DOCSLIB.ORG

Kinshasa Declaration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Kinshasa Declaration Regional Interparliamentary Conference on the Great Lakes Region KINSHASA, 26 - 28 FEBRUARY 2007 CONTENTS Part One Part One The historical background • Welcome from the Honorary Vice-President Parliamentarians and their role in the From the Dar-Es-Salaam Declaration to the implementation of the Pact. 2 Kinshasa Declaration P 3 • The historical background 3 • The Kinshasa Conference 4 • The various dimensions of the Pact 5 Part Two • The European Union has a new « Envoy » in the Great Lakes 5 The reactivation of the • The Role of Parliamentarians in consolidating ECGLC the process 6 The European Union supports • Outcomes of the Kinshasa Conference 7 regional dynamics Part Two P 8 • The reactivation of the ECGLC 8 • ECGLC: A great step forward in Bujumbura ! 10 Colophon 12 NR6 Parliamentarians have an important role to play in the implementation of the Pact countries, and to identify how “the organisation of a permanent dialogue forum parliamentarians can get involved in the in order to build a promising future for all.” implementation of the Pact. A second conference is scheduled in AWEPA would like to thank both Ibrahima Bujumbura for the beginning of 2008. FALL and the DRC’s authorities for the Her Excellency Liberata MULAMULA, warm welcome given to all the participants Executive Secretary of the Secretariat of of this important parliamentary meeting. the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (IC/GLR), suggested The presence of His Excellency Joseph that this kind of regional meeting should KABILA, President of the DRC, underlines be organised frequently in order to the exceptional value of this meeting. We involve parliamentarians in building “the house are also very happy and grateful that the for peace and for regional development.” DRC’s Prime Minister, His Excellency AWEPA has committed itself to Antoine GIZENGA, and no less than organising meetings regarding the twenty members of his government are follow-up of the Pact over the course of present at both the opening and closing the next five years. ceremonies of this meeting. I would also like to express my sincere must start by thanking His Excellency Please allow me to also thank the First gratitude to the donors who made the I Mr Ibrahima FALL, Special Vice-President of the DRC’s National organization of the Kinshasa conference Representative of the United Nations Assembly, Honourable Christophe possible: the Belgian and the Dutch Secretary General for the Great Lakes LUTUNDULA, for managing this governments and the United Nations Region, because it is as a result of his international conference successfully. Development Programme (UNDP). Their actions that parliamentarians from the contributions and their commitment were, eleven core countries of the Great Lakes SPECIFIC CONCLUSIONS: and continue to be, essential. Region have been associated with this The main results of the conference can activity concerning the Pact. be found in this publication. However, I AWEPA is convinced that the Pact is the would like to insist on the establishment guarantor of the best possible future for Ambassador Ibrahima FALL has asked of a forum of parliamentarians to allow the people of the eleven core countries of AWEPA to co-organise a Regional frequent exchange of views within the the IC/GLR. Parliamentary conference in order to Great Lakes Region. In support of this, raise awareness about it among Honourable Vital KAMERHE, the DRC’s Dr. Luc DHOORE, Honorary Vice-President parliamentarians from signatory National Assembly President, pleaded for of AWEPA From Ambassador FALL to Ambassador MULAMULA : The succession is assured ! t the opening ceremony of the Kinshasa’s A conference, Ambassador Ibrahima FALL used a metaphor in comparing the various parliamentarians of the region to “the key who will get the Great Lakes locomotive moving.” This locomotive is now in motion! AWEPA would like to express its gratitude to Ambassador FALL for his commitment to this regional process and for his support. AWEPA is happy that this process, which is in its early stages, also enjoys the full support of Ambassador MULAMULA, Executive Secretary of the Secretariat of the IC/GLR, who maintains her commitment to achieving sustainable peace and development in the region. 