Politik Und Gesellschaft Im Vilayet Kosovo Und Im Serbisch Beherrschten Kosovo 1870–1914

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Politik Und Gesellschaft Im Vilayet Kosovo Und Im Serbisch Beherrschten Kosovo 1870–1914 POLITIK UND GESELLSCHAFT IM VILAYET KOSOvO UND IM SERBISCH BEHERRSCHTEN KOSOvO 1870–1914 Oliver Jens Schmitt und Eva Anne Frantz (Hg.) Schriften zur Balkanforschung Band 1/1 Herausgegeben vom Forschungsbereich Balkanforschung des Instituts für die Erforschung der Habsburgermonarchie und des Balkanraumes Politik und Gesellschaft im Vilayet Kosovo und im serbisch beherrschten Kosovo 1870–1914 Berichte der österreichisch-ungarischen Konsuln aus dem zentralen Balkan Band 1 Oliver Jens Schmitt und Eva Anne Frantz (Hg.) unter Mitarbeit von Sven Mörsdorf Veröffentlicht mit Unterstützung des Austrian Science Fund (FWF): PUB 655-Z Open Access: Wo nicht anders festgehalten, ist diese Publikation lizenziert unter der Creative Commons Lizenz Namensnennung 4.0 Open access: Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Angenommen durch die Publikationskommission der philosophisch-historischen Klasse der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: Michael Alram, Bert G. Fragner, Andre Gingrich, Hermann Hunger, Sigrid Jalkotzy-Deger, Renate Pillinger, Franz Rainer, Oliver Jens Schmitt, Danuta Shanzer, Peter Wiesinger, Waldemar Zacharasiewicz Bildnachweis: Frauen beim Wollspinnen in Mitrovica, nicht datiert, ÖNB, Bildarchiv 117.018 C Umschlaggestaltung: Clara Wildberger Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie, detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Diese Publikation wurde einem anonymen, internationalen Begutachtungsverfahren unterzogen. This publication was subject to international and anonymous peer review. Peer review is an essential part of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Press evaluation process. Before any book can be accepted for publication, it is assessed by international specialists and ultimately must be approved by the Austrian Academy of Sciences Publication Committee. Die verwendete Papiersorte in dieser Publikation ist DIN EN ISO 9706 zertifiziert und erfüllt die Voraussetzung für eine dauerhafte Archivierung von schriftlichem Kulturgut. Bestimmte Rechte vorbehalten. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-3-7001-8208-5 Copyright © Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2020 Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Satz/Layout: Daniela Seiler, Wien Druck/Printed: Prime Rate, Budapest https://epub.oeaw.ac.at/8208-5 https://verlag.oeaw.ac.at Made in Europe Inhaltsverzeichnis Band 1: 1870–1884 I. Einleitung.................................................................................... 7 II. Aufbau der Edition und Auswahl der Dokumente ........................ 37 III. Editorische Anmerkungen ........................................................... 39 IV. Verzeichnis der Berichte .............................................................. 45 V. Berichte ...................................................................................... 49 Einleitung1 Oliver Jens Schmitt Die Berichte auswärtiger Konsuln, sowohl der Großmächte wie auch der Balkannationalstaaten, zählen seit längerem zu den am meisten benützten Quellen zur Erforschung der spätosmanischen Epoche im westlichen und zentralen Balkan. Wenn nun vier Bände österreichisch-ungarischer Kon- sulatsberichte aus dem Vilayet Prizren (1868–1874), dem Vilayet Kosovo (1877–1912) sowie für die ersten Monate der serbischen Militärverwaltung für den Zeitraum von 1870 bis 1914 veröffentlicht werden, so bedarf dies dennoch einer Erklärung. Zunächst eine Bemerkung zu Zeit und Raum: der Berichtsradius der österreichisch-ungarischen Diplomaten folgte der osma- nischen Verwaltungseinteilung, in diesem Falle den Vilayets im osmanischen Balkan. Das Vilayet Kosovo umfasste Gebiete, die über das Staatsgebiet der heutigen Republik Kosovo deutlich hinausgehen. In seiner 1877 festgelegten Ausdehnung umfasste das Vilayet neben dem heutigen Kosovo auch den heu- te zu Serbien und Montenegro gehörenden Sancak Yenipazar (Novi Pazar), die heute zu Montenegro gehörige Region um Plav und Gusinje, Teile des heutigen Nordostalbanien und des heutigen Südserbien (Region Preševo), den Norden und Nordwesten der heutigen Republik Makedonien und bis 1878 den Sancak Niş (Niš). Hauptort des Vilayets war zunächst Prishtina, seit 1888 Skopje.2 Der Berichtsraum umfasst also einen großen Bereich des 1 Diese Einleitung will keine Geschichte des Vilayets Kosovo ersetzen, sondern auf Möglich- keiten der Verwendung der Edition verweisen. Für eine sozial- und kulturgeschichtliche Untersuchung auf breiter Quellen- und Literaturbasis sei verwiesen auf Eva Anne Frantz, Gewalt und Koexistenz – Muslime und Christen im spätosmanischen Kosovo (1870– 1913). München 2016. 