Death in the Congo: Murdering Patrice Lumumba PDF Book
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Patrice Lumumba and the Struggle for African Independence by Douglas Cioffi and April Francis
Patrice Lumumba and the Struggle for African Independence by Douglas Cioffi and April Francis Revolutionary leaders have generally been both deified and pilloried by contemporaries and historians. Evaluations of revolutionaries often depend on the political points of view of commentators and their attitudes toward the revolution itself, its causes, achievements and troubles. Patrice Lumumba (1925-1961) led the struggle in the 1950s against Belgium’s colonial rule in the Congo and helped guide his nation to independence in 1960. He has been a lightening rod for praise and condemnation. Some see him as a martyr who was assassinated by forces aligned with the old colonial regime and other imperialist powers because of his commitment to genuine political and economic independence for his people. Others describe him as an unscrupulous politician and demagogue responsible for the devastation of his country and civil war. The history of the Congo in west-central Africa is a case study in colonial exploitation and the problems of nation building after independence. In 1887, the Congo was taken as a personal fiefdom by Belgian King Leopold II. Under the façade of creating a “civilized” nation, Leopold enslaved the people of the Congo and raped it for its natural resources. Horrific tactics were used to force the Congolese people to work on rubber plantations. Someone could have a hand cut off for refusing to work or working too slowly. Families were held as hostages to force men into the fields. In 1908, as the scale of these atrocities became widely known, Leopold transferred control over the colony to the Belgium government. -
Directors Fortnight Cannes 2000 Winner Best Feature
DIRECTORS WINNER FORTNIGHT BEST FEATURE CANNES PAN-AFRICAN FILM 2000 FESTIVAL L.A. A FILM BY RAOUL PECK A ZEITGEIST FILMS RELEASE JACQUES BIDOU presents A FILM BY RAOUL PECK Patrice Lumumba Eriq Ebouaney Joseph Mobutu Alex Descas Maurice Mpolo Théophile Moussa Sowié Joseph Kasa Vubu Maka Kotto Godefroid Munungo Dieudonné Kabongo Moïse Tshombe Pascal Nzonzi Walter J. Ganshof Van der Meersch André Debaar Joseph Okito Cheik Doukouré Thomas Kanza Oumar Diop Makena Pauline Lumumba Mariam Kaba General Emile Janssens Rudi Delhem Director Raoul Peck Screenplay Raoul Peck Pascal Bonitzer Music Jean-Claude Petit Executive Producer Jacques Bidou Production Manager Patrick Meunier Marianne Dumoulin Director of Photography Bernard Lutic 1st Assistant Director Jacques Cluzard Casting Sylvie Brocheré Artistic Director Denis Renault Art DIrector André Fonsny Costumes Charlotte David Editor Jacques Comets Sound Mixer Jean-Pierre Laforce Filmed in Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Belgium A French/Belgian/Haitian/German co-production, 2000 In French with English subtitles 35mm • Color • Dolby Stereo SRD • 1:1.85 • 3144 meters Running time: 115 mins A ZEITGEIST FILMS RELEASE 247 CENTRE ST • 2ND FL • NEW YORK • NY 10013 www.zeitgeistfilm.com • [email protected] (212) 274-1989 • FAX (212) 274-1644 At the Berlin Conference of 1885, Europe divided up the African continent. The Congo became the personal property of King Leopold II of Belgium. On June 30, 1960, a young self-taught nationalist, Patrice Lumumba, became, at age 36, the first head of government of the new independent state. He would last two months in office. This is a true story. SYNOPSIS LUMUMBA is a gripping political thriller which tells the story of the legendary African leader Patrice Emery Lumumba. -
Questions Concerning the Situation in the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville)
QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE SITUATION IN THE CONGO (LEOPOLDVILLE) 57 QUESTIONS RELATING TO Guatemala, Haiti, Iran, Japan, Laos, Mexico, FUTURE OF NETHERLANDS Nigeria, Panama, Somalia, Togo, Turkey, Upper NEW GUINEA (WEST IRIAN) Volta, Uruguay, Venezuela. A/4915. Letter of 7 October 1961 from Permanent Liberia did not participate in the voting. Representative of Netherlands circulating memo- A/L.371. Cameroun, Central African Republic, Chad, randum of Netherlands delegation on future and Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey, Gabon, Ivory development of Netherlands New Guinea. Coast, Madagascar, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, A/4944. Note verbale of 27 October 1961 from Per- Togo, Upper Volta: amendment to 9-power draft manent Mission of Indonesia circulating statement resolution, A/L.367/Rev.1. made on 24 October 1961 by Foreign Minister of A/L.368. Cameroun, Central African Republic, Chad, Indonesia. Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey, Gabon, Ivory A/4954. Letter of 2 November 1961 from Permanent Coast, Madagascar, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Representative of Netherlands transmitting memo- Togo, Upper Volta: draft resolution. Text, as randum on status and future of Netherlands New amended by vote on preamble, was not adopted Guinea. by Assembly, having failed to obtain required two- A/L.354 and Rev.1, Rev.1/Corr.1. Netherlands: draft thirds majority vote on 27 November, meeting resolution. 1066. The vote, by roll-call was 53 to 41, with A/4959. Statement of financial implications of Nether- 9 abstentions, as follows: lands draft resolution, A/L.354. In favour: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, A/L.367 and Add.1-4; A/L.367/Rev.1. Bolivia, Congo Brazil, Cameroun, Canada, Central African Re- (Leopoldville), Guinea, India, Liberia, Mali, public, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo Nepal, Syria, United Arab Republic: draft reso- (Brazzaville), Costa Rica, Dahomey, Denmark, lution and revision. -