2 The first part of this publication addresses the cooperation process between the core member states of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (IC/GLR). This cooperation process was established after the Dar-Es Salaam Declaration and the Pact on Security, Stability and Development in the Great Lakes Region. The second part of this document is closely related to the Great Lakes Region in that it explores the revival of the Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (ECGLC) as a sub-region. This economic entity encompasses the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Rwanda and Burundi. PART ONE I. The historical background FROM THE DAR-ES-SALAAM DECLARATION TO THE KINSHASA DECLARATION fter the fall of the Berlin Wall and the “La Baule” speech made by President François Mitterrand, political instability and armed A conflict have resulted in an unrelenting deterioration in the living conditions of the peoples of the African continent ollowing the conflicts which have states were able to translate their resolve auspices of the African Union, will be F been raging in Africa in recent years, into action. Thus, the African states managed by the African Development the United Nations and the African Union pledged to fully implement the decisions Bank (ADB) and funded by the member combined their efforts to put an end to they had taken. A second summit of the countries and donors. A follow-up the dramatic situation. At the outset, most Heads of State and Government was held mechanism has been put in place which of the attention was focussed on the in Nairobi on the 14th and 15th December will include, in particular, a Conference countries bordering on Lakes Kivu, 2006 in order to review those Secretariat located in Bujumbura, Burundi. Tanganyika and Victoria. However, the commitments. Ambassador Liberata MULAMULA, a problems quickly spread to other Tanzanian national, has been appointed to countries, not bordering on the lakes, Between the two summits, the inter- the office of first Executive Secretary. which were suffering from the ministerial committees and the members consequences of past confrontations. of the national preparatory committees, Undeniably, progress has been made. with effective support from expert However, we are still only at the beginning Thus, the United Nations and the African groups, concentrated on the four guiding of the process as at least eight core Union held a first summit which was the themes included in the Dar-Es-Salaam countries must approve the Pact before it culmination of a process designed to Declaration: peace and security, can enter into force. This is why AWEPA restore peace whilst laying the foundations democracy and good governance, supports the initiative of the Parliaments for development. This Summit was the regional integration and economic of the Great Lakes Region wishing to join first International Conference on Peace, development; and social and this historic process from which they have Security and Development in the Great humanitarian issues. hitherto been “excluded.” Lakes Region, and it was held in Dar-Es- Salaam, in Tanzania, on 19th and 20th The second Heads of State and The executive officers also expressed November 2004. Government Summit gave rise to the Pact their agreement with this at the Nairobi on Security, Stability and Development summit and what remains now is the This historic gathering was key to the which was signed in Nairobi on the 15th ratification of the Pact by the respective future of Africa. Fifteen African heads of December 2006. This Pact, in particular, legislative powers so that it can be state, the Secretary General of the United contains the action plan as well as specific brought into force. The International Nations and the African Union projects falling under the overall umbrella Parliamentary Conference of the core Commissioner for peace and security were of the Pact, with a view to improving the states, held in Kinshasa, was necessary to present. It led to the signing of a lives of displaced persons. bring together the elected representatives declaration of principles intended to guide of the people who wished to contribute, the future actions of countries in the Great Furthermore, the signatory countries in their own capacity, to the future Lakes region and, in the long term, to pledged to galvanize all of the actors prosperity of the Great Lakes Region. bring peace, stability and development. involved to secure their ongoing involvement and full commitment to the The Kinshasa Conference resulted in the These results would not have been implementation of the Pact. The Kinshasa Declaration in which the core possible if not for the determination of the agreement also established a development African Parliaments, on the one hand, participating states to reach a consensus. fund for the reconstruction of the reassert their decisive role as the Some of these states were only just institutions devastated by years of armed legitimate