2 In den Jahren 1874 bis 1877 waren die Sancaks Prizren, Üsküb und Debre gemeinsam mit den Sancaks İşkodra und Manastır Teil des Vilayets Manastır. Abgesehen von kleineren territorialen Änderungen und der erheblichen Gebietsabtretung an Serbien im Jahre 1878 bestand das Vilayet mit diesen Grenzen bis zum Ersten Balkankrieg. Vgl. hierzu Liman Rushiti, Ndarja territoriale dhe rregulimi administrativ i Kosovës 1878–1941. Prishtinë 2004, 13–63; Hans-Jürgen Kornrumpf, Die Territorialverwaltung im östlichen Teil der europäischen Türkei vom Erlass der Vilayetsordnung (1864) bis zum Berliner Kongress (1878) nach amtlichen osmanischen Veröffentlichungen. Freiburg 1976, 183–184. 8 Oliver Jens Schmitt kontinentalen Teiles des osmanischen Balkans, wie er sich darbot nach den territorialen Veränderungen, die durch den Berliner Kongress (1878) völ- kerrechtlich abgesichert waren. Zeitlich betrifft die Edition die Epoche der mit dem sogenannten Hochimperialismus zusammenfallenden Spätphase der Orientalischen Frage, aus der zugleich nicht zufällig die österreichisch-un- garischen Berichte in ständig steigender Dichte vorliegen (1870–1913). Es geht dementsprechend um osmanische Stabilisierungsversuche an der nord- westlichen Peripherie des Reiches, um die bulgarisch-serbische Konkurrenz um die Nachfolge des Osmanischen Reiches in der Region, die Reaktion der mehrheitlich albanischen muslimischen Bevölkerung, um die Formie- rung ethnonationaler Identifikationen, um eine massive Präsenz der durch Konsulate, Schulwesen und informelle Einflussnahme aktiven europäischen Großmächte. In den Berichtszeitraum fallen Ereignisse wie die Große Ori- entkrise (1875–1878) und in ihrem Zusammenhang der serbisch/monteneg- rinisch-osmanische Krieg 1876, die Durchsetzung der Bestimmung des Ber- liner Kongresses (1878–1881), die von der albanischen Historiographie als zentral erachteten albanisch-muslimischen Ligen von Prizren (1878–1881) und Peja (1897) sowie der griechisch-osmanische Krieg (1897). Im Weite- ren folgten das Aufkommen makedo-bulgarischer Geheimkomitees und der von diesen 1903 ausgelöste Ilinden-Aufstand, der Stabilisierungsversuch der Großmächte nach dem Mürzsteger Abkommen (1903), der jungtürkische Umsturz (1908), die gegen die Jungtürken gerichteten albanischen Aufstän- de (1910–1912), schließlich der Zusammenbruch der osmanischen Herr- schaft im Ersten Balkankrieg noch 1912 und die anschließende Errichtung einer serbischen Herrschaft bis zu Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs. All diese Wegmarken haben das Interesse der inner- wie außerregionalen Forschung seit längerem auf sich gezogen.3 Umso erstaunlicher ist, dass die 3 Hier seien nur einige übergreifende Arbeiten erwähnt, zu Einzelaspekten finden sich Lite- raturverweise weiter unten sowie im Literaturverzeichnis in Bd. 5. Wichtige Überblicks- darstellungen zur Geschichte Kosovos: Noel Malcolm, Kosovo. A Short History. New York 1998; Oliver Jens Schmitt, Kosovo. Kurze Geschichte einer zentralbalkanischen Landschaft. Wien, Köln, Weimar 2008. Zur albanischen und serbischen Sicht auf die Ge- schichte Kosovos vgl. Dušan T. Bataković, The Kosovo Chronicles. Beograd 1992; Radovan Samardžić, Kosovo und Metochien in der serbischen Geschichte. Lausanne 1989; Jusuf Bajraktari u. a. (Hgg.), The Kosova Issue – A Historic and Current Problem (Symposium held in Tirana on April 15–16, 1993). Tirana 1996. Zur Darstellung einer albanisch-ser- bischen Konfliktgeschichte vgl.K onrad Clewing, Der Kosovokonflikt alsT erritorial- und Herrschaftskonflikt, 1878–2002. Chronologie und Beteiligte, in: Hermann Beyer-Thoma / Olivia Griese / Zsolt Lengyel (Hgg.), Münchner Forschungen zur Geschichte Ost- und Südosteuropas. Werkstattberichte. München 2002, 181–214; Marco Dogo, Kosovo – Al- banesi e Serbi. Le radici del conflitto. Lungro di Cosenza 1992; Miranda Vickers, Between Serb and Albanian. A History of Kosovo. New York 1998; Petrit Imami, Srbi i Albanci kroz Einleitung 9 Südosteuropaforschung in der jüngeren Vergangenheit kaum mehr Editio- nen von Konsulatsberichten vorgelegt hat.4 In der Forschungslandschaft, die stark auf geldgebende Institutionen und deren Interessen reagiert, wurde der Textedition gerade zur neuzeitlichen Geschichte kaum mehr Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Ausnahmen wie die Edition der Akten zum Krimkrieg bestätigen die Regel.5 Schlüsselquellen, wie sie die Berichte der Diplomaten der europäi- schen Großmächte darstellen, sind so nur noch durch den Filter wissenschaft- licher Studien erahnbar.6 Wer diese Ergebnisse überprüfen wollte, war auf den Gang ins Archiv und die Konsultierung der Originaldokumente angewiesen. Dies gilt weniger für innerregionale Forschungsvorhaben, denn sowohl alba- nische wie makedonische Historiker
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