British Withdrawal from India, 1945
Problem Based Learning (PBL) and ‘Reacting to the Past’ Role Play ‐ Take Home Workshop Pack for History Leaving Certificate British Withdrawal from India, 1945-1947 British Withdrawal from India, 1945‐1947 The Secession of Katanga, 1960 –1965 Problem Based Learning (PBL) Aims and Objectives of the Workshop • To inform in-service teachers about the total education strategy and teaching and learning technique of integrating PBL and Reacting to the Past as an efficient Pedagogy. • PBL challenges learners to tackle real problems and issues related to their area of study or their professional domain and is a total education strategy as well as being a teaching and learning technique. Furthermore, PBL is flexible as a pedagogical approach and can be used cross curriculum and as a scaffold for group work, case studies, independent research, presentations, seminar discussions and written reports. • PBL can be utilized to tackle Development issues such as population growth and carrying capacity, independence and interdependence, individual and community, resource development and resource depletion, renewable energy, ecological footprint, fair trade, production & consumption, injustices and inequalities, culture, ethics, human rights, local, national and international governance, legislation, cooperation, competition, needs and wants and much more. ‘Reacting to the Past’ Role Play • Reacting to the Past is a pedagogy involving collaborative role playing in history-based games. • Role playing has long been used as a novel, engaging, and active learning method in which students spontaneously act out characters assigned to them within a social scenario (Bolton, 1979, 1998; Ladousse, 1987; Livingston, 1983; McCaslin, 2005; O’Toole & Dunn, 2002; Thiagarajan, 1996). • Practitioners and theorists alike have suggested that role playing produces numerous benefits. -
Front Matter.P65
Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files CONGO 1960–January 1963 INTERNAL AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 755A, 770G, 855A, 870G, 955A, and 970G and FOREIGN AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 655A, 670G, 611.55A, and 611.70G Project Coordinator Robert E. Lester Guide Compiled by Martin Schipper A UPA Collection from 4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Congo, 1960–January 1963 [microform] : internal affairs and foreign affairs / [project coordinator, Robert E. Lester]. microfilm reels ; 35 mm. Accompanied by a printed guide, compiled by Martin Schipper, entitled: A guide to the microfilm edition of Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Congo, 1960–January 1963. “The documents reproduced in this publication are among the records of the U.S. Department of State in the custody of the National Archives of the United States.” ISBN 1-55655-809-0 1. Congo (Democratic Republic)—History—Civil War, 1960–1965—Sources. 2. Congo (Democratic Republic)—Politics and government—1960–1997—Sources. 3. Congo (Democratic Republic)—Foreign relations—1960–1997—Sources. 4. United States. Dept. of State—Archives. I. Title: Confidential US State Department central files. Congo, 1960–January 1963. II. Lester, Robert. III. Schipper, Martin Paul. IV. United States. Dept. of State. V. United States. National Archives and Records Administration. VI. University Publications of America (Firm) VII. Title: Guide to the microfilm edition of Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Congo, 1960–January 1963. DT658.22 967.5103’1—dc21 2001045336 CIP The documents reproduced in this publication are among the records of the U.S. -
Democratic Republic of Congo OGN V9.0 23 December 2008
Democratic Republic of Congo OGN v9.0 23 December 2008 OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE NOTE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1.1 – 1.4 2. Country assessment 2.1 – 2.10 3. Main categories of claims 3.1 – 3.5 Opposition political activists or members of former rebel forces 3.6 Members of non-government organisations (NGOs) 3.7 Non-Banyamulenge Tutsis 3.8 Banyamulenge Tutsis 3.9 General situation in the Ituri region: people of Hema or Lendu ethnicity 3.10 North Kivu 3.11 Prison conditions 3.12 4. Discretionary Leave 4.1 – 4.2 Minors claiming in their own right 4.3 Medical treatment 4.4 5. Returns 5.1 – 5.3 6. List of source documents 1. Introduction 1.1 This document evaluates the general, political and human rights situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and provides guidance on the nature and handling of the most common types of claims received from nationals/residents of that country, including whether claims are or are not likely to justify the granting of asylum, Humanitarian Protection or Discretionary Leave. Case owners must refer to the relevant Asylum Instructions for further details of the policy on these areas. 1.2 This guidance must also be read in conjunction with any COI Service DRC Country of Origin Information at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/country_reports.html 1.3 Claims should be considered on an individual basis, but taking full account of the guidance contained in this document. In considering claims where the main applicant has dependent family members who are a part of his/her claim, account must be taken of the situation of all the dependent family members included in the claim in accordance with the Asylum Instructions on Article 8 ECHR. -
