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Palinurus Elephas (Spiny Lobster/Crawfish/Crayfish) in the South-West

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Palinurus Elephas (Spiny Lobster/Crawfish/Crayfish) in the South-West Natural England Commissioned Report NECR297 Palinurus elephas (spiny lobster/crawfish/crayfish) in the South-West First published May 2020 www.gov.uk/natural-england Foreword Natural England commission a range of reports from external contractors to provide evidence and advice to assist us in delivering our duties. The views in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Natural England. Background This report should be cited as: BOLTON, C. 2018. Palinurus elephas (spiny lobster/crawfish/ Palinurus elephas is a species of crayfish) in the South-West. Natural England conservation interest (SOCI) and a Commissioned Reports, Number297 designated feature of a number of Marine Conservation Zones (MCZs) in the south west of England. This report was commissioned to provide a review of Seasearch data for the species. It will be used in the condition assessment for the feature and to support management measures as necessary. Natural England Project Manager - Trudy Russell, Marine Ecology Specialist [email protected] Contractor – Charlotte Bolton, Seasearch Keywords – Palinurus elephas, citizen science, diving, marine monitoring Further information This report can be downloaded from the Natural England Access to Evidence Catalogue: http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/ . For information on Natural England publications contact the Natural England Enquiry Service on 0300 060 3900 or e-mail [email protected]. This report is published by Natural England under the Open Government Licence - OGLv3.0 for public sector information. You are encouraged to use, and reuse, information subject to certain conditions. For details of the licence visit Copyright. Natural England photographs are only available for non commercial purposes. If any other information such as maps or data cannot be used commercially this will be made clear within the report. ISBN 978-1-78354-621-3 © Natural England and other parties 2020 Palinurus elephas (spiny lobster/crawfish/crayfish) in the South-West – a report to Natural England Area 12 Charlotte Bolton, National Seasearch Co-ordinator 1. Introduction Since 2015 divers in the south west have been recording a veritable population explosion of the spiny lobster/crawfish, Palinurus elephas, after they were exploited to virtual extinction in the 1980s. Seasearch have been encouraging divers to send in their records to inform Natural England and the local Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authorities (IFCAs) and to assist with the management of the re-emerging Palinurus fishery and the Marine Conservation Zones (MCZs) that list this species as a Feature of Conservation Interest. Matt Slater (Seasearch Cornwall Co-ordinator and Marine Awareness Officer at Cornwall Wildlife Trust) conducted a number of survey dives specifically looking for crawfish in suitable habitat and carried out an extensive data extraction exercise from social media platforms to augment formally-submitted Seasearch records. Landings data shows a steep upward trend in line with our sightings records (N.B. uncorrected for survey effort), as shown below: Figure 1: Comparison of Palinurus elephas landings data (Cornwall) and Seasearch records in graphical and tabular form. 2. Fisheries management There are three levels of legislation in the south-west governing crawfish fisheries – EU, national and local (Isles of Scilly IFCA, Cornwall IFCA, Devon and Severn IFCA; Southern IFCA do not regulate crawfish fisheries at the time of writing). The legislation includes permits, technical (MLS, prohibition on landing berried females) and spatial measures (closed areas). Page 1 of 15 Seasearch, c/o Marine Conservation Society, Overross House, Ross-on-Wye HR9 7US (www.seasearch.org.uk) Six of the inshore MCZs within the original Finding Sanctuary region list Palinurus elephas as a ‘species of conservation importance’, all with a conservation objective of ‘recover to favourable condition’: Bideford to Foreland Point, Isles of Scilly (all sites combined), Lundy, Padstow Bay and Surrounds, Skerries Bank and Surrounds, The Manacles. The recommended (but as-yet undesignated) Cape Bank MCZ also lists crawfish. We present separate records for each of these areas as well as separating the SACs (Special Areas of Conservation) and sightings from outwith MPAs (Appendix 1). 