Empowerment and Preservation of Local Languages

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PROCEEDINGS THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LOCAL LANGUAGES

EMPOWERMENT AND PRESERVATION OF LOCAL LANGUAGES

Editors I Nengah Sudipa Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya Made Budiarsa I Nyoman Darma Putra

Udayana University Denpasar, 23—24 February 2018

“Empowerment and Preservation of Local Languages”

Proceedings The 1st International Seminar on Local Languages

Editors I Nengah Sudipa Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya Made Budiarsa I Nyoman Darma Putra

Cover Design Espistula Communications Bali

Cover Photo Balinese Offering Cake “Sarad” by Arba Wirawan “Baligrafi” (2016) by I Nyoman Gunarsa, made for Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies)

Layout Made Henra Dwikarmawan Sudipa

Publisher Udayana University Press

Organized by Masters and Doctoral Programs of Linguistics Faculty of Arts, Udayana University

in collaboration with Local Languages Researcher Association

ISBN: 978-602-294-262-7 TABLE LIST OF CONTENT

Preface...... iii Message from the Dean of Faculty of Arts, Udayana University...... iv Message from The Rector of Udayana University...... v Table List of Content...... viii

KEYNOTE SPEAKER “HONORIFICS” IN THE USAGE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND TERMS OF ADDRESS IN THE BALI AGA DIALECT Hara Mayuko...... 1

INVITED SPEAKER TOPONYMY AS A CULTURAL RESOURCE AND STRENGTHENING OF IDENTITY: A CASE STUDY ON SUNDANESE COMMUNITY IN SOUTHERN PART OF WEST JAVA Cece Sobarna...... 11

MEDIUM OF MODERNITY: BALINESE LANGUAGE IN THE CONTEMPORARY LITERARY LANDSCAPE I Nyoman Darma Putra...... 19

EMPOWERING PROPOSITIONS OF WISDOM IN PRESERVATION OF LOCAL LANGUAGES F.X. Rahyono...... 29

THE STRUCTURE OF RESULTATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN BALINESE I Nyoman Sedeng...... 39

PRESENTER DISTRIBUTION OF BAJO LANGUAGE FONOLOGY IN BAJO ISLAND DISTRICT SAPE DISTRICT BIMA NUSA TENGGARA BARAT Aditya Wardhani...... 47

THE VERB ‘CARRY’ IN BIAK LANGUAGE: A NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE ANALYSIS Adolfina Krisifu...... 55

“CAK CUK SURABAYA”: STRATEGY OF STRENGTHENING SURABAYA’S IDENTITY Akhmad Idris, Iga Bagus Lesmana...... 65

vii BALINESE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE BY YOUNG GENERATION WHO COMES WORSHIPING TO JAGATNATHA TEMPLE WHILE OFFERING CANANG Anak Agung Putri Laksmi Dewi, Ni Wayan Manik Septianiari Putri...... 71

BALINESE LANGUAGE TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS AT ONE EARTH SCHOOL BALI INDONESIA Anak Agung Sagung Shanti Sari Dewi...... 77

MEANING OF VERB “LOOKING” IN BALINESE LANGUAGE: AN APRROACH OF NATURAL SEMANTICS METALANGUAGE Anak Agung Sagung Wid Parbandari...... 83

THE FIRST STEP IS ALWAYS DIFFICULT: THE REVITALIZATION OF KUI LANGUAGE IN SCHOOLS Anggy Denok Sukmawati...... 87

PHONOLOGICAL VARIATION AND LINGUISTIC MAPPING IN GRESIK: A STUDY OF GEOGRAPHICAL DIALECT Anis Zubaidah Assuroiyah, Namira Choirani Fajri...... 93

THE PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS AND RULE OF JAVANESE COASTAL LANGUAGE: GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY APPROACH Apriyani Purwaningsih...... 99

THE ROLE OF BISSU IN MATTOMPANG ARAJANG AS TRADITIONAL CULTURE AND KNOWLEDGE PRESERVATION OF BUGINESE IN BONE Arga Maulana Pasanrangi, Moch. Ricky Ramadhan, Moh. Caesario Nugroho, Ashabul Kahfi Susanto...... 105

SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE IN THE JAVANESE FOLKLORE AS A SOURCE OF CULTURAL EDUCATION AND IDENTITY FOSTERING ON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS Barokah Widuroyekti, Titik Setyowati...... 113

COMPARING THE LEVEL OF BALINESE LANGUAGE ACQUISITION USING THE VOCABULARY LEVEL TEST Denok Lestari, I Wayan Suadnyana...... 121

