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The Birth of Modern-Day Haiti (Part 1) (Lecture 3)

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The Birth of Modern-Day Haiti (Part 1) (Lecture 3) HAT3564: Haitian Culture and Society The Birth of Modern-Day Haiti (Part 1) (Lecture 3) Welcome back to Haitian culture and society. My name is Ben Hebblethwaite. We are doing this at the University of Florida. And this is module number 5. This is lecture 3. And we are working on the birth of modern day Haiti in this module. So the first text in this lecture is entitled Trial about the Consolidation of Debt by various authors. And the passage deals with suspected debt consolidation during the presidency of Tirésias Simon Sam, who was president from 1896 until 1902. And a trial was held from the 28th of November until the 25th of December 1904, during which several people were condemned to prison and forced labor. Now, mind you, this period of 1904 was during the presidency of Nord Alexis. So there is no question that Nord Alexis approved of this action by prosecutors. So three of those condemned during the trial went on to become Haitian presidents themselves-- Cincinnatus Leconte in 1911, Tancréde Auguste in 1912, and Vilbrun Guillaume Sam in 1915. So getting back to this case, you had a witness Thimoclés Lafontant who said, "I asked myself whether the state had the right to consolidate documents belonging to the state." So here you have somebody working in the treasury, an accountant, who is waving red flags. Mr. Thibault, the treasury's head of service to have precise information about the consolidation or the non-consolidation of the documents in question. So there's some back and forth between different officials who are providing information to the government in the trial about the allegations. So the sentencing included Vilbrun Sam, 45 years of age, planter and merchant, born in Grande-Riviere-du-Nord, residing in a Cap-Haitien, to hard labor in perpetuity. So this is very interesting. Vilbrun Sam is condemned to hard labor in perpetuity. And the sentence for this corruption, this consolidation of debt that involved making payments to individuals so that people made a profit off of the consolidation efforts. The sentencing included for those people involved declared the sentenced Haitians barred from their civil and political rights and unable henceforth to exercise a state function. So this would, of course, include Vilbrun Sam who was condemned, found guilty. He should not have been able to pursue an office of government. And yet Vilbrun Sam was president of Haiti from the 4th of March until the 27th of July 1915. So one of the morals of the story here is that the condemnations and decisions that occur under one president can quickly be disregarded and ignored by another president or during another president's regime because the people in power, the judges, the legislators, the president the have changed positions. And this is treated as a massive shift. So your enemy leaves office and is replaced by your ally. Even if the enemy condemned you to forfeit your ability to participate in Haitian politics. The fact that your ally now is in the presidency overrides that decision. And so Vilbrun Sam, even though he was condemned for corruption, ends up being president. But then, he, obviously, is terrified about threats to his position of power. And he executes or orders the execution of 167 political prisoners, which infuriated the family members. And they proceeded to rush to the embassy where he had taken protection. And once they got their hands on him, he was torn into shreds. This event in 1915 also served as an excuse for US military planners to make their move on occupying Haiti claiming that the ungoverned ability of the island necessitated their intervention. And they made it on the basis of what happened to Vilbrun Sam. The next passage in this part of the lecture is the execution of the Coicou brothers, which includes statements letters by Nord Alexis and Anténor Firmin. So these are two opposing texts to one by President Alexis and the other by the Haitian intellectual, Firmin. And a struggle had arisen between Firmin, the photo there shown on the upper right and Nord Alexis, the president shown on the lower right. The Firminists revolted at Alex's decision to name himself president for life. So they weren't having any of that. Anténor Firmin was famous for his book De L'Égalité Des Raices Humaine-- On the Equality of Human Races, which is a book that attacked the French racist author Count Arthur Gobineau. This book is available in English translation, has appeared recently in the United States. So it's still considered a seminal work of 19th century anthropology and of antiracist thinking. So please check it out. You might want to write a paper on it for this class. So in his fight with Alexis, Firmin took refuge at the French consulate in the city of Port-au-Prince during the night of the 14th and 15th of March 1908. The Coicou brothers, including the 40-year-old poet Massillon pulled from their beds accused by their relative, Jules Coicou, of being behind an uprising against president Alexis. So 20 people were executed, including them at the cemetery of Port-au-Prince for plotting against the President Alexis. So it gives you an idea of some of the ways that Haitian presidents have dealt with their opponents. Here, Alexis executing 20. I just mentioned Vilbrun Sam in 1915 executing 167 political prisoners. And then, we would see this. It's a mode of government action or this form of order and control. And also fascism emerge in the context of Francois Duvalier who would also use terror and fear and also racism to control the population, and of course, executions, many Sumeri. So in the street, in people's homes were ways of creating a climate of perpetual terror, which is also what the fascist did on a much more organized and heinous level, of course, than what occurred in Haiti under Duvalier in the '50s, '60s, '70s, and '80s. In any event, getting back to the early 20th century, so the execution ended the opposition to Alexis and Firmin went into exile. It's interesting to note that Nord Alexis started his presidency at age 82 and held power for six years. So there's still hope for the presidential candidates of the United States in 2020 who are both in their '70s, really very young lads compared to Nord Alexis. The US government provided a Naval blockade to help Alexis into power against Firmin. So Firmin now is vying for power. Note that the US government used gunboat diplomacy to ensure that Alexis took power. So clearly, they were against the US government, were against the antiracist leader in Firmin. So Nord denounced the Firminists and antipatriotic opinions. Of course, anybody who opposes your opinion as antipatriotic we all know how that works in the United States. And he accused the brothers of cultivating treachery among army officers. Well, they did want to overthrow Nord Alexis. So Nord's accusation and justification for execution was the following-- by making an attempt on the lives of the head of state and the government's principal lieutenants. They are being executed for planning a violent coup on his government. Firmin, of course, lost close collaborators and friends because of this botched coup attempt and the subsequent executions. He writes, "The vivid regrets that the assassination of my three friends, of whom I was very fond-- Massillon, Horace, and Pierre-Louis caused me-- your beloved relative." So here Firmin is writing to the surviving family. He writes, "so full of sad and generous ardor for I am already descending the ladder of life and they were young and strong, harboring all the noble aspirations." And we read that Firmin understood his own life work to be a battle for the development of our race if we consider his major tone on the equality of human races. He very much showed that in his life work. You see, in this letter, a kind of bitterness, but a loyalty at the end of his life. He writes the name Coicou- - except for the traitor, of course being a Coicou family member who betrayed them-- will be eternally sacred to me. So a tragic development at the end of Firmin's, otherwise, incredible life as one of the leading authors and intellectuals of the Haitian 19th century. Firmin is celebrated at the Haitian embassy in Washington DC. You can check out that page if you click on this link. And then, do take note of Asselin Charles' English translation of Firmin's Mann's major work. Asselin Charles is a significant Haitian translator. One of his recent translations was Dézafi, the novel by the towering Haitian author, Frankétienne. Dézafi came out in the '70s one of the first Haitian Creole novels that deserves the name novel, embraced by Haitian intellectuals and Haitianists worldwide and appeared recently in English translation. Thanks to the work of Asselin Charles. There you can see his translation of Firmin is available at the University of Illinois. So he's emerging as a major Haitian translator. Well, this marks the end of module 5-- the birth of modern day Haiti, part 3. Make sure that you stay tuned for the fourth and final part that will be available in this module 5. Thank you so much for your attention. .
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