Gender and Decolonization in the Congo
GENDER AND DECOLONIZATION IN THE CONGO 9780230615571_01_prexiv.indd i 6/11/2010 9:30:52 PM This page intentionally left blank GENDER AND DECOLONIZATION IN THE CONGO THE LEGACY OF PATRICE LUMUMBA Karen Bouwer 9780230615571_01_prexiv.indd iii 6/11/2010 9:30:52 PM GENDER AND DECOLONIZATION IN THE CONGO Copyright © Karen Bouwer, 2010. All rights reserved. First published in 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978–0–230–61557–1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bouwer, Karen. Gender and decolonization in the Congo : the legacy of Patrice Lumumba / Karen Bouwer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–230–61557–1 (hardback) 1. Lumumba, Patrice, 1925–1961—Political and social views. 2. Lumumba, Patrice, 1925–1961—Relations with women. 3. Lumumba, Patrice, 1925–1961—Influence. 4. Sex role—Congo (Democratic Republic)—History—20th century. 5. Women—Political activity— Congo (Democratic Republic)—History—20th century. 6. Decolonization—Congo (Democratic Republic)—History—20th century. 7. Congo (Democratic Republic)—Politics and government— 1960–1997. 8. Congo (Democratic Republic)—Social conditions—20th century. -
Patrice Émery Lumumba
Swarthmore College Works French & Francophone Studies Faculty Works French & Francophone Studies 2008 Patrice Émery Lumumba Carina Yervasi Swarthmore College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-french Part of the French and Francophone Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Carina Yervasi. (2008). "Patrice Émery Lumumba". A Historical Companion To Postcolonial Literatures: Continental Europe And Its Empires. https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-french/46 This work is brought to you for free by Swarthmore College Libraries' Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in French & Francophone Studies Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Patrice Émery Lumumba 37 Patrice Émery Lumumba Patrice Émery Lumumba (1925–61), a Congolese leader of the nationalist independence movement against Belgian colonialism and co-founder of the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC) in 1958, was the first Prime Minister of what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo from June 1960 until September 1960, when he was removed from office by a confluence of forces under the direction of President Joseph Kasavubu, Colonel Joseph Désiré Mobutu, and Belgian and American officials. Lumumba was born in Onalua in the Katako-Kombe district of Sankuru in the Kasai province of the Belgian Congo and educated by Protestant missionaries. He was registered as an évolué and worked as a postal clerk and as a charismatic salesman, an image made famous first in Aimé Césaire’s play Une Saison au Congo (1967) and then in Raoul Peck’s biographical film Lumumba (2000). He became active in the independence movements in the mid-1950s and began a career as a journalist and writer, editing a Congolese postal workers’ newspaper L’Écho, and writing for La Voix du Congolais, La Croix du Congo and the Belgium-based, L’Afrique et le Monde. -
THE CONGO COMPROMISE ERIC ROULEAU African Correspondent of *Ie Monde
57 THE CONGO COMPROMISE ERIC ROULEAU African Correspondent of *Ie Monde EVEN though one should no longer be surprised at events in the Congo, developments in this former Belgian colony at the beginning of August must have astonished a great many people. Events unrolled as though there had never been a year of anarchy, of civil war, of political assassinations, and of dictator ship. Previously irreconcilable enemies were reunited in the best of parliamentary traditions, deliberated together, elected the administrative officers of both Houses, and gave their con fidence to a government whose head had been proposed by the President of the Republic. All this undoubtedly constitutes a posthumous victory for Patrice Lumumba who, until his tragic death, ceaselessly demanded the meeting of parliament. Twice, after his removal last September by President Kasavubu, the Houses had given him their vote of confidence, explicitly condemning the steps taken by the Head of State. Twice, anti-Lumumbist forces had claimed that the votes had been faked. But the extended parliamentary recess had clearly shown that the accusers did not believe in their own accusations. It is now confirmed: the Lumumbists have consistently held the majority inside parliament. The coalition government established at Leopoldville on 2 August is not the one of which Patrice Lumumba dreamed. The Presidency and the key portfolios of Defence, of Foreign Affairs, of Finance and of Information are not in the hands of his supporters. On the other hand, the Lumumbist bloc enjoys a large majority within the heart of the cabinet and, as well as the two Vice-Presidencies (Gizenga and Sendwe), possesses the important Ministries of the Interior and of Justice. -