representatives of their peoples emerging from regional strife which had conflict, in particular in Burundi, Rwanda and, on the other hand, pledge to work for tragic consequences for their people. The and the DRC. This fund, set up under the the speedy ratification of the Pact. 3 Part One II. The Kinshasa Conference his conference, the first of its kind, T brought together parliaments from the eleven core member states of the IC/GLR. It embodied the hope of seeing the return of peace, security and development to this great African region. The conference was jointly organised by the Executive Secretariat of the IC/GLR and AWEPA, with technical support from the UN/AU Joint Secretariat IC/GLR specially set up for the holding of the IC/GLR.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Questions Concerning the Situation in the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville)
    QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE SITUATION IN THE CONGO (LEOPOLDVILLE) 57 QUESTIONS RELATING TO Guatemala, Haiti, Iran, Japan, Laos, Mexico, FUTURE OF NETHERLANDS Nigeria, Panama, Somalia, Togo, Turkey, Upper NEW GUINEA (WEST IRIAN) Volta, Uruguay, Venezuela. A/4915. Letter of 7 October 1961 from Permanent Liberia did not participate in the voting. Representative of Netherlands circulating memo- A/L.371. Cameroun, Central African Republic, Chad, randum of Netherlands delegation on future and Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey, Gabon, Ivory development of Netherlands New Guinea. Coast, Madagascar, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, A/4944. Note verbale of 27 October 1961 from Per- Togo, Upper Volta: amendment to 9-power draft manent Mission of Indonesia circulating statement resolution, A/L.367/Rev.1. made on 24 October 1961 by Foreign Minister of A/L.368. Cameroun, Central African Republic, Chad, Indonesia. Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey, Gabon, Ivory A/4954. Letter of 2 November 1961 from Permanent Coast, Madagascar, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Representative of Netherlands transmitting memo- Togo, Upper Volta: draft resolution. Text, as randum on status and future of Netherlands New amended by vote on preamble, was not adopted Guinea. by Assembly, having failed to obtain required two- A/L.354 and Rev.1, Rev.1/Corr.1. Netherlands: draft thirds majority vote on 27 November, meeting resolution. 1066. The vote, by roll-call was 53 to 41, with A/4959. Statement of financial implications of Nether- 9 abstentions, as follows: lands draft resolution, A/L.354. In favour: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, A/L.367 and Add.1-4; A/L.367/Rev.1. Bolivia, Congo Brazil, Cameroun, Canada, Central African Re- (Leopoldville), Guinea, India, Liberia, Mali, public, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo Nepal, Syria, United Arab Republic: draft reso- (Brazzaville), Costa Rica, Dahomey, Denmark, lution and revision.
    [Show full text]
  • Death in the Congo: Murdering Patrice Lumumba PDF Book
    DEATH IN THE CONGO: MURDERING PATRICE LUMUMBA PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Emmanuel Gerard | 252 pages | 10 Feb 2015 | HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS | 9780674725270 | English | Cambridge, Mass, United States Death in the Congo: Murdering Patrice Lumumba PDF Book Gordon rated it it was ok Jun 13, This feud paved the way for the takeover by Congolese army chief Colonel Mobutu Sese Seko, who placed Patrice Lumumba under house arrest, guarded by his troops and the United Nations troops. I organised it. Wilson Omali Yeshitela. During an address by Ambassador Stevenson before the Security Council, a demonstration led by American blacks began in the visitors gallery. The Assassination of Lumumba illustrated ed. Sort order. This failed when Lumumba flatly refused the position of prime minister in a Kasa-Vubu government. It is suspected to have planned an assassination as disclosed by a source in the book, Death in the Congo , written by Emmanuel Gerard and published in If you wish to know more about the life story, legacy, or even philosophies of Lumumba, we suggest you engage in further reading as that will be beyond the scope of this article. As a result of strong pressure from delegates upset by Lumumba's trial, he was released and allowed to attend the Brussels conference. Paulrus rated it really liked it Jun 15, Time magazine characterized his speech as a 'venomous attack'. He was the leader of the largest political party in the country [Mouvement National Congolais], but one that never controlled more than twenty-five percent of the electorate on its own. As Madeleine G.