THE SOCIO-CULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF BALINESE VOCABULARY IN THE INDONESIAN COMPREHENSIVE DICTIONARY Deny Arnos Kwary, Ni Wayan Sartini, Almira Fidela Artha...... 127

viii YOUTH MOVEMENT: A STRATEGY TO PRESERVE LOCAL LANGUAGES Desak Gede Chandra Widayanthi...... 133

THE USE OF BALINESE IN ADVERTISEMENTS AS AN EFFORT OF PRESERVING LOCAL LANGUAGE Desak Putu Eka Pratiwi, I Komang Sulatra, Komang Dian Puspita Candra ...... 137

PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN PONTIANAK MALAY Dewi Ismu Purwaningsih ...... 143

UTILIZATION OF PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATION FOR KOMERING-INDONESIAN DICTIONARY Dita Dewi Palupi ...... 149

SUNDANESE CULTURE AND LANGUAGE IN MANAQIB ACTIVITIES BY JAMAAH PESANTREN SURYALAYA-TASIKMALAYA Djarlis Gunawan ...... 155

THE KNOWLEDGE CREATION PROCESS OF TAMBO IN MINANGKABAU Febriyanto, Tamara Adriani Salim 161

INNOVATION IN CENK BLONK PERFORMANCE: A STRATEGY OF EMPOWERING LOCAL LANGUAGE THROUGH BALINESE SHADOW PUPPET Gede Yoga Kharisma Pradana ...... 173

ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE IN SONG LYRICS SETARA BETARA (SAME AS GOD) AND GUNUNG NENTEN TONG SAMPAH (MOUNTAIN IS NOT A RUBBISH BIN) BY SEVEN CEBLOCK Gusti Agung Ayu Kesuma Wardhani ...... 183

THE USE OF WORD “WATER” IN INDONESIAN AND BALINESE PROVERBS: AN APPROACH OF SEMANTICS COGNITIVE I Gde Pasek Kamajaya, Ni Made Bulan Dwigitta Prativi ...... 191

INTEGRATION OF CHARACTER EDUCATION VALUES IN BALINESE SHORT STORY “KUTANG SAYANG GEMEL MADUI” I Gde Nyana Kesuma ...... 197

BALINESE COMICS: AN EFFORT TO SUSTAIN AND ENFORCE THE BALINESE LANGUAGE AMONG CHILDREN IN BALI I Gede Gita Purnama A.P...... 203

ix LOANWORD PHONOLOGY IN TRANSLATING BALINESE CULTURAL TERMS INTO JAPANESE WITH REFERENCE TO JTB PUBLISHING BOOK ON BALI ISLAND I Gede Oeinada ...... 209

KARMAPHALA IN AKUTAGAWA RYUNOSUKE’S SHORT STORY ENTITLED HELL SCREEN I Gusti Agung Ayu Made Dianti Putri ...... 215

HIDDEN MESSAGE IN SIAP SELEM I Gusti Ayu Gde Sosiowati, I Made Rajeg...... 221

EMPOWERING LOCAL BALINESE TERMS TO INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY WITH DESCRIPTIVE UNDERSTANDING I Gusti Ngurah Parthama ...... 227

THE SYNTACTIC BEHAVIOR OF PERSONAL PRONOUN IN NUSA PENIDA DIALECT I Ketut Darma Laksana ...... 233

INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA AS NEW BALINESE LANGUAGE LEARNING FOR ELEMENTARY STUDENTS I Ketut Setiawan, I Nyoman Jayanegara ...... 239

THE APPLICATION OF METAFUNCTIONS IN BALINESE LANGUAGE OF SATUA BALI “I BELOG” I Ketut Suardana ...... 245

EXPLORING THE SOCIAL RULES BEHIND THE USE OF BALINESE COURTEOUS EXPRESSIONS: A SOCIAL APPROACH I Ketut Warta ...... 251

A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESSES OF THE BALINESE DIALECT OF NUSA PENIDA I Nyoman Adi Jaya Putra ...... 259

MOTIVATION STRENGTHENING IDENTITY THROUGH BALINESE SCRIPT IN TATTOO MEDIA I Nyoman Anom Fajaraditya Setiawan, Putu Satria Udyana Putra ...... 265

MARATHI LOCATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY I Nyoman Aryawibawa ...... 271

x THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF BALI: THE CASE OF THE TRADITIONAL YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS OF SEKEHA TERUNA I Nyoman Tri Ediwan ...... 277

AN ECOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE REGARDING TOPONYMS IN GIANYAR SUB-DISTRICT, BALI I Putu Gede Hendra Raharja ...... 283

AN ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHEME IN NUSA PENIDA DIALECT I Wayan Agus Anggayana, I Ketut Mantra ...... 289