1 the Congo Crisis, 1960-1961
The Congo Crisis, 1960-1961: A Critical Oral History Conference Organized by: The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars’ Cold War International History Project and Africa Program Sponsored by: The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars September 23-24, 2004 Opening of Conference – September 23, 2004 CHRISTIAN OSTERMANN: Ladies and gentlemen I think we’ll get started even though we’re still expecting a few colleagues who haven’t arrived yet, but I think we should get started because we have quite an agenda for this meeting. Welcome all of you to the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars; my name is Christian Ostermann. I direct one of the programs here at the Woodrow Wilson Center, the Cold War International History Project. The Center is the United States’ official memorial to President Woodrow Wilson and it celebrates, commemorates Woodrow Wilson through a living memorial, that is, we bring scholars from around the world, about 150 each year to the Wilson center to do research and to write. In addition to hosting fellowship programs, the Center hosts 450 meetings each year on a broad array of topics related to international affairs. One of these meetings is taking place today, and it is a very special meeting, as I will explain in a few moments. This meeting is co-sponsored by the Center’s Cold War International History project and 1 the Center’s Africa Program, directed by former Congressman Howard Wolpe. He’s in Burundi as we speak here, but some of his staff will be joining us during the course of the day. -
A Familiar Frontier: the Kennedy Administration in the Congo
A Familiar Frontier: The Kennedy Administration in the Congo Master’s Thesis Presented To The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Department of History David Engerman, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Master’s Degree by Tyler Ritchie May 2012 ABSTRACT A Familiar Frontier: The Kennedy Administration in the Congo A thesis presented to the Department of History Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Tyler Ritchie Previous historical scholarship has tended to support the idea that John F. Kennedy’s inauguration began a period of increased U.S. involvement in and cooperation with Africa. However, U.S. treatment of the crisis in the Congo stayed remarkably the same from Eisenhower to Kennedy. In its treatment of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba, its efforts to secure a new national leader, and its handling of the Belgian-backed, secessionist government in Katanga Province, the Kennedy Administration largely followed the lead of its immediate predecessor. This thesis uses government documents from the high levels of both Administrations to show that Kennedy’s advisers reflected the same assumptions, often wrong ones, about U.S. interests in the Congo and the dangers of communist takeover. This thesis concludes that any desire for a changed Africa policy was not strong enough to lead the U.S. to compromise its perceived national interests in the Congo. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter One: Stanleyville 12 Chapter Two: Leopoldville 41 Chapter Three: Elisabethville 67 Conclusion 93 Bibliography 97 iii Introduction 1960 was known as the Year of Africa, a label that only calls the mind to the many previous years that Africa had spent either neglected or dominated by the West. -
Mouvement National Congolaislumumbaprogr
Programme d’Action Politique du Mouvement National Congolais Lumumba MOUVEMENT NATIONAL CONGOLAIS LUMUMBA PROGRAMME D’ACTION POLITIQUE M.N.C./L. République démocratique du congo Programme d’Action Politique du Mouvement National Congolais Lumumba MOUVEMENT NATIONAL CONGOLAIS LUMUMBA PROGRAMME D’ACTION POLITIQUE M.N.C. / L. RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO Programme d’Action Politique du Mouvement National Congolais Lumumba TABLE DES MATIERES PREAMBULE .................................................................................... 3 CHAPITRE PREMIER TITRE 1 ......................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPITRE DEUX TITRE II Politique Intérieure .......................................................................... 7 Formes et Structures de l’Etat ............................................... 7 CHAPITRE TROIS TITRE III Objectifs principaux du M.N.C./L .................................................. 8 CHAPITRE QUATRE TITRE IV La Défense Nationale et la réorganisation des Forces Armées .... 9 TITRE V L’Administration Nationale ............................................................. 9 TITRE VI La Justice .................................................................................................... 10 CHAPITRE CINQ Domaine des Affaires sociales ................................................................ 11 TITRE VII De l’Education .......................................................................................... 11 TITRE VIII