    [Show full text]
  • Front Matter.P65
    Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files CONGO 1960–January 1963 INTERNAL AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 755A, 770G, 855A, 870G, 955A, and 970G and FOREIGN AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 655A, 670G, 611.55A, and 611.70G Project Coordinator Robert E. Lester Guide Compiled by Martin Schipper A UPA Collection from 4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Congo, 1960–January 1963 [microform] : internal affairs and foreign affairs / [project coordinator, Robert E. Lester]. microfilm reels ; 35 mm. Accompanied by a printed guide, compiled by Martin Schipper, entitled: A guide to the microfilm edition of Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Congo, 1960–January 1963. “The documents reproduced in this publication are among the records of the U.S. Department of State in the custody of the National Archives of the United States.” ISBN 1-55655-809-0 1. Congo (Democratic Republic)—History—Civil War, 1960–1965—Sources. 2. Congo (Democratic Republic)—Politics and government—1960–1997—Sources. 3. Congo (Democratic Republic)—Foreign relations—1960–1997—Sources. 4. United States. Dept. of State—Archives. I. Title: Confidential US State Department central files. Congo, 1960–January 1963. II. Lester, Robert. III. Schipper, Martin Paul. IV. United States. Dept. of State. V. United States. National Archives and Records Administration. VI. University Publications of America (Firm) VII. Title: Guide to the microfilm edition of Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Congo, 1960–January 1963. DT658.22 967.5103’1—dc21 2001045336 CIP The documents reproduced in this publication are among the records of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Republic of Congo OGN V9.0 23 December 2008
    Democratic Republic of Congo OGN v9.0 23 December 2008 OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE NOTE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1.1 – 1.4 2. Country assessment 2.1 – 2.10 3. Main categories of claims 3.1 – 3.5 Opposition political activists or members of former rebel forces 3.6 Members of non-government organisations (NGOs) 3.7 Non-Banyamulenge Tutsis 3.8 Banyamulenge Tutsis 3.9 General situation in the Ituri region: people of Hema or Lendu ethnicity 3.10 North Kivu 3.11 Prison conditions 3.12 4. Discretionary Leave 4.1 – 4.2 Minors claiming in their own right 4.3 Medical treatment 4.4 5. Returns 5.1 – 5.3 6. List of source documents 1. Introduction 1.1 This document evaluates the general, political and human rights situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and provides guidance on the nature and handling of the most common types of claims received from nationals/residents of that country, including whether claims are or are not likely to justify the granting of asylum, Humanitarian Protection or Discretionary Leave. Case owners must refer to the relevant Asylum Instructions for further details of the policy on these areas. 1.2 This guidance must also be read in conjunction with any COI Service DRC Country of Origin Information at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/country_reports.html 1.3 Claims should be considered on an individual basis, but taking full account of the guidance contained in this document. In considering claims where the main applicant has dependent family members who are a part of his/her claim, account must be taken of the situation of all the dependent family members included in the claim in accordance with the Asylum Instructions on Article 8 ECHR.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CONGO COMPROMISE ERIC ROULEAU African Correspondent of *Ie Monde
    57 THE CONGO COMPROMISE ERIC ROULEAU African Correspondent of *Ie Monde EVEN though one should no longer be surprised at events in the Congo, developments in this former Belgian colony at the beginning of August must have astonished a great many people. Events unrolled as though there had never been a year of anarchy, of civil war, of political assassinations, and of dictator­ ship. Previously irreconcilable enemies were reunited in the best of parliamentary traditions, deliberated together, elected the administrative officers of both Houses, and gave their con­ fidence to a government whose head had been proposed by the President of the Republic. All this undoubtedly constitutes a posthumous victory for Patrice Lumumba who, until his tragic death, ceaselessly demanded the