INDONESIAN DEFAMATION CASES UNDER POLICE INVESTIGATION: A FORENSIC LINGUISTICS STUDY I Wayan Pastika ...... 299

SYNCHRONIC GRAMMATICALIZATION AS FOUND IN THE BALINESE SERIAL VERBS I Wayan Sidha Karya ...... 309

VERBAL ABUSE OF CURSING IN BALINESE MYTHS I Wayan Simpen, Ni Made Dhanawaty ...... 315

THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURES OF DOING TYPES OF ACTION VERBS IN BALINESE LANGUAGE Ida Ayu Agung Ekasriadi ...... 321

THE EQUIVALENCE OF BALINESE FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS INTO ENGLISH Ida Ayu Made Puspani, Yana Qomariana ...... 329

STRATIFICATION PERSPECTIVE OF CATUR WANGSA IN TUTUR CANDRA BHERAWA: A STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY OF LITERATURE Ida Bagus Made Wisnu Parta ...... 338

RESHAPING THE PARADIGMN OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING TO HARMONIZE LOCAL LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya ...... 341

WAYANG FOR THE PRESERVATION OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE AND CULTURE AN ANALYSIS OF MAHABHARATA EPISODE’S GATUTKACA GUGUR (THE FALL OF GATUTKACA) Indrawati, Sri Samiati Tarjana, Joko Nurkamto ...... 347

xi RELATIONSHIP OF SASAK AND SAMAWA LANGUAGES: DIACHRONIC STUDY IN THE LANGUAGE KINDSHIP OF AN ETHNIC GROUP IN INDONESIA Irma Setiawan ...... 355

PHONOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE OF BUGINESE INTO INDONESIAN BY BUGIS SPEAKERS IN CENTRAL SULAWESI (A TRANSFORMATIONAL-GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY STUDY) Jaya ...... 363

STYLISTIC-GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS AND CULTURAL-MEANINGS IN MINANGKABAUNESE Jufrizal ...... 373

LEARNING STRATEGY OF BALINESE LANGUAGES BY USING CONTENT IN NEW MEDIA Kadek Ayu Ariningsih, I Nyoman Widhi Adnyana ...... 383

BALINESE CULTURAL TERMS IN ENGLISH MEDIA TOURISM PROMOTION PUBLISHED BY DENPASAR TOURISM OFFICE Kadek Ayu Ekasani, Ni Luh Supartini ...... 387

THE EXISTENCE OF BALINESE LANGUAGE IN TRANSMIGRATION AREA OF LAMPUNG PROVINCE Kadek Feni Aryati, I Putu Agus Endra Susanta ...... 397

ENRICHING AND NOT SIMPLY COMPETING: BALINESE LANGUAGE IN CONVERSATIONAL INTERACTION IN BALI Kadek Ratih Dwi Oktarini ...... 405

REDUPLICATION PROCESS OF BALINESE LANGUAGE IN MEN BRAYUT STORY Ketut Riana, Putu Evi Wahyu Citrawati, Gede Eka Wahyu ...... 415

CONSERVATIVE OR PROGRESSIVE (THE EXISTENCE OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE) Krisna Pebryawan ...... 421

HUMOR IN DOU MAMPINGA SA UMA-UMA ON MPAMA MBOJO: A RESEARCH OF PSYCHOLOGY LITERATURE AND ANECDOTAL TEXT OF INDONESIAN LEARNING K13 Kurniawan, Solihin ...... 427

COMMISSIVE IN BATAK KARO Laili Mahmudah ...... 435

xii LOSS AND GAIN OF INFORMATION OF THE CULTURAL TERMS IN THE SHORT STORY SEEKOR AYAM PANGGANG AND A ROAST CHICKEN IN RELATION TO THE TARGET LANGUAGE READER’S UNDERSTANDING Lina Pratica Wijaya ...... 441

PROMOTING THE LOST VOCABULARIES OF LOCAL LANGUAGES TO REVITALIZE THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIAN LANGUAGE Lis Setiawati ...... 447

THE LEXICONS OF VERB ‘FALING” IN SUNDANESE LANGUAGE: NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE APPROACH Luh Gde Inten Purnama Sari Setiawan, Ni Putu Yunita Dewi ...... 455

GEGURITAN KAPIPARWA: CHARACTER AND LANGUAGE ANALYSIS 461 Luh Putu Puspawati, I Made Suastika ......

