174 0 China Fengyun 1C 2007 3280 3028 Source: Data from Brian Weeden, Secure World Foundation, 2013 T=target, I = Interceptor * US does not describe this as an ASAT test, but removal of dangerous satellite China’s Space Station • Premise: China has a space station in an orbit similar to the International Space Station (ISS) as well as Hubble and the space shuttle • Real World: – China has launched only one space station, Tiangong-1 – Tiangong-1 and shuttle were -
Kuaizhou-11 Rocket
Kuaizhou-11 Rocket drishtiias.com/printpdf/kuaizhou-11-rocket Why in News The Chinese rocket named Kuaizhou-11 failed due to malfunction during the flight, losing both the satellites it was carrying. Key Points Description: Kuaizhou, meaning “fast ship” in Chinese is a low-cost solid- fueled carrier rocket. It was operated by the commercial launch firm Expace, and was originally scheduled for 2018 after being developed three years earlier. Also known as KZ-11, it had a lift-off mass of 70.8 tonnes, and was designed to launch low-Earth and Sun-synchronous orbit satellites. Significance: Although the launch failed, it signifies a rapidly growing commercial space industry in China. Commercial launches are an emerging industry in China. Companies such as Expace, iSpace, and Landspace, created after the Chinese government opened its space sector to private investment in 2014, have cut down traditional launch operations and are developing rapid response capabilities, the report stated. This has provided greater advantages for both government and commercial customers. Other Important Missions of China: Tianwen-1: China's Mars Mission to be launched by July, 2020. China's previous ‘Yinghuo-1’ Mars mission, which was supported by Russia failed in 2012. Tianwen-1 will lift off on a Long March 5 rocket. Long March 5 Rocket: Considered as China’s successful step to operate a permanent space station and send astronauts to the Moon. Tiangong: China's own space station to be built by 2022. Tiangong means a 'Heavenly Palace'. 1/3 Space Commercialization and India The development of low-cost carrier rockets must be seen in the backdrop of the fact that China gears up to compete with India to attract the lucrative global space launch market.