meeting of parliament. Twice, after his removal last September by President Kasavubu, the Houses had given him their vote of confidence, explicitly condemning the steps taken by the Head of State. Twice, anti-Lumumbist forces had claimed that the votes had been faked. But the extended parliamentary recess had clearly shown that the accusers did not believe in their own accusations. It is now confirmed: the Lumumbists have consistently held the majority inside parliament. The coalition government established at Leopoldville on 2 August is not the one of which Patrice Lumumba dreamed. The Presidency and the key portfolios of Defence, of Foreign Affairs, of Finance and of Information are not in the hands of his supporters. On the other hand, the Lumumbist bloc enjoys a large majority within the heart of the cabinet and, as well as the two Vice-Presidencies (Gizenga and Sendwe), possesses the important Ministries of the Interior and of Justice.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Congo Crisis, 1960-1961
    The Congo Crisis, 1960-1961: A Critical Oral History Conference Organized by: The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars’ Cold War International History Project and Africa Program Sponsored by: The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars September 23-24, 2004 Opening of Conference – September 23, 2004 CHRISTIAN OSTERMANN: Ladies and gentlemen I think we’ll get started even though we’re still expecting a few colleagues who haven’t arrived yet, but I think we should get started because we have quite an agenda for this meeting. Welcome all of you to the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars; my name is Christian Ostermann. I direct one of the programs here at the Woodrow Wilson Center, the Cold War International History Project. The Center is the United States’ official memorial to President Woodrow Wilson and it celebrates, commemorates Woodrow Wilson through a living memorial, that is, we bring scholars from around the world, about 150 each year to the Wilson center to do research and to write. In addition to hosting fellowship programs, the Center hosts 450 meetings each year on a broad array of topics related to international affairs. One of these meetings is taking place today, and it is a very special meeting, as I will explain in a few moments. This meeting is co-sponsored by the Center’s Cold War International History project and 1 the Center’s Africa Program, directed by former Congressman Howard Wolpe. He’s in Burundi as we speak here, but some of his staff will be joining us during the course of the day.
    [Show full text]
  • The Congo Crisis, 1960
    The Congo Crisis, 1960 CRISIS BACKGROUND GUIDE Vancouver Model United Nations The Twentieth Annual Session | January 29–31, 2021 Dear Delegates, William Tsai Secretary-General My name is Annushka Agarwal, and I am delighted to be directing the Historical Crisis Committee at this year’s iteration of VMUN, alongside your chair, Alec Yang, and crisis staff, Logan Higgins. For some context on me, I am currently in Grade 11 at West Point Grey Academy, and my interests include reading Russian literature, finding good math Vivian Gu puns, and contemplating the possibility of socialist utopia. Director-General This year, the HCC will be tackling the Congo Crisis of 1960, a period of post- Derek Wu independence conflict in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo. Prior to Chief of Staff 1960, the Congo was subject to the brutal repression of Belgian colonial rule, and consequently, continues to suffer from numerous sociocultural and economic divisions. Tyler Rosenzweig Independence was undoubtedly a necessity for the Congolese nation, but it also requires Director of Logistics politicians to navigate the uncharted territory of state building and decolonization in a way that is hindered by rampant instability and a lack of legitimacy around government institutions. While the Congo’s history is perhaps not the most well-known, it is in essence composed of the same story as every other postcolonial state: victimization, Joyce Chen emancipation, and hopefully, political reincarnation. USG General Assemblies Given that this is an advanced committee with a relatively complex topic, delegates will Ethan Jasny benefit from ensuring they have a reasonable knowledge of the political landscape of this USG Specialized Agencies time period, both from reading this backgrounder and ideally from consulting external sources as well.