3. Summary of sightings in 2017 (south-west England only) Records from MPAs listing Crawfish in the designation: 1. Lundy MCZ / Lundy SAC – 7 records 2. Padstow Bay and Surrounds MCZ – 1 record 3. Isles of Scilly MCZs (all sites combined) / Isles of Scilly Complex SAC – 1 record 4. The Manacles MCZ – 13 records 5. Skerries Bank and Surrounds MCZ – 3 records Records from MPAs not listing Crawfish in the designation: 6. Lizard Point SAC – 5 records 7. Fal and Helford SAC – 16 records 8. Whitsand and Looe Bay MCZ – 1 record 9. Plymouth Sound & Estuaries SAC – 8 records 10. Start Point to Plymouth Sound & Eddystone SAC – 32 records 11. Lyme Bay and Torbay SAC – 2 records There were 91 records within MPAs (not including SPAs or cSAC/SCIs designated for mobile species), out of a total of 129 in the south-west of England. All records are listed in Appendix 1. Page 2 of 15 Seasearch, c/o Marine Conservation Society, Overross House, Ross on Wye HR9 7US (www.seasearch.org.uk) Figure 2: A map showing locations of Palinurus elephas records, Marine Conservation Zones and Special Areas of Conservation (with marine components) in the south-west. 4. Details of 2017 sightings 4.1 Habitat The 2017 sightings were fairly evenly distributed between wrecks and reefs, with the Volnay, Mohegan and Persier wrecks all proving to host large numbers of individuals on a regular basis. Boiler tubes seem to be a particularly good environment (see Figure 3 below) for the very small juvenile animals (as are reef fissures) with generally larger animals (approximately MLS or larger) being seen out in the open. These wrecks also represent an exceptionally easy method of monitoring a population in situ with minimal disturbance. All of the MCZs in the south-west where crawfish were reported in 2017 were designated in the first tranche in November 2013. Page 3 of 15 Seasearch, c/o Marine Conservation Society, Overross House, Ross on Wye HR9 7US (www.seasearch.org.uk) Figure 3: The boiler tubes on the Volnay wreck (within the Fal and Helford SAC) provide a particularly good environment for juveniles. Lundy MCZ1 / Lundy SAC The Lundy MCZ (whichgeographicallyoverlapswith the SAC) was created in 2013. Prior to that there was a Marine Nature Reserve in the area dating from 1986. The designated feature of the MCZ is Palinurus elephas with a conservation objective of ‘recover to favourable condition’. Seven records, all on reef rather than wreck habitat and all submitted on Seasearch forms, were received for this site in 2017. Lundy is a very popular diving destination and the relatively low number of records would seem to indicate that not all sightings are reported. 1 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/marine-conservation-zone-2013-designation-lundy Page 4 of 15 Seasearch, c/o Marine Conservation Society, Overross House, Ross on Wye HR9 7US (www.seasearch.org.uk) 2 Padstow Bay and Surrounds MCZ Created in 2013, this MCZ includes Palinurus elephas as one of two feature species with a conservation objective of ‘recover to favourable condition’. One record from this site was submitted (on a Seasearch observation form) in 2017, from the wreck of the SS Poldown off Trevose Head. Isles of Scilly MCZ (all sites combined)3 / Isles of Scilly Complex SAC The Isles of Scilly MCZs comprise eleven separate areas within the archipelago; the sole 2017 record was received from the Plympton to Spanish Ledge MCZ, on a vertical circalittoral reef habitat (biotoped as CR.HCR.XFa.CvirCri). Given the popularity of the Isles of Scilly as a diving destination for independent groups and expeditions, this low number of records clearly does not represent an accurate view of the population there. Seasearch (under the auspices of Cornwall Wildlife Trust) has not organised surveys there in recent years, so all divers should be encouraged to report sightings (preferably with accompanying images) from this area. 4 Lizard Point SAC The Lizard Point Special Area of Conservation has been designated for reefs. There is a description of the habitats and species present in Natural England’s conservation advice document5. Significant numbers of crawfish, mostly juvenile, have been recorded in south-west England since 2014 and a short expedition to Lizard Point SAC in May 2017 targeted seven sites to specifically look for the species. Crawfish were recorded at five of these sites, as shown in table 1 below. Site Crawfish size Small Medium Large Site 1 Clidgas Rocks 1 1 2 Site 2 Lizard Point SW Site 3 Lizard Point S 1 Site 4 Off Housel Bay 6 1 3 Site 5 Polledan 1 Site 6 Off Bass Point Site 7 Vrogue Rock 2 2 TOTAL 11 4 5 Table 1: Crawfish sightings within the Lizard Point SAC, May 2017 2 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/marine-conservation-zone-2013-designation-padstow-bay-and-surrounds 3 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/marine-conservation-zone-2013-designation-isles-of-scilly 4 http://www.seasearch.org.uk/downloads/Lizard-SAC-2017.pdf 5 Natural England: Lizard Point candidate Special Area of Conservation. Formal advice under Regulation 35(3) of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 Version 2.0, July 2012 Page 5 of 15 Seasearch, c/o Marine Conservation Society, Overross House, Ross on Wye HR9 7US (www.seasearch.org.uk) Lizard Point SAC clearly contains suitable rocky habitats for crawfish and the new populations are reaching a size at which they could be targeted by commercial or recreational fishery. Natural England assesses the Lizard Point SAC as ‘moderately to highly vulnerable’ to selective extraction of, inter alia, crawfish2. The populations should be actively monitored as an interim measure pending future management of the species.
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