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION ON CHILDREN MIXED MARRIED BETWEEN JAVANESE AND BALINESE Luh Putu Ratnayanti Sukma ...... 467

‘LIR ILIR” PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS Lukia Zuraida ...... 473

LOCAL BEING WITHOUT NATIONAL: LINGUISTIC DILEMMA IN GILI KETAPANG PROBOLINGGO, EAST JAVA Lukiyati Ningsih, Khadijah Aufadina ...... 479

LOCAL LANGUAGE CONTENT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM THROUGH THE MEDIA INFORMATION (LONG-COM PROGRAM) TO CHANGE SOCIETY’S PERSPECTIVE OF LOCAL LANGUAGE IN INDONESIA M. Izzudin Ma’ruf ...... 483

THE USE OF LINGUISTIC POLITENESS AND METAPHOR AMONG SASAK SPEAKERS IN RELIGIOUS SETTINGS Mahyuni, M. Amin, Arifuddin, Ahmad Junaidi ...... 489

CULTURAL MEMORY FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF SU’I UVI IN NGADHA FLORES Maria Matildis Banda ...... 505

xiii THE EXISTENCE OF DOLANAN SONG IN KINDERGARTEN AS A STRATEGY TO EMPOWER THE JAVANESE LANGUAGE : A CASE STUDY OF ROUDLOTUL ULUM KINDERGARTEN, MOJOKERTO Marta Widyawati, Dwika Muzakky Anan Taturia ...... 511

STRENGTHENING JAVANESE LANGUAGE MALANG ACCENT: A CASE STUDY TOWARD VIDEO BLOG BAYU SKAK ON YOUTUBE Mia Maulana Sarif ...... 517

REVEALING THE CULTURAL FEATURES OF PAPUAN MALAY LANGUAGE Monika Gultom ...... 523

GRAMMATICAL EQUIVALENCE IN THE ARABIC-JAVANESE TRANSLATION: THE EXPLORATION OF DIVERSITY IN GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES ACROSS LANGUAGES Muhammad Yunus Anis ...... 529

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN INFLUENCING BALINESE PEOPLE USE LOCAL LANGUAGE (BALINESE LANGUAGE) Ni Luh Made Dwi Ari Septiani ...... 537

CONSTITUENT MERGING OF SIMPLE CLAUSES IN BALINESE Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati ...... 539

THE USE OF NUSA PENIDA BALINESE PHONEME /h/ (A CASE STUDY OF NUSA PENIDA PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN DENPASAR) Ni Made Ayu Widiastuti ...... 547

HOW ANIMALS PERSONIFICATION ACCOMPLISHED IN CHILDREN’S STORY Ni Wayan Sukarini ...... 555

LINGUISTIC IDEOLOGY AND MULTI-IDENTITY (RE)CONSTRUCTION:A CASE STUDY OF THE MANGGARAI-FLORES DIASPORA IN BALI Ni Wayan Sumitri, I Wayan Arka...... 561

TOGA DANCE IN SIGUNTUR KINGDOM CULTURE AS MALAY HISTORICAL RELICS TO STRENGTHEN MINANGKABAU IDENTITY Nidya Fitri, Dewa Ayu Widiasri ...... 569

YAWII: A VERB OF MOTION TOWARD GOAL AND MOTION AWAY FROM SOURCE IN MEE Niko Kobepa...... 577

xiv LANGUAGES PRESERVATION IN CEPUNG: ORAL TRADITION, COLLABORATION OF SASAK AND BALI COMMUNITY ON LOMBOK ISLAND Nining Nur Alaini ...... 583

EXPLORATION ON VERB ‘BAHA’ IN PAKKADO, MANDAR, INDONESIA: A STUDY OF NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE Nirwan ...... 589

CULTURAL VALUES IN TRADITIONAL EXPRESSION OF SASAK TRADITIONAL INTERCOURSE Niswatul Hasanah, Malihah Hafiz ...... 597

RECIPIENT ROLE IN BALINESE GIVING VERB CONSTRUCTIONS Nyoman Sujaya ...... 605

ADJECTIVES IN LUBUKLINGGAU DIALECT OF PALEMBANG MALAY LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH THROUGH MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX ANALYSIS Oktaria Hasiyana ...... 613

A RITUAL TO COMMUNICATE WITH GOD OF THAI-KHMER GROUP: A CASE STUDY OF JOAL MAMAUD RITUAL, MUANG DISTRICT, SURIN PROVINCE, THAILAND Phra Dhammamolee, Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Suthat Pratoomkaew, Thittayawadee Intarangkul, Suriya Klangrit, Samroeng Intayung ...... 623

JAVA ENCYCLOPEDIA BASED ON JAVANESE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE FOR MILENIAL GENERATION Prembayun Miji Lestari, Retno Purnama Irawati, Mujimin ...... 629

INSIGHT OF DIGITAL FOLKLORE IN RELATION TO EDUCATION Putu Irmayanti Wiyasa ...... 635

CONTRASTIF ANALYSIS BALI AND MANDARIN LANGUAGES PRONUNCIATION Putu Prinda D`amour Nisa ...... 641