    [Show full text]
  • A Nation Held Hostage
    A Nation Held Hostage A Policy Paper by distributed in collabration with Qhe mca Office!ofthe National bundl ofchmeha Zaire • A Nation Held Hostage A Policy Paper by The Washington Office on Afi-ica distributed in collaboration with the Africa Office of the National Council of Churches June 1992 Printed on Recycled Paper .-21 WASHINGTON OFFICE ON AFRICA: POLICY PAPER 1 SPONSORS OF THE WASHINGTON OFFICE ON AFRICA-African Methodist Episco- pal Church Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union American Commit- tee on Africa * Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) * Church of the Brethren * Epis- copal Church, Coalition for Human Needs and Public Affairs Office, Executive Council and the Washington Office Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Missionaries of Africa Presbyterian Church (USA) Progressive National Baptist Convention, Home Mission Board The Reformed Church in America * Sacred Heart Fathers Society for African Missions (S.M.A. Fathers) United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America (UAW) United Church of Christ Board for World Min- istries, Office for Church in Society, and Commission for Racial Justice United Meth- odist Church Board of Global Ministries Africa Office and Women's Division United Steelworkers of America. Additional copies of "Zaire: A Natlon Held Hostage" are available from the Washing- ton Office on Africa, 110 Maryland Avenue, Suite 112, Washington, D.C. 20002, (202) 546-7961. Cost: Single copies are available for $5.00 each for 1-10; $4.50 each for 11-50; $3.50 each for more than 50. Add 15% for postage and handling, all orders must be paid in advance. ZAIRE: A NATION HELD HOSTAGE Table of Contents Preface .......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Countries at the Crossroads 2012: Democratic Republic of Congo
    Countries at the Crossroads Countries at the Crossroads 2012: Democratic Republic of Congo Jason K. Stearns1 Introduction Recent years have seen a transformation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from a dictatorship through two destructive wars into an embattled regime with authoritarian tendencies. Civil liberties have benefitted in some areas and suffered in others. While the country has profited from a slight expansion of democratic space in the past decade, with the first multiparty elections ever held in 2006, this positive trend was dramatically undercut by the deeply flawed 2011 polls, in which Joseph Kabila was re-elected for a second term despite massive irregularities. This most recent crisis took place against the backdrop of a history marred by mass violence. Following thirty-two years of authoritarian rule under Mobutu Sese Seko, the country succumbed to a regional war in 1996. Troops from Angola, Rwanda, and Uganda invaded the country—then called Zaire—to hunt down insurgents who had established rear bases there. After toppling Mobutu in 1997, these countries placed rebel leader Laurent Kabila in power. The new president soon fell out with his former Rwandan and Ugandan benefactors, sparking a second, bloodier and protracted war in which nine African countries deployed troops on Congolese territory in support of local militias and armed groups. A 2002 peace deal signed under South African auspices reunited the country and ushered in a transitional government that included all major Congolese belligerents except for Mai Mai militias. This new government drafted a new constitution, which was promulgated in 2006, and organized the first democratic elections since 1965.
    [Show full text]
  • Front Matter.P65
    This item is a finding aid to a ProQuest Research Collection in Microform. To learn more visit: www.proquest.com or call (800) 521-0600 This product is no longer affiliated or otherwise associated with any LexisNexis® company. Please contact ProQuest® with any questions or comments related to this product. About ProQuest: ProQuest connects people with vetted, reliable information. Key to serious research, the company has forged a 70-year reputation as a gateway to the world’s knowledge – from dissertations to governmental and cultural archives to news, in all its forms. Its role is essential to libraries and other organizations whose missions depend on the delivery of complete, trustworthy information. 