STRENGHTENING AND DEVELOPING LOCAL LANGUAGE LITERATION THROUGH LOCAL CONTENT CURRICULUM OF PRIMARY SCHOOL: SYSTEMIC-FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE Putu Sutama, Maria Arina Luardini, Natalina Asi ...... 647

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN BALINESE PROVERBS WITH THE LEXICON OF FAUNAS Putu Zalsa Swandari Putri, Ni Made Mitha Suandari ...... 655

xv EXISTENCE OF LOCAL LANGUAGES IN THE VARIOUS GENRE OF POPULAR MUSIC IN INDONESIA Ranti Rachmawanti ...... 661

BANYUMAS JAVANESE DIALECT LANGUAGE IN THE TRADITIONAL CEREMONY OF BANYUMAS COMMUNITY MARRIAGE Ratih Kusumastuti ...... 667

THE EFFORTS TO MAINTAIN THE MOTHER TONGUE IN BEKASI Ratu Badriyah ...... 673

THE POWER OF BATAK TRADITIONAL SONG IN REPRESENTING LIVING VALUES Romaida Lubis ...... 679

TERMS OF ADDRESS IN THE BELITUNG ISLAND SOCIETY: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC APPROACH Sandy Nugraha 687

LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF OUTDOOR SIGNS IN CUSTOMARY VILAGE OF TEGALTAMU, GIANYAR Sang Ayu Isnu Maharani ...... 693

LANGUAGE ATTITUDES AND LANGUAGE USE A GROUP OF PEOPLE TOWARDS LOCAL LANGUAGES IN THE RELATION TO ETHNIC IDENTITY Satyawati ...... 669

AGROLINGUISTIC ISSUES, AGRICULTURAL LEXICONS AND MUSEUM NAGARI IN WEST SUMATRA Sawirman ...... 703

METAPHORS USAGE IN THE MARRIAGE PROPOSAL RITUAL IN MANGGARAI, EAST INDONESIA Sebastianus Menggo ...... 709

PERCEIVED ADDRESS TERMS IN PM BY PAPUAN AND NON PAPUAN SPEAKERS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY Servo P. Kocu ...... 715

PHAHYA : WORD EFFECTS TO E-SARN PEOPLE’S LIFE Sowit Bamrungphak ...... 721

xvi LANGUAGE OF THE BAWEAN ISLANDERS: CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS IN SPEECH LEVELS Sri Wiryanti Budi Utami ...... 727

ANCIENT LANGUAGE IN SACRED RITUAL OF BUDDHIST THAI-KHMER PEOPLE IN MUANG DISTRICT, SURIN PROVINCE, THAILAND Suthat. Pratoomkaew, PhraRajdhammasansudhi Teerangku, Phramaha Khuntong Khemasiri, Phramaha Tongchai Thammathawee, Yasothara Siripaprapãgon ...... 733

FIRST PERSON POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION IN MADURESE LANGUAGE Tunggul Puji Lestari, Dwita Laksmita Rachmawati ...... 739

THE DERIVATED CLAUSE STRUCTURES IN KAILI LANGUAGE, DIALECT RAI Ulinsa, Yunidar ...... 747

THE FORMATION OF IDIOM IN BIMA LANGUAGE: PERSPECTIVE MORPHOLOGY SYSTEM Umar ...... 755

ORAL PROFICIENCY IN TAMIL LANGUAGE: AN ISSUE IN MAINTAINING TAMIL LANGUAGE Vijay Khana ...... 761

THE MAINTAINED USE OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE IN SURABAYA URBAN SOCIETY Wahyu Sekti Wijaya ...... 767

IDENTIFIYING SENTANI CHILDREN’S DIFFICULTIES IN LEARNING THEIR LOCAL LANGUAGE Wigati Yektiningtyas ...... 773

BOL : THE RITUAL AND ART OF DETECTING THE CAUSE OF ILLNESS IN KHMER PEOPLE SURIN PROVINCE,THAILAND Wan Suwanpong, Prayoon Saengsai, Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Karisandh Sengmas, Somkid Sukjit, Suriya Klangrit ...... 781

ANCIENT SACRED LANGUAGE PRESENTED IN GALMORE RITUAL OF BUDDHIST THAI-KUI PEOPLE IN SURIN PROVINCE OF THAILAND Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Wan Suwanpong, PhraKan KantaDharmmo, Suriya Klangrit, Samroeng Intayung ...... 787

xvii “PHAYAR” A LANGUAGE THAT REFLECTS THE DOCTRINE IN THE LIFE OF THAI-KUY ETHNIC GROUP IN SURIN PROVINCE OF THAILAND Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Prayoon Saengsai, Wan Suwanpong, Suriya Klangrit, Samroeng Intayung ...... 793

KIEH IN MINANGKABAU’S TAMBO Yendra ...... 797

xviii A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESSES OF THE BALINESE DIALECT OF NUSA PENIDA

I Nyoman Adi Jaya Putra Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha [email protected]

Abstract This study aimed at describing the morphophonemic processes of the Balinese dialect that is spoken by the people of Nusa Penida Island, Bali. The subjects were the Balinsese speaking villagers of Batukandik, Batumulapan, and Klumpu villages who were determined purposively. The data were collected through observation which were audio-recorded in three different language domains i.e., family, neighbourhood, and friendship. Interview and elicitation tehniques were also administered to guarantee the data reliability. The data were analysed descriptively following the procedure of data analysis proposed by Miles and Huberman (1994). The findings showed that there were a number of morphological procesess found covering derivational and inflectional prefixation, derivational and inflectional suffixation, compounding, reduplication, borrowing, clipping, and initialism as well. Among the data, two suffixes, {-te} @[t ] and {-ne} [n@] of the Balinese dialect spoken by the subjects are worth noting. Morphologically, these two can be categorized into inflectional suffixes having different meaning when used in context. The former, when attached to the base noun, could mean a definite thing that was talked about in the past, while the latter refers to a thing being spoken at the time of speaking. Other instances are the word initial position aspirated voiceless bilabial stop /p/ and voiceless alveolar stop /t/ tend to be pronounced with aspiration [ph-] and [th-] respectively.

Keywords: morphophonemic, Balinese dialect, Nusa Penida

I. INTRODUCTION There are at least 722 local languages known across Indonesia with a number of 222.699.476 speakers (Ethnologue, 2012). Among them, there are 10 local languages spoken the most, and Balinese language (BL) is one of them. BL is spoken by 3.3 million people, most of them reside in Bali while some others are in west Lombok and other isles of the archipelago. The speakers are not only the Balinese who are mostly Hindus but are also diasporas of other ethnic groups who are not Hindus. There are two groups of dialect of BL i.e., Bali Aga dialect and Bali Dataran dialect (Bawa and Jendra, 1981). Bali Aga dialect is spoken in the regions of Tenganan, Nusa Penida, Bugbug, Seraya, Sembiran, Madenan, Bintangdanu, Selulung, Pedawa, Sidatapa, Tigawasa, Mayong, Bantiran, and Belimbing. While Bali dataran dialect is spoken in other areas across the island of Bali such as Karangasem, Bangli, Klungkung, Badung, Gianyar, Jembrana, Buleleng, Denpasar, and Tabanan.

259 Proceedings The 1st International Seminar on Local Languages

Bali has four ‘satellite’ isles covering Pulau Menjangan on the North West, Nusa Ceningan, Nusa Lembongan, and Nusa Penida on the South East. Among the four, Nusa Penida is the biggest and the most populated.

Map of Nusa Penida

The inhabitants of Nusa Penida speak their own Balinese dialect which is marked mostly by its distinct intonation, vocabulary, but not much about grammar. The followings are examples of the lexicon of BL of Nusa Penida dialect.

babar ‘suddenly’ -de ‘your…’ badeg ‘crazy’ gelong ‘young’ bereng ‘angry’ kole/kele ‘I’ bubuan(an) ‘above’ -le ‘my …’ ede ‘you’ ndok ‘not’ etc.

To the ears of mine as a Balinese speaking grown-up some of the words exemplified sound strange or foreign and consequently hinder communication. This is the reason why any further in-depth research is worth doing. The research is concerned with morphophonemic processes that take place in the dialect that is used as a means of communication in the daily life of the people of Nusa Penida.

II. METHOD This study aimed at describing the morphophonemic processes of the Balinese dialect that is spoken by the people of Nusa Penida Island, Bali. The subjects were the Balinsese speaking villagers of Batukandik, Batumulapan, and Klumpu villages who were determined purposively. The data were collected through observation which were audio-recorded in three different language domains i.e., family, neighbourhood, and friendship (cf. Putra, 2008).

260 Bali, 23-24 February 2018 Empowerment and Preservation of Local Languages

Interview and elicitation tehniques were also administered to guarantee the data reliability. The data were analysed descriptively following the procedure of data analysis proposed by Miles and Huberman (1994).

III. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION The findings showed that there were a number of morphological procesess found during the data analysis covering derivational and inflectional prefixation as well as derivational and inflectional suffixation (cf. Roach, 2000; Carstairs, 2002). Such morphological processes as derivational or inflectional prefixation and suffixation are processes that are common and are noted also in other dialects of BL. In the derivational process, the result ofadding prefixes or suffixes to the base words might change both the word class and the meaning of the underlying words. On the contrary, an addition of affixes in the inflectional process might change the meaning but does not bring about any change to the word class of the underlying base word. Other instances of homorganic verb nasalization are also quite extensive in the data. The nasal prefix {N-} assimilates in such a way following the relative correspondence of the place of articulation of the following consonant. The rules are as follows. (a) {N-} becomes {m-} pronounced as [m] when it is followed by bilabial consonant; e.g., {N-} + {puter} becomes {muter} ‘turn’ (b) {N-} becomes {n-} pronounced as [n] when it is followed by alveolar consonant; e.g., {N-} + {tunden} becomes {nunden} ‘ask to’ (c) {N-} becomes {ny-} pronounced as [J] when it is followed by palato-alveolar consonant; e.g., {N-} + {sampat} becomes {nyampat} pronounced [Jampat] ‘broom’ (d) {N-} becomes {ng-} pronounced as [N] when it is followed by velar consonant; e.g., {N-} + {gelah} becomes {ngelah} pronounced [N@lah]] ‘have’ Consonant insertion also marks the uniqueness of the lexicon of the dialect under investigation. Based on the data analysis it is apparent that word medial vowel clusters are not allowed. /h/ is inserted to break up the clusters (cf. Schanes, 1973).

Consider the following examples in (1). awahi(1) Nah, ijin awahi duang wahi masih tare ngedang. ‘Well, it is impossible to get a day or two-day leave’ buhung Buhung ede nganten? ‘Won’t you get married?’ mahang …, ntas pakean ye mahang to. ‘… then he gave (me) the clothes’ ngahub Kele ngahub di beten rongante. ‘I hid myself under the bed’ ngohot Memekle ngohot busung. ‘My mother cut the young coconut leaves’ sohod Sobe sohod ngenom yeh ede? ‘Have youfinished the drink?’ suhude Mani suhude ngayah. ‘Tomorrow, after the public service. tuhunang Man dogas to tuhunang ajine masih. ‘At that time the price had been lowered’

ISBN: 978-602-294-262-7 261 Proceedings The 1st International Seminar on Local Languages

In some other instances, /h/ is also inserted before a vowel in word initial position as exemplified in (2) below. (2) hanak Hanak kicingle mati. ‘My doggy was dead’ hibi Kele sakit hibi. ‘I was sick yesterday’ In addition to these morphological processes, four other processes are also found. They cover reduplication, borrowing, clipping, and suffixation {-te} and {ne}. Reduplication is a process of forming a new word by duplicating all or part of a word. There are two main types of this word formation process namely partial and total reduplication. Partial reduplication copies only part of the word, while total reduplication is the repetition of the entire word (Zapata, 2007). Examples of reduplication are presented in (3).

(3) Eee nawang dagang-dagang be, ane gendut to… ‘sellers’ Ndok, to pesuan-pesuan lakarte ape? ‘the offerings’ Tanggal slae ane tedun luhuh-luhuhe pengayahte to kemo. ‘the women’ Desa pekraman mesu-mesuang to pengayahte ngabe langsung ngabe pesu-pesuante to. ‘to offer or donate’ and ‘the offerings’ Other than reduplication, word borrowing is also not uncommon in BL. The form of the borrowed word is usually adapted to the sound system and other characteristics of the target language. For example, English TV that is borrowed by BL is pronounced [tipi]. Some instances of such borrowing include OK, mineral, wing, strait, trik, etc. as shown in (4).

(4) Tare nyak ngenom mineral. ‘Won’t drink, mineral (water)’ ‘Panake I Dewi, tengal je to di Bali tipi ping kude pentas tiap taun. ‘TV’ … ngango kain adi sing mepunduh sing meciutan, ade to trik ne.’ ‘trick’ Tamas wakul kan di entenge, di ari hae, … paek ari ha (In Bahasa Indonesia, Hari ‘H’ or the due date) Clipping is a process of shortening a word by reducing one or more syllables from a word to form a new word. It is divided into two: fore-clipping and back-clipping.

(5) Senjane bin ke ume, pa petenge. ‘(I) will go to the field in the afternoon, or late in the afternoon’ (5) is considered as undergoing fore-clipping process. This clipping consists of one free morpheme as the unit in developing the formation. The formation of this clipping word happens when paak ‘close’ is reduced to become pa.

Ade (6) Ade ked jani maseh, sap ye to, … anu to boho. ‘It still exists until now, but she forgot it, … yah that’s it’ Ked and sap in (6) are examples of back clipping as a morphological process. They are clipped from neked ‘arrived’ and engsap ‘forgot’. This clipping phenomenon is relatively extensive not only in BL dialect of Nusa Penida but also in other BL dialects especially when it

262 Bali, 23-24 February 2018 Empowerment and Preservation of Local Languages is used in colloquial speech. The last word formation that is worth discussing here is suffixation process. Among the data, two suffixes, {-te} pronounced @[t ] and {-ne} pronounced [n@] of the Balinese dialect spoken by the subjects under investigation are interesting to discuss. Morphologically, these two can be categorized into inflectional suffixes having different meaning when used in context. The former, when attached to the base noun, could mean a definite thing or event that was talked about in the past, while the latter refers to a thing being spoken at the time of speaking or is going to take place. Compare (7) and (8).