789 E. Eisenhower Parkway ￭ P.O Box 1346 ￭ Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 ￭ USA ￭ Tel: 734.461.4700 ￭ Toll-free 800-521-0600 ￭ www.proquest.com Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files CONGO 1960–January 1963 INTERNAL AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 755A, 770G, 855A, 870G, 955A, and 970G and FOREIGN AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 655A, 670G, 611.55A, and 611.70G Project Coordinator Robert E. Lester Guide Compiled by Martin Schipper A UPA Collection from 4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Congo, 1960–January 1963 [microform] : internal affairs and foreign affairs / [project coordinator, Robert E. Lester]. microfilm reels ; 35 mm. Accompanied by a printed guide, compiled by Martin Schipper, entitled: A guide to the microfilm edition of Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Congo, 1960–January 1963. “The documents reproduced in this publication are among the records of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Leadership and Citizenship in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): a Christian-Ethical Appraisal
    Leadership and citizenship in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): a Christian-ethical appraisal CJ Mualaba orcid.org 0000-0002-9608-0409 Dissertation accepted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Theology in Ethics. at the North-West University Supervisor: Prof K Vorster Graduation ceremony: July 2020 Student number: 31475922 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1. ABAKO: Association (socio-cultural) of Bakongo (i. e. whose members are all people from Kongo Central province). 2. ADF-NALU: A group of rebels from Uganda operating actively in the eastern part of the DRC, along with other rebels groups such as FDLR, PARECO, RLA, LMIA and Maï-Maï 3. AFDL: Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation (of Congo), a political movement created in Lemera in 1996 first in order to obtain the Congolese nationality for Banyamulenge people, then to set Congo-Kinshasa free from the dictatorship of Mobutu. 4. BBC: British Broadcast Corporation 5. CENCO: National Conference of Congolese Roman Catholic Bishops 6. CDF: Congo (Democratic Republic)’s currency/francs 7. DGM: Direction Générale de Migration/General Direction for Immigration 8. DRC: The Democratic Republic of Congo 9. EME: Emerging Market Economy 10. FARDC: Armed Forces of the DRC i. e. Congolese army 11. GKSA: Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid-Afrika/Reformed Churches in South Africa 12. i. e. : That is to say 13. MDGs: Millennium Development Goals 14. MIN. EPSP: Ministère de l’Enseignement Primaire, Secondaire et Professionnel (English : Ministry of Primary, Srcondary and Vocational Education) 15. M23: Rebels’ military group created in the eastern Congo on 23 March 2013. 16.
    [Show full text]
  • Réunis Dans Cette Édition Tous Les Partis Politiques Admis À Concourir Aux Scrutins Dans «Le Soft International» Et Nulle Part Ailleurs, De La Page 7 À La Page 18
    à kingakati, le triple message subliminal de kabila par Tryphon Kin-kiey Mulumba Lettre Pages 3 à 4. à l’histoire LE PLUS FORT TIRAGE | LA PLUS FORTE VENTE | LA PLUS FORTE AUDIENCE | DE TOUS LES TEMPS i n t e r n a t i o n a l S I N C E 1 9 8 9 N°1436 | veNdredi 18 Mai 2018 | 20 PaGeS €7 $8 CdF 10500 | FONdÉ à kiNShaSa Par TrYPhON kiN-kieY MULUMBa www.lesoftonline.net www.lesoft.be La main lourde de e Premier Gaston Musemena condamnables, ré- Ponyo lui, savait Tministre et, derniershibala en date, cidive au point que frapper. Pour avoir frappe Me Lumeya Dhu le ministre se voit signé nombre d’ar- très vite et Maleghi des affai- interdire désormais rêtés critiqués, Bo- sa parole res foncières. Les toute initiative mi- naventure Chelo Lest lourde. Mais à trois ministres se nistérielle qui ne Lotshima, ministre force de distribuer sont avachis dans passerait pas par la de l’enseigne- du courrier à ses leur sofa après Primature, ce qui ment supérieur et ministres, il court avoir reçu et lu le est un risque poli- Universitaire fut le risque de perdre courrier de Bruno tique majeur dès révoqué d’office, de son autorité. Tshibala Nzen- lors que le ministre un 20 novembre Trois de ses minis- zhe. Si le Premier est seul à répondre 2013. Il fut ministre tres au moins ont ministre a raison de ses actes devant de l’enseignement fait les frais de sa quand il expose les le Parlement - on Supérieur et Uni- main lourde.
    [Show full text]