(7) Pang kode arang lewat Galungante tare bese payu. ‘How many Galungans have passed but it never happens’

(8) Agus Galunganne saget tare teke sagetne? ‘Why isn’t Agus coming home for the this Galungan Day?’ In general, the research findings show that suffix {-te} could not only be attached to a base noun but also to: (a) other nominal bases, (b) a name, (c) a verb, and (d) an adjective. When it is attached to a nominal base it may function as an English determiner to make the noun being modified definite. Look at (9) as the examples.

sele(9) te Jemak selete sik omah dadongde! ‘Get the cassava at your grandma’ jlemete Kele nepuk he jleme di marge. ‘I saw someone on the street’ Jlemete pade malih tipi di Banjar. ‘The people are watching TV in the public hall’ pipiste Pipisle ilang ‘My money was gone (taken by someone)’ Jemak pipiste sik bapakde! ‘Get the money that was in Dad’ gumite Ndok tare. Karna memang ano to ape dane gumite lakar bagus,... . ‘No, itisn’t. Because the improvement of the world …’ catetante Jahe pejang de catetante to? ‘Where did you put the note? Similar to the examples in (9), suffix {-te} could even be attached to a name—which is uncommon to an English word formation. The meaning is the same as (9) where the name it is attached to is made more definite as is shown by (10).

Desak(10) te Panen, to he sik Desakte bin. ‘There are so many in (the) Desak’s place, again Desak is a Balinese name of a female person. To give a certain emphasis to such a name in oral tradition, in other BL dialects {-te} is not normally used, but {-e} (pronounced [E]) is used instead. The data also saw that suffix {-te} could be attached to a verb, which is unique to me. An instance of such occurrence is exemplified in (11).

(11) nyongkok Jahe jani ibe nyongkok? ‘Where are we going to crouch down now?

ISBN: 978-602-294-262-7 263 Proceedings The 1st International Seminar on Local Languages

nyongkokte Made teka dogas ebe nyongkokte. ‘Made (a name) came in when we had crouched down’ Seemingly, when suffix {-te} is attached to a verb it could function as an emphatic marker of the perfective aspect of the verb itself. The last is shown when {-te} as an inflectional suffix is atached to an adjective. See (12).

(12) lege Lege ede ngeman gae di Badung? ‘Are you happy to get a job at Badung’ legete Made ngeling kanti ulian legete. ‘Made was crying because of being too happy’. modahte Sepatu modahte beli, nah! ‘Buy cheaper shoes, ok?

Both lege ‘happy’ and modah ‘cheap’ are adjectives. When {-te} is suffixed to an adjective, it functions as an emphatic marker of superlative or comparative degree having the meaning of ‘the most’ or ‘more … than’

IV. CONCLUSION Balinese language as one of the local languages of Indonesia has always been interesting to discuss, particularly when it is used in in less formal language domains. This descriptive qualititative research which was conducted in one of BL dialects spoken in Nusa Penida Island has proven such a claim. The findings showed that there were a number of morphophonemic procesess found during the research. They covered derivational and inflectional prefixation, derivational and inflectional suffixation, compounding, reduplication, borrowing, and clipping as well. Among the data, two suffixes {-te} that is pronounced @ [t ] and also {-ne} that is pronounced [n@] are especially worth discussing. Morphologically, these two can be categorized into inflectional suffixes having different meaning when used in context.

REFERENCES Bawa, I W and Jendra, I W. 1981. Struktur Bahasa Bali. Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan BahasaJakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Carstairs, McCarthy. 2002. An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. 22 George Square. Ethnologue. 2012. 10 bahasa daerah dengan penutur terbesar, dalam http://blog.anashir. com 2012 /11/ bahasa-daerah-dengan-penutur-terbanyak.html, diakses tanggal 12 November 2017. Miles, A and Huberman, M. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis. London: Sage Publications Putra, I Nyoman Adi Jaya. 2008. Penggunaan Kode oleh Masyarakat tutur Muslim Bali Pegayaman. Disertasi. Denpasar: PPS Program Studi Doktor Linguistik Universitas Udayana. Roach, Peter. 2000. English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Schanes, S. A. 1973. Generative Phonology. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Zapata, A. A. 2007. A Handbook of general and applied linguistics. Universidad de Los Andes.

264 Bali, 23-24 February 2